会计学原理 文档.doc

2009-2010年第二学期会计学原理科目考查卷专业：会计学 班级：会计07-1 任课教师：邱永政姓名：黄介雅 学号：07054020134 成 绩Inventories存货GENERAL BACKGROUND OF INVENTORY. One of the largest assets in a retail store or in a wholesale business is the inventory of merchandise and the sale of this merchandise at prices in excess of costs is the major source of revenue. For a merchandising company, the inventory consists of all goods owned and held for sale in the regular course of business. Merchandise held for sale will normally converted into cash within less than a years time and is therefore regarded as a current asset. In the balance sheet, inventory is listed immediately after accounts receivable, because it is just one step further removed from conversion into cash than are the accounts receivable.存货概述对零售商店和批发企业来说，最大数额的资产便是商品存货，这些商品的售价高于其成本的部分就构成这类企业的主要收入来源。对商业企业来说，其存货包括在其经营过程中所持有的全部的商品。为销售而储存的商品通常要在一年之内转化为现金，因此被划归为流动资产。在资产负债表上，存货项目排在应收账款项目后面，因为比起应收账款来，它转化为现金要慢一步。In manufacturing business there are three major types of inventories: raw materials, goods in process of manufacture, and finished goods. All three classes of inventories are included in the current asset section of the balance sheet.在生产性企业，存货主要包括三个类别：原材料、在产品和产成品。在资产负债表中，这三项存货均包括在流动资产部分。To expand our definition of inventory to fit manufacturing companies as well as merchandising companies we can say that inventory means the aggregate of those items of tangible property which (1) are held for sale in the ordinary course of business, (2) are in process of production for such sale, or (3) are to be currently consumed in the production of goods or services to be available for sale.为使存货的定义既适用于商业企业又适用于生产性企业，我们可以将存货的定义扩展为“存货是下列有形资产的集合”：（1）在日常经营过程中为销售而储存的商品；（2）为销售而生产的在制品；（3）将在当期为销售而生产产品或提供劳务的过程中被消耗掉的资产。The inventory figure appears in both the balance sheet and the income statement. In the balance sheet, the inventory is often the largest current asset. In the income statement, the ending inventory is subtracted from the cost of goods available for sale to determine the cost of goods sold during the period. How can a business determine, at the end of a year, a month, or other accounting period, the quantity and the cost of the goods remaining on hand?存货在资产负债表和收入表中均会出现。在资产负债表中，存货常常是流动资产中最主要的项目；在收入表，期末存货的数字要从可供销售的产品总成本中减掉，以确定本期的销售成本。企业如何确定年末，如一年，一个月，或其它会计期间在库的存货的数量和成本呢？How can management determine the cost of the goods sold during the period? These amounts must be determined before either a balance sheet or an income statement can be prepared. In fact, the determination of inventory value and of the cost of goods sold may be the most important single step in measuring the profitability of a business. The two alternative approaches to the determination of inventory and of cost of goods sold are called the perpetual inventory system and theperiodic inventory system.管理部门又如何确定本期的销售成本呢？只有在这些数量被确定之后才能编制资产负债表和收入表。事实上，在计量企业的盈利过程中，确定存货的价值和销售成本是最重要的一个步骤。有两种确定存货价值和销售成本的方法，即永续盘存制和定期盘存制。PERPETUAL INVENTORY SYSTEM. It is a system of accounting for merchandise that provides a continuous record showing the quantity and cost of all goods on hand. Companies that sell products of high unit value such as automobile and television sets usually maintain a perpetual inventory system that shows at all times the amount of inventory. As merchandise is acquired, it is added to an inventory account; as goods are sold, their cost is transferred out of inventory and into cost of goods sold account. This continuous updating of the inventory account explains the name perpetual inventory system.永续盘存制在这种方法下，会计核算提供连续的记录资料，显示在库的存货的数量和成本。那些出售单位价值较大的商品的企业，如生产汽车和电视机的企业通常是采用永续盘存制，任何时候都能显示出存货的金额。在购进产品时，增加存货账户余额，当销售商品时，销售商品的成本从存货账户转到销售成本账户。因此，存货账户总是迄今为止的存货金额。这就是这种方法被称为永续盘存制的原因。PERODIC INVENTORY SYSTEM. It is a system of accounting for merchandise in which inventory at the balance sheet date is determined by counting and pricing the goods on hand. Cost of goods sold is computed by subtracting the ending inventory from the cost of goods available for sale.定期盘存制这是存货核算的另一种方法。在这种方法下，资产负债表的存货的金额是通过对期末存货的清点和计价来确定的，本期的销售成本是通过从本期可供销售的产品成本中减去期末存货的成本而取得的。The periodic inventory system is likely to be used by a business that sales variety of merchandise with low unit prices, such as a drugstore or hardware store. To maintain perpetual inventory records in such a business would ordinarily be too time-consuming and expensive.对那些销售种类繁多的低价商品的企业来说，宜于使用定期盘存制。如药房和五金商店等，这类企业如果采用永续盘存制既需耗费大量的时间，成本也极高。TAKING A PHYSICAL INVENTORY. Physical inventory are useful under either perpetual inventory system or periodic inventory system. Under the periodic system, the balance of inventory in the ledger account represents the beginning inventory because no entry has been made in the Inventory account since the end of the preceding period. All purchases of goods during the present period have been recorded in the Purchases account. The ending inventory does not appear anywhere in the ledger accounts; it must be determined by a physical count of goods on hand at the end of the accounting period. Under the perpetual system, physical inventories are taken to make sure that the tangible assets are in agreement with their records, and physical inventory can be conducted at dates other than year-end or it can be taken for different products or different departments at various dates during the year, sine the perpetual records always show the amounts which should be on hand.实物的清点无论是采用永续盘存制还是定期盘存制都需要对实物进行定期盘点。在定期盘存制下，“存货”账户的余额，代表期初存货，因为自上期期末以来，存货账户再没登记任何业务，本期发生的全部购货业务均已记入“存货”账户，分类账中没有期末存货的数字，必须通过期末库存商品的清点的方法来确定。在永续盘存制下，也需要进行实物的清点以保证实物资产与账面记录相一致。在永续盘存制下进行实物盘点可以不在年末进行，在一年中的任何时候都可以进行，也可以分别不同的产品或不同的部门分别进行，因为连续的会计记录随时都显示出应该在库的存货的金额。A physical inventory should be carefully planned and supervised to prevent such errors as the double counting of items, the omission of goods from the count, and other quantitative errors. There are various methods of counting merchandise. One of the simplest procedures is carried out by the use of two-member teams. One member of the team counts and calls the description and quantity of each item. The other person lists the description and quantities on an inventory sheet. In taking a physical inventory, special considerations should be given to goods in transit and the passage of title to merchandise.实物清点工作要有充分的计划和监督，以防止出现重复清点、漏点和其他方面的错误。清点的方法有不同种，其中最简单的一种就是由两个人组成一个清点小组，一个清点，报告品名和数量，另一个负责填写存货清单，填写品名和数量。在进行实物清点时，应特别注意在途商品以及商品所有权的转让。PRICING THE INVENTORY. The primary basis of accounting for inventory is cost, which has been defined generally as the price paid or consideration given to acquire an asset. The prices of many kinds of merchandise are subject to frequent changes. When identical lots of goods are purchased at various dates during the year, each lot may be acquired at different cost price.存货的计价存货计价的主要依据是成本，也就是取得资产时所支付的价格或等价物的价值。许多商品的价格都是不断变化的，在一年中的不同时间购进同种商品，它们的价格就可能不同。In order to establish a dollar amount for cost of goods sold and for the ending inventory, we must make an assumption as to which units were sold and which units remain on hand at the end of the year. There are several acceptable assumptions on this point; four of the most common will be considered. Each assumption made as to the cost of the units in the ending inventory leads to different methods of pricing inventory and to different amounts in the financial statements. The four inventory valuation methods to be considered are known as (1) specific identification, (2) average cost, (3) first-in, first-out, and (4) last-in, first-out.为了确定销售成本和期末存货的金额，我们必须做出假设：在年末哪些商品已经出售，哪些商品仍在库存。在这一点上有好几种可以接受的假设，这里将讨论其中最常见的四种，每一种假设都将导致不同的存货计价方法，在各种方法下资产负债表上的存货数字也会不同。这四种方法分别是：（1）分别确定法；（2）平均成本法；（3）先进先出法；（4）后进先出法。Specific Identification Method. A method of pricing inventory by identifying the units in the ending inventory as coming from specific purchases. If the units in the ending inventory can be identified as coming from specific purchases, they may be priced at the mounts listed on the purchased invoices. The specific identification method is best suited to inventories of high-priced, low-volume items.分别确定法。在这种方法下，要分别确定期末存货中的每一件商品来自于哪一次购货。如果期末存货的购货批次可以确定，那么就可以按购货时的发票价格计价。这种方法适用于那些数量小、价值大的商品。Average-Cost Method. Average cost is computed by dividing the total cost of goods available for sale by the number of units available for sale. This computation gives a weighted-average unit cost, which is then applied to the units in the ending inventory. The average-cost method is logical if the items are identical. Its shortcoming is that changes in current replacement costs of inventory are concealed because these costs are averaged with older costs. As a result of this averaging, the reported gross profit may not reflect current market conditions. 平均成本法。可供销售的商品成本总值除以可供销售的商品数量就得到平均的单位成本。这样计算出来的平均成本是一个加权平均数，然后再用这个加权平均成本去乘以期末存货的数量。在商品种类单一的情况下，平均成本法是合理的。它的缺点是掩盖了存货的现时重置成本，因为近期购置的存货与原来的存货成本一起平均了，结果是报表上的毛利数不能反映出时下的市场状况。First-in, First-out Method. The first-in, first-out method, which is often referred to as FIFO, is based upon the assumption that first merchandise acquired is the first merchandise sold. In other words, each sale is made out of the older goods in stock; the ending inventory therefore consists of the most recently acquired goods. The FIFO method of determining inventory cost may be adopted by any business, regardless of whether or not the physical flow of merchandise actuallycorresponds to this assumption of selling the oldest units in stock.先进先出法。这种方法是建立在最先购进的货物也最先销售这样一种假设基础之上的。换言之，就是每次售货都是出售最早购入的商品；因此，期末存货必定是近期购置的商品。任何企业都可以使用先进先出法为其存货计价，不论实际的存货流动是否符合销售最早购入商品的假设。During a period of rising price the first-in, first-out method will result in a larger amount being assigned as the cost of the ending inventory than would be assigned under the average-cost method. When a relatively large amount is allocated as cost of the ending inventory, a relatively small amount will remain as cost of goods sold. It may be argued in support of the first-in, first-out method that the inventory valuation reflects recent costs and is therefore a realistic value in the light of conditions prevailing at the balance sheet date.在价格增长暑期，利用先进先出法将导致期末存货的计价大于按平均成本法计价的期末存货的金额。当期末存货的成本增大时，销售成本就相对减小。赞成先进先出法的人认为：先进先出的计价方法，使期末存货反映了现时成本水平，因此，它是在资产负债表日的经济条件下的真实的存货价值。Last-in, First-out Method. The last-in, first-out method, commonly known as LIFO, is one of the most interesting methods of pricing inventories. The title of this method suggests that the most recently acquired goods are sold first, and that the ending inventory consists of “old” goods acquired in the earliest purchases. Although this assumption is not in accord with physical movement of merchandise in most business, there is a strong logical argument to support LIFO method.后进先出法。这是一种最有趣的存货计价方法。这种方法的名称意味着最后购进的商品最先销售出去，而期末存货由那些最早购入的“老存货”构成。在大多数企业，这种假设的存货流动方式都是不符合实际情况的，但却有相当有力的论据来支持这种方法。For the purpose of measuring income, the flow of costs may be more significant than the physica