高中英语阅读理解5-推理大意和细节(议论文).doc

中小学个性化教育专家精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义讲义编号 学员编号： 年 级： 课时数及课时进度：学员姓名： 辅导科目： 学科教师： 学科组长/带头人签名及日期课 题主旨大意和细节在阅读理解解题技巧-议论文授课时间：备课时间： 教学目标正确解答主旨大意题和细节重点、难点如何理解文章的主旨大意和细节考点及考试要求灵活运用主题大意题在议论文中的解题技巧教学内容Part I. Greeting and introduction1. Greeting2. Check 、correct and explain homework.Part II. 阅读理解技巧突破主旨大意题在高考阅读理解中，只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题，才能正确理解文章，进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。阅读理解主题概括类题目的一般范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度的概括或总结，属于高层次题。拟题大致有以下一些提问方式：The text is mainly about _.The main ideaThe general ideaThe main purpose is .Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?What would be the best title /headline for the text?This article mainly tells about the story of _.What is the topic of the text?The writers purpose in writing this story is _.The subject discussed in this text is _.What does the second paragraph discuss?The paragraph (passage) deals with _.Which of the following best summarizes the passage？从以上具体的提问形式可知此类题目可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的文章标题。一、段落及文章整体的主旨大意的理解文章是由段落组成的，段落是发展一个主题（topic）的一群句子，段落的主题就是段落的中心思想。而就一整篇文章而言，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章主题。解主题大意时，以下方法可供参考：1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子和最后一句，没有主题句的要从全文大意来概括。2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。1. 寻找主题句，确定文章主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主题概括类试题多采用浏览法（skimming），浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段, 尾段或每段的首句和尾句,重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如：On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer文章中的but, however, as a result, therefore等词，它们通常是引出中心主旨的方向词; 而for example, first, to begin with等是引出细节的信息词，在它们之前往往提到文章的中心思想。练习：Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.Sample 2 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.Sample 4 You might think that “global warming” means nothing more than a rise in the worlds temperature. But, rising sea levels caused by it have resulted in the first evacuation ( 撤离 ) of an island nation-the citizens of Tuvalu will have to leave their homeland.The text is mainly about _. A. rapid changes in earths temperatureB. bad effects of global warmingC. moving of a country to a new place D. reasons for lowland flooding巩固练习：We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changedno examination is perfectbut to have to tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in school or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose of each teacher.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to thema form of favourtism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an illrespected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lake of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a wellrespected school. This defend of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child form a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her schools reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school.The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer.The passage mainly focuses on _.A. schools and certificates B. examination and equalityC. opportunity and employment D. standards and reputation2抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，应考虑文章的组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的；分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么内容来表达中心的；最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。巩固练习：There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power（原子能） First，the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power stationAlthough the power stations themselves are strongly built，the containers used for the transport of the materials are notNormally，only two methods of transport are in use，namely road or railUnfortunately，both of these may have an effect on the general public，since they are sure to pass near，or even through，heavily populated areasSecond，there is the problem of wasteAll nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of yearsIt is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive，and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have inventedFor example，they may be buried under the ground，or dropped into deserted mines， or sunk in the seaHowever，these methods do not solve the problem，since an earthquake could easily break the containersThird，there may occur the danger of a leak（泄漏）or an explosion at the power stationAs with the other two dangers，this is not very likely，so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear programHowever，it can happenSeparately，these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worryTaken together， though，the probability of disaster（灾难）is extremely highWhat is the passage about？AUses of nuclear powerBDangers from nuclear powerCPublic anger at nuclear powerDAccidents caused by nuclear powerKey: B 3抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了那几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。巩固练习：Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary kept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day,”James Green,the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia,It also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington.D. C in the war of 1812.She describes President James Madison on horseback as “perfectly shaking with fear” during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man， and praised her excellent EnglishThe adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor(祖先)to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary.Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession “about five minutes” when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, “Ive felt sick since then, ”Luxmoore told reporters.According to Green， no one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.Tom Brennan received a reward(奖励)of 1,000,Philadelphia gained another treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, “Its wonderful news. Im on high”.This article mainly tells about the story of _.A. A lost diary B. DeborahC. Cory Luxmoore D. The Library CompanyKey: A 二、 文章标题的选择或拟定标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？1. 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；2. 再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；3. 要注意题目是过大还是过小；4. 要避免下列三种错误：概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。比如某一文章的中心句子为：Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world话题：Coffee巩固练习：标题：Coffee Around the World Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows（肘）next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm.Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use:power tools rather than having to use muscle（肌肉）powertools with specially designed handles that allow the wrist（手腕）to keep straight(See figure 1). This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a persons sideFigure l. Bend the tool, not the wristtools with handles that can be held comfortably by the whole hand. This means having a selection of sizes-remember that tools that provide a comfortable firm hold for a person with a very large hand may be awkward for someone with a very small hand. This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men.tools that do not press fingers (or flesh) between the handles, and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area.60 What is the best title for the passage?A. Good Tool Design for Women.B. Importance of Good Tool Design.C. Tool Design and Prevention of Injuries. D. Overuse of Tools and Worker Protection.Key:C 有些文章像记叙文，主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要通过阅读全文，抓关键字眼或主要话题来归纳文章主题。练习：例2005全国III卷A篇Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house. No card came with it. Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the senders name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these imaginings. Shed ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness. Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail Id delivered during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.One month before my graduation, my father died. I felt so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didnt care if I had a new dress or not. But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery(神秘).My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenia stopped coming.41 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?AA childhood Dream. BA Mothers Love.CA Graduation Party. DA Special Birthday.Key : B 巩固练习Are you too old for fairy tales? If you think so, Copenhagen is sure to change your mind. See the city first from the water. In the harbor sits Denmarks best-known landmark: the Little Mermaid. Remember her? She left the world of the Sea People in search of a human soul in one of Hans Christian Andersens beloved fantasies. From the harbor you can get a feel for the attractive “city of green spires.” At twilight or in cloudy weather, the copper-covered spires of old castles and churches lend the city a dream-like atmosphere. Youll think youve stepped into a watercolor painting.Churches and castles are almost all that remain of the original city. Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in 1445. During the late 16th century, trade grew, and so did the city. But the fires in 1728 and 1795 destroyed the old wooden structures. Much of what we see today dates from the 19th and early 20th centuries.See one of the spires up closereally close at the 17th-century Church of Our Savior. Brave souls may climb the 150 stairs winding outside the spire to its top. If youre afraid of heights, or if it is a windy day, you can forget the climb. But then youll miss the magnificent view.Once the earth is under your feet again(youll enjoy the feeling), cross the nearest bridge to Castle Island. The curious yet majestic-looking spire ahead tops the oldest stock exchange in Eutope, built in 1619. Its spire is formed from the entwined (缠绕的) tails of three dragons. They represent Denmark, Sweden and Norway.To see them having fun, and to have some fun yourself, cross Andersens Boulevard and enter Tivoli Gardens. You wont be alone. More than five million people a year come here. They come to dance, dine, take in outdoor and indoor concerts, see ballets and laugh at the comedy. One tip: Bring a lot of money. About 20 restaurants are among the citys most expensive. Even without money, you can still enjoy the proud old trees, the colored night lights and the beautiful gardens. You might fell as if you are in a fairy tale.1. What is the authors purpose of writing the passage?A. To advertise a place of interest B. To do research in the city. C. To introduce the cityCopenhagen. D. Only to amuse the reader.Key: C2. Why is Copenhagen sure to change your mindthat you are too old for fairy tales?A. The Little Mermaid is Denmarks best-known landmark.B. Copenhagen is a city of green spires and wooden buildings that often appears in fairy tales.C. Copenhagen is like a dream-like watercolor painting.D. Copenhagen is a city where you find yourself in a fairy atmosphere.Key: D 3. What do you think of the city?A. It is a small quiet city which few city travelers visit.B. It is an international trade port which is busy.C. It is a beautiful ancient city with many travelers.D. It is a city where some fairy stories happened.Key: C4. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The Little Mermaid is a character in one of Hans Christian Andersens fantasies.B. The 17th-century Church of Our Savior is high.C. The Little Mermaid is a real person in Denmark.D. Copenhagen has less traffic, nose and pollution in Europe.Key: C 5. Which title is the most suitalbe for the passage?A. The Imaginary Fairy City Copenhagen.B. Not Only Ancient but Modern Copenhagen.C. City of Green Spires Copenhagen.D. A Fairyland CopenhagenKey: D文体 议论文社会问题类主题亚洲新生儿的减少题号72737475考点类型归纳总结题细节题数据计算题判断推理解题技巧第一段第一句是主题句，下文围绕这一主题展开叙述从第一段的最后一句可知。根据第二段第三句和第五句可以计算，900*12+5000=15800从短文的最后一段可知。难度B来源2008年高考统一招生英语试题（安徽卷） 第72-75题Passage OneThe small number of newborn babies, which has been caused by high prices and the changing social situation of women, is one of the most serious problems in Asia. When people talk about it, you can hear a word invented in Japan. which means Double Income Kids(小孩). In many major Asian cities like Seoul, Singapore, and Tokyo, the cost of a * is extremely high. A young couple who want to buy their own house may have to pay about $3000,000 (though prices have fallen). For a flat with one bedrooms, one dining-room, a kitchen, and a bathroom, the couple will pay about $900 a month. Whats more, if they want to have a child, the childs education is very expensive. For example, most kindergarten charges are at least $5.000 a year. In such a situation, its difficult to afford children. The number of married women who want to continue working because they enjoy their jobs. However, if they want to have children, they immediately have serious problems. Though most companies allow women to leave their jobs for a short time to have a baby, they expect women with babies to give up their jobs. In short, if they want to bring up children properly, both parents have to work, but it is hard for mothers to work. Indeed, women who want to continue working have to choose between having children or keeping their jobs. In a word, Asian governments must take steps to improve the present situation as soon as possible.73. According to the passage, which of the following is true? A. It is easy for a couple to afford a child in Asia. B. The prices of in Asia are quite low now. C. Fewer and fewer married women wan