Speech Acts 英语语用学.ppt

ContactmeYanlingTang ForeignStudiesCollegeHunanNormalUniversity36LushanRoad ChangshaCity Hunan410081ThePeople sRepublicofChina CHINA Cellphone mail 1596604813 AnIntroductiontoPragmaticsACourseforB A StudentsInstructor Prof TangYanling唐燕玲 SpeechActs Maincontents 1 Performatives2 ThreeTypesofActs3 ClassificationofIllocutionaryActs4 IndirectSpeechActTheory PartOne Performatives 1 Backgroundsfortheproposingoftheperformativetheory2 Constativevs Performative3 Performativeverbs4 Characteristicsofperformatives5 Howtodistinguishperformativesandconstatives 1 Backgroundsfortheproposingoftheperformativetheory Inthe40 sand50 s itwascommonlyheldthatthestudyoflanguageshouldbeconcernedonlywiththetruth conditionalmeaningoftheproposition andnotwiththesituationsoftheutterance However ithadbeenobservedthatsometimespeopleareusingwordstodothings Andinsuchcases whatisofmoreimportanceisnotthetruthconditional meaning buttheactionofdoingthings Austinmadetheprimarydistinctionbetweentwotypesofutterances Constative 表述句Performative 施为句 2 Constativevs Performative Constatives describingaportionofsomefactsorstatesofaffairs aimingatreferringsomethingorexpressingsomething TrueorFalse e g IgototheparkeverySunday Performatives sayingitselfaccomplishingacertainaction affecting orchangingtheworldinsomeway todosth e g InamethisshipQueenElizabeth Performativesaresentencesusedtoperformsuchfunctionsaspromising naming warning inviting requesting orderingandaskingetc Moreexamplesonperformatives Ideclarethemeetingopen asutteredinanopenceremony Teacher Classbegins Boss Youarefired Inamethistiger GeorgeBush Igiveandbequeaththeshiptomybrother asoccurringinawill Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow asutteredwhenmakingabet Ipromisetoloveyouforever 3 Performativeverbs Name apologize warn bet bequeath declare promise swear beg order advise congratulate welcome nominate 4 Characteristicsofperformatives A theyareperformedinsayingsomething B theycannotbeperformedunlesslanguageisused C theyhaveconnectedwiththeirperformativeverbs theoccurrenceofwhichasamainverbinapresenttense indicative active afirstpersonsentencemakesexplicitwhatactspeakerintendstobeperforminginutteringthesentence 5 Howtodistinguishperformativesandconstatives 1 Conditions trueorfalse constative felicityconditions 合适条件 2 grammaticalcriterion performative firstpersonsingularsub simplepresenttenseindicativemoodactivevoice3 lexicalcriterion state constative hereby performative Ithasbeennotedthatsomestativescanalsobeviewedasperformatives E g Adogiswatchingyou Itellyouthatadogiswatchingyou 哇 Allsentencescanbeusedtodothings Sayingsomethingcanbeunderstoodasdoingsomething PartTwo ThreeTypesofActs InHowtoDoThingswithWords Austinholdsthattherearethreesensesinwhichsayingsomethingcanbeunderstoodasdoingsomething LocutionaryActIllocutionaryActPerlocutionaryAct 1 anactofproducinglinguisticunits 2 thebasicliteralmeaningoftheutterancewhichisconveyedbyparticularwordsandstructureswhichtheutterancecontains inherentmeaningofasentence 语义学研究的对象 LocutionaryAct 表述性言语行为 以言行事 发话行为 言中行为 IllocutionaryforceSpeaker smeaningorintentionContextualmeaningExtra meaning IllocutionaryAct施为性言语行为 以言指事 言外行为 行事行为言外之意 Theactperformedthrough bymeansofalocutionaryact Thehearer sinterpretationsorreactions PerlocutionaryAct成事性言语行为 以言成事 言后行为 取效行为 Example Shootit Locutionaryact X In Shootit themeaningoftheverbshoot themeaningofthepronunciationit Illocutionaryact Y Usingasentencetoperformafunction theactperformedinsayingsomething InsayingX IwasdoingY Insaying Shootit Iwasorderingthethreesoldierstoshootatthetarget PerlocutionaryAct Z Theresultsoreffectsthatarebroughtaboutbysayingsomething theactperformedbysayingsomething BysayingX anddoingY IdidZ Bysaying Shootit andthusorderingthethreesoldierstoshootatthetarget Imadeitpossibleforthetargettobeshotbythethreesoldiers X I thedog loveyou thecat Y showingloveZ thecat sreaction Iloveyou A 我唐老鸭今天过生日 请你去吃蛋糕喔 B 好啊 X 唐老鸭 请你 小鸭B 去吃蛋糕Y 邀请Z 小鸭B接受邀请 Examples 1 GoodMorning 2 Itiscoldhere 3 Thatisthephone I minthebathroom Okay IllocutionaryAct Partthree ClassificationofIllocutionaryActs AccordingtoJ Austin illocutionaryspeechactsfallintocertaintypesintermsoftheirillocutionaryforce aslistedbelow Representatives assertives陈述类 state describe swear report Directives指令类 ask order request command advise Commissives承诺类 promise bet Expressives表达 thank congratulate apologize welcome deplore Declaratives 宣告类 name declare nominate point christen Tocommitthespeakertosomething sbeingthecase tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid Forexample stating believing swearingandmakinghypothesis e g IswearIhaveneverseenthemanbefore Istatetheearthisaglobe Assertives Representatives Theyareattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething Typicalexamples Inviting suggesting requesting warning threatening ordering advisingandsoon Openthedoor ordering Yourmoneyoryourlife threatening Directives Committodosomething Thepointofthemistocommitthespeakerhimselftosomefutureactions Typicalexamples Promising vowing undertakinge g Iwillbringthbookwithoutfail Ipromisetocome Commissives Toexpressintheutterancethespecificpsychologicalstateofthespeaker Typicalexamples Apologizing thanking welcoming deploring Congratulatinge g IamsorryforthemessIhavemade It reallykindofyoutohavethoughtofme