高级英语 Unit 1 Hit the Nail on the Head.ppt

UnitOneTEXTIHittheNailontheHead 恰到好处 一语中的 I Pre readingQuestions1 SuggestedAnswer SA Itmeansexactlyrightinwordsoraction 2 SA TheauthoradvisesthattheEnglishstudentsshouldtrytogetthewords phrasesandsentencescompletelyrightfortheirpurposesintheirwriting III LibraryWork1 1 GustaveFlaubert 1821 1880 Frenchnovelist wasassociatedwith thoughnotrepresentativeof themovementofnaturalismandknownasoneofthegreatestrealistsof19th centuryFrance Hedevotedhislifetolonghoursspentinheavytoiloverhiswork Hiswritingismarkedbyexactnessandaccuracyofobservation extremeimpersonalityandobjectivityoftreatment andprecisionandexpressivenessinstyle ortheprincipleofthemotjuste 1 2 Mrs MalapropisafamouscharacterinSheridan scomedyTheRivals 1775 Sheisnotedforherblundersintheuseofwords Asheadstrong 不受管束的 asanallegory 比方 寓言 alligator onthebanksoftheNile isoneofhergrotesque 荒唐的 misapplications Shealsorequeststhatnodelusions 欺骗 迷惑 allusions tothepastbemade Shehasgivenusthewordmalapropism 用词错误 尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词 asanameforsuchmistakes 2 Hindi 印地语 isaliteraryandofficiallanguageofnorthernIndia Swahili 斯瓦希里语 isaBantu 班图 languagethatisatradeandgovernmentallanguageovermuchofEastAfricaandintheCongoregion BantusarepeoplebelongingtoagroupoftribesfoundinequatorialandsouthernAfrica IV OrganizationoftheText1 Ananalogybetweentheunskilleduseofthehammerandtheimproperchoiceofwords Paragraph1 2 Thesignificanceoffindingtherightwords Paragraphs2 3 3 Semanticdifferencesbetweenwordshavingthesameroot Paragraphs4 7 1 Example1 humanvs humane Paragraph4 2 Example2 anxietyvs eagerness Paragraph5 3 Example3 singularityvs singleness Paragraphs6 7 4 Wrongchoiceofwordscausedbyfailuretorecognizetheirconnotations Paragraph8 Examples imprison contain sumup epitomizeanddistill5 Stylisticdifferencesbetweensynonyms Paragraph9 Examples inmychildhoodvs whenIwasachild lovetowatchvs lovewatching dievs expire poorvs inindigentcircum stances 6 TheabundanceofspecificwordsinEnglishforgeneralnotions Paragraph10 7 Conclusion Paragraph11 theimportanceofagoodcontrolandcommandoverknownwords Agoodwriterisnotmeasuredbytheextentofhisvocabulary butbyhisskillinfindingthewordthatwillhitthenailcleanlyonthehead V KeyPointsoftheTextParagraph1knockover hit tofall捶翻drivesomethinghome force thenail intotherightplace makesomethingunmistakablyclear把 钉子等 打入 使明确无误E g 1 Heslammedthedooranddrovethebolthome 他砰地关上门 把门闩插好 2 driveone spointhome讲清楚自己的观点 3 avoicethatdriveshomeeachword字字清晰的说话声 4 Todrivehomehispolicy thepresidentwrotehissecondletter 为了阐明他的政策 总统又写了第二封信 5 YoumustdriveithometoJohnthatwedon thaveenoughmoney 你必须使约翰明白我们钱确实不够 deft effortlesslyskillful熟练的hititsquarelyonthehead hittingitdirectlyonthehead Alsohitthe right nailonthehead informal beexactlyrightinwordsoraction正中要害 猜中 说得好 做得好 E g 1 Yourcriticismreallyhitthenailonthehead 你的批评确是一针见血 2 Insosaying youhittherightnailonthehead 你这样说确是击中要害 squarely meaning directly maybeusedbothliterallyandfiguratively E g 1 Theboxerhithisopponentsquarelyonthejaw 2 Wemustfacethedifficultysquarely Paragraph1 cleanEnglish Englishthatisexact precise andclearawordthatismoreorlessright awordthatisalmostright butnotcompletelyright差不多恰当的词语Question1 Whichphraseinthisparagraphmarksacontrastbetweenaclumsymanandaskillfulcarpenter SA Ontheotherhand Paragraph1 Question2 WhichsentenceinParagraph1establishesthelinkbetweenthedrivingofanailandthechoiceofaword SA Sowithlanguage thegoodcraftsmanwillchoosewordsthatdrivehomehispointfirmlyandexactly Paragraph2Question1 Whatdoestheword this inSentence1referto SA Gettingthewordthatiscompletelyrightforthewriter spurpose scrupulouswriters writerswhoarethorough exact andwhopaycarefulattentiontodetails一丝不苟的作家 scrupulous correcteveninthesmallestdetail exact painstaking meticulous严格认真的 审慎的unscrupulous 不择手段的 肆无忌惮的 theoppositeofscrupulous seemstobemoreoftenusedtodescribepeoplewhodonotcareabouthonestyandfairnessingettingwhattheywant orwhoarecompletelywithoutprinciples Alsobyhookor by crook towinbyhookorcrook Paragraph2 Question2 Doyouagreewiththeauthorthatthereisagreatdealoftruthintheseeminglystupidquestion HowcanIknowwhatIthinktillIseewhatIsay Whyorwhynot Paragraph2 SA Yes Ido Itsoundsirrationalthatapersondoesnotknowwhathehimselfthinksbeforeheseeswhathesays but asamatteroffact itisquitetruethatunlesswehavefoundtheexactwordstoverbalizeourownthoughtswecanneverbeverysureofwhatourthoughtsare withoutwords ourthoughtscannotbedefinedorstatedinaclearandprecisemanner Paragraph3thatconstituteshislimitation thatmakesorformshisshortcomingorinabilityincertainrespectsconceptvs conception Aconceptisanideaofacategoryorkindthathasbeengeneralizedfromparticularinstances Thus theconceptof cat arisesformthemanycatswesee Conceptalsoreferstoawidelyheldideaofwhatsomethingisorshouldbe Theconceptof governmentofmanysmallnationshasbeeninfluencedbythelegislativeandjudicialinstitutionsofBritain Themeaningofconceptionismuchlikethissecondsenseofconcept butdiffersinthattheideaofwhatathingisorshouldbeishereheldbyanindividualorsmallgroupandisoftencoloredbyimaginationandfeeling Achild sconceptionoftheuniverseisformedbyhislimitedexperienceandhisownfancies yourconceptionofthemanisclearerandsharper yourideaofthemanisclearerandmoredistinctsharp awordthathasavarietyofmeaningsE g asharp thrill voice刺耳的语声sharp harsh wordsasharp severe pain Paragraph3 Question3 Whatisthesignificanceoffindingtherightwords SA Wordsaremanyandvarious theyaresubtleanddelicateintheirdifferentshadesofmeaning Theexactuseoflanguagegivesusmasteryoverthematerialwearedealingwith Paragraph4 humanvs humane human relatingtoorcharacteristicofhumankindorpeopleE g humanaction actiontakenbyman人的行为Toerrishuman toforgive divine 犯错人皆难免 宽恕则属超凡 humankiller apersonoramachinethatkillshumans杀人凶手 杀人机器 humane havingorshowingcompassionorbenevolence characterizedbykindness mercy sympathyE g humaneaction mercifulaction人道的行为humanekiller thatwhichkillsbutcauseslittlepain instrumentforpainlessslaughterofanimals牲口无痛屠宰机 牲口麻醉屠宰机Paragraph5farafield farawayfromhome tooratagreatdistance veryfaraway向远处 远离 Paragraph6cowardice lackofcourage怯懦 胆小rife widespread common 流行的 普遍的 Rifeisanadjectiveusedwithsomethingnegative E g 1 Crimeandviolencewererifeinthiscitybeforeliberation 2 Typhoidfever Poultryflu isrife 目前伤寒 禽流感 流行 3 Corruption Unemployment isstillrifeinthatcountry 那个国家依然贪污成风 失业遍地 4 Thewholecityisrifewithrumors 满城谣诼纷纷 5 Thisarticleisrifewitherror 这篇文章错误百出 6 Thecountrywasrifewithdiseaseandviolence 那个国家当时疾病和暴力横行 7 Diseasesusedtoberifeinthatcountry singularityvs singleness singularity strangeness oddity peculiarity奇特 特性 非凡E g singularityofmind思想奇特 标新立异 singleness completedevotionto holdingsteadfastlytoE g singlenessofmind思想专一 专心致志Paragraph7malapropism anoftenamusingmisuseofaword suchthatthewordincorrectlyusedsoundssimilartotheintendedwordbutmeanssomethingquitedifferent词语误用 尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词 holdto causeto followexactly keepto somethingsuchasapromise adhereto坚持 遵守 忠于E g 1 Whateveryourargument Ishallholdtomydecision 2 Thepriestheldtohisbeliefsinspiteofcrueltreatment 3 Heholdstoasimplelife 他坚持过着简朴的生活 4 Heheldtohisowncounsel 他按照自己的意见行事 5 Iholdtomypromise 我格守诺言 drawaside causeto movetoonesideE g 1 Drawingthecurtainaside helookeddownintothestreet 2 Thecrowddrewasidetolettheprisonerpass Paragraph8Question Explainwhytheword imprison intheexamplegiveninthisparagraph thoughnotamalapropism isstillnottherightwordforthewriter spurpose SA Malapropism meanstheunintentionalmisuseofawordbyconfusingitwithonethatresemblesit suchashumanforhumane singularityforsingleness Butthemisuseof imprison isadifferentcase Itiswronglychosenbecausetheuserhasfailedtorecognizeitsconnotation 内涵 imprison putintoprisonorkeepinaplaceorstatewhichoneisnotfreetoleave监禁 关押 限制 束缚 coercion pressure compulsion governmentbyforce强迫 压制 高压统治E g thecoercionofpublicopinion舆论的压力coercev t 强制 胁迫 迫使E g coercesomebodyintodoingsomething迫使某人做谋事coerceuniformity强求一致coerciveadj coercionaryadj servingorintendedtocoerceE g coercivemethods measures 强制的方法 手段 coercibleadj epitomize betypicalof serveasthetypicalexampleof代表 象征 体现 写 的梗概 作 的纲要E g 1 Hewasthemanwhoepitomizedblackresistancetothecolonialgovernment 他代表着黑人对殖民地政府的反抗 2 Hispoliticalcreedwasepitomizedinthisreport 他的政治信念就概括在这篇报告中 epitomen athingorpersonthatshows toaverygreatdegree aqualityorsetofqualities especiallyinthephrasetheepitomeof 典型 象征 缩影 ashortaccountofabookorspeech梗概 缩写 节录E g 1 Sheistheepitomeofarrogance 她是傲慢的典型 2 Mycatistheepitomeoflaziness Mycatisverylazy hiton strikeon findbyluckychanceorhaveagoodideaabout 偶然或忽然 发现 碰上 找到 想到E g 1 Ihitonthisinterestingbookinasmallbookstore 我在一家小书店里偶然发现了这本有趣的书 2 Theplanwehituponwasnotlogical perhaps butitworked 我们想出来的那个计划也许不合逻辑 但它行之有效 3 Howdidyouhitontherightanswersoquickly 4 Atlastsomeonehitupontakingtheotherroadthroughthemountains distill takeandseparatethemostimportantpartsof abook asubject etc 提炼E g distilltheessenceof提取 的精华alive sensitive alertParagraph9disprovevs disapprove disprove provetobecontrary refute反驳 证明有误E g 1 findachargehardtodisprove发现推翻某项罪名有困难 2 Hecouldnotdisprovethemajorcontentionofhisopponents 他驳不倒对方的主要论点 Comparedisapprove haveabadopinionformoralreasons of 不赞成 不同意 不准许 否决 不赞同 不喜欢 of E g 1 Shedisapprovedthearrangementsforthewedding 2 Thecourtdisapprovedtheverdict 法院否定了陪审团的裁决 3 Jim sfatherdisapprovedofhismarriagetoMary Jim的父亲不赞成他与Mary的婚事 4 Hedisapprovedofher 他讨厌她 expire die passaway cometoanend死亡 过期indigent poor lackingmoneyandgoods poverty stricken penniless贫困的 贫穷的Paragraph10march walkwithfirmregularstepslikeasoldier齐步前进 行军 pace walkwithslow steadysteps especiallybackwardsandforwards踱方步patrol goatregulartimesround anarea building etc toseethatthereisnotrouble thatnooneistryingtogetinoroutillegally etc 巡逻 巡查stride walkwithlongstepsorcrosswithonelongstep大踏步地走 跨 stalk walkstiffly proudly orwithlongsteps高视阔步地走strut walkproudlyorstiffly especiallywiththechestpushedforwardandtryingtolookimportant趾高气扬地走 大摇大摆地走tread stepon踩 践踏tramp walk throughorover withfirmheavysteps用沉重的脚步行走 Paragraph10 stepout AmE gooutsideorgosomewhere 美口 暂时走开prance movequickly happilyorproudlywithaspringingordancingstep欢跃地走 prowl ofananimallookingforfood orofathief moveabout anarea quietly tryingnottobeseenorheard潜行 暗中徘徊E g beastsprowlingaftertheirprey四处觅食的野兽 Paragraph10 sidle up walkasifreadytoturnandgotheotherway especiallysecretivelyornervously 尤指鬼鬼祟祟地或胆怯地 悄悄地走E g Hesidleduptothestrangerinthestreetandtriedtosellhimthestolenring 在街上 他鬼鬼祟祟地走到陌生人面前企图向他兜售偷来的戒指 Paragraph10 creep moveslowlyandquietlywiththebodyclosetotheground匍匐前进 爬行 蹑手蹑脚地走E g Thecatcreptsilentlytowardsthemouse 猫悄悄地向老鼠爬过去 Thepolicemancreptuponthecriminalandseizedhimfrombehind 警察偷偷逼近罪犯 从后面将他一把抓住 Paragraph10 plod especiallyalong on walkslowly especiallywithdifficultyandgreateffort trudge沉重缓慢地走 步履艰难E g Theoldmanplodsalong hardlyabletolifteachfoot 那老人步履艰难地走着 双脚几乎都提不起来 Paragraph10 trudge walkwithheavysteps slowlyandwitheffort plod 步履艰难地走 跋涉E g Hehadtotrudge for 20milestogethome 他要跋涉20英里才回到家 shuffle walkbydraggingone sfeetslowlyalong曳足而行 拖着步子走 stagger walkormoveunsteadilyandwithgreatdifficulty almostfalling蹒跚 摇晃 踉跄E g Hewasstaggeringalongasifdrunk 他摇摇晃晃地向前走 好像喝醉了酒一样 toddle walkwithshortunsteadysteps asasmallchilddoes蹒跚行步 东倒西歪地走 Paragraph10 stroll walkashortdistanceslowlyorlazily especiallyforpleasure散步 闲逛 溜达ramble about through among goonalongwalkwithnoparticularplan漫游 漫步 Paragraph10 E g Theyrambledthroughthewoods 他们漫步穿过树林 Werambledaboutforhoursintheoldcity 我们在古城漫游了几个小时 roam through around about wanderwithoutaveryclearpurpose漫步 闲荡 漫游E g Atthisheighthyenasroamedabout 在这高度 有鬣狗四处游荡 saunter walkinanunhurriedway andespeciallyinaconfidentmanner lounge 闲逛 漫步E g Isaunteredalongthestreetwithnothingtodo 我在街上闲逛 无所事事 meander ofpeople wanderinasloweasyway漫步 散步 ofriversandstreams flowslowly turninghereandthere 指河川 蜿蜒而流 迂回曲折地前进 lounge especiallyabout around moveinalazy relaxedway moveinleisurely indolentmanner saunter 闲逛E g Heloungedaboutthehouse doingnothingbutgettinginourwaywhilewewereworking 我们工作时 他什么也不干 在屋子里乱转 碍手碍脚的 loiter moveonormoveabout stoppingoften走走停停 徘徊 闲逛E g Thepolicemensawsomeoneloiteringneartheshop 警察看见有人在商店附近徘徊 Paragraph11Question1 Whatconclusionisdrawnbytheauthorinthisparagraph SA Agoodwriterisnotmeasuredbytheextentofhisvocabulary butbyhisskillinfindingthe motjuste thewordthatwillhitthenailcleanlyonthehead Question2 Thewriterbeginshisarticlewithananalogybetweentheunskilleduseofthehammerandtheimproperchoiceofwords Identifytheplaceswheretheanalogyisreferredtointherestofthearticle SA Wedon thavetolookfarafieldtofindevidenceofbadcarpentryinlanguage Paragraph5 Itisperhapseasiertobeagoodcraftsmanwithwoodandnailsthanagoodcraftsmanwithwords Paragraph9 Agoodcarpenterisnotdistinguishedbythenumberofhistools butbythecraftsmanshipwithwhichheusesthem Soagoodwriterisnotmeasuredbytheextentofhisvocabulary butbyhisskillinfindingthe motjuste thewordthatwillhitthenailcleanlyonthehead Paragraph11 takecourage feelhopefulandconfidentaboutsomethingE g Itisachallengingjob buttakecourageandworkhardatit andyou llberewarded VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook 1 Sowithlanguage thegoodcraftsmanwillchoosewordsthatdrivehomehispointfirmlyandexactly 2 Gettingthewordthatiscompletelyrightforthewriter spurpose VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook 3 Yes Ido Itsoundsirrationalthatapersondoesnotknowwhathehimselfthinksbeforeheseeswhathesays but asamatteroffact itisquitetruethatunlesswehavefoundtheexactwordstoverbalizeourownthoughtswecanneverbeverysureofwhatourthoughtsare withoutwords ourthoughtscannotbedefinedorstatedinaclearandprecisemanner VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook 4 Malapropism meanstheunintentionalmisuseofawordbyconfusingitwithonethatresemblesit suchashumanforhumane singularityforsingleness Butthemisuseof imprison isadifferentcase Itiswronglychosenbecausetheuserhasfailedtorecognizeitsconnotation VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook 5 human characterizingof orrelatingtomanhumane characterizedbykindness mercy sympathy thus humanaction actiontakenbymanhumaneaction mercifulactionhumankiller personthatkillshumanshumanekiller thatwhichkillsbutcauseslittlepain VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook 6 Sensitive alert7 Wedon thavetolookfarafieldtofindevidenceofbadcarpentryinlanguage Paragraph5 Itisperhapseasiertobeagoodcraftsmanwithwoodandnailsthanagoodcraftsmanwithwords Paragraph9 VI SAtoEx I P 1 Workbook Agoodcarpenterisnotdistinguishedbythenumberofhistools butbythecraftsmanshipwithwhichheusesthem Soagoodwriterisnotmeasuredbytheextentofhisvocabulary butbyhisskillinfindingthe motjuste thewordthatwillhitthenailcleanlyonthehead Paragraph11 VII SAtoEx II P 2 Workbook 1 AwriterwhoisparticularabouttheexactnessofanexpressioninEnglishwillneverfeelhappywithawordwhichfailstoexpressanideaaccurately VII SAtoEx II P 2 Workbook 2 Toacertainextent theprocessoffindingtherightwordstouseisaprocessofperfectionwhereyoutrytosearchforwordsthatmaymostaccuratelyexpressyourthoughtsandfeelings andwordsthatmaymosteffectivelymakeyourlistenersandreadersunderstandyourthoughtsandfeelings VII SAtoEx II P 2 Workbook 3 Findingthemostsuitablewordtouseisinnosenseeasy Butthereisnothinglikethedelightweshallexperiencewhensuchawordislocated 4 Onceweareabletouselanguageaccurately weareinapositiontofullyunderstandoursubjectmatter VIII SAtoEx III P 3 Workbook 1 Aftercitingmanyfactsandgivinganumberofstatisticalfigures hefinallydrovehomehispoint 2 Ittookushalfayearmoreorlesstocarrythroughtheresearchproject 3 Whathesaidwassosubtlethatwecouldhardlymakeouthistrueintention 4 Hisnewbooklookssquarelyatthecontemporarysocialproblems VIII SAtoEx III P 3 Workbook 5 TheyoungergenerationtodayareverymuchalivetothelatestinformationfoundontheInternet 6 Itisamatterofopinionwhetheraforeignlanguageismoreeasilylearnedinone schildhoodorotherwise 7 Neverlooseheartinthefaceofasetback takecourageanddealwithitsquarely 8 Rice meat vegetables andfruitconstituteabalanceddiet TEXTIITheMaker sEye ReviewingYourOwnManuscripts 作者的眼光 修改自己的手稿 I OrganizationoftheText1 Thewaywritersshouldviewtheirownwritingthroughthemaker seye Paragraphs1 9 2 Howtoreviseone sownwriting Paragraphs10 26 II KeyPointsoftheTextParagraph2journeyman anexperiencedpersonwhoseworkisfairly butnotvery good熟练工craftsman apersonskilledinajob能工巧匠prolific productive producingmanyworks Paragraph3aprogressionof asuccessionofdecode discoverthemeaningof somethingwritteninacode 解码 译解compareencode turn amessage intocodeParagraph4detach from separate from Paragraph5supposedly asisbelieved asitappears想象上 据推测 大概forayeartotheday forexactlyayeardiscipline controleuphoric extremelyhappyeuphoria afeelingofhappinessandcheerfulexcitement欣快症 异常欣快 Paragraph6counsel adviseE g acounselofperfection要别人必须做到十全十美的要求 达不到的理想darkencounsel使更加难以理解takecounselofone spillow通夜思考excise removebycuttingout aschizophrenicprocess amaddeningordisorderlyprocess混乱的过程 前后矛盾的过程schizophrenia amentaldisordermarkedbyaseparationofaperson smindandfeelings精神分裂症Paragraph8prune cutoff removeorshortensomeofthebranchesinordertoimprovetheshape growth productionofflowersorfruit reduceorremove anythinguseless orunwanted from something bymakingcarefulchoices修剪 删除spontaneous happeningasaresultofnaturalfeelingsorcause withoutoutsideforceorinfluence orwithoutbeingplanned自然产生的 自发的spontaneity naturalnessParagraph9positive sure havingnodoubtaboutsomething Paragraph16genre aclassofworksofart literature ormusicmarkedbyaparticularstyle form orsubject类型 流派 风格Paragraph23mutter speak usuallyangryorcomplainingwords inalowvoice noteasilyheard咕哝 嘀咕inshortruns inshortperiodsoftime Compareinlongruns atastretch withoutstopping continuouslyParagraph25connotation anyof thefeelingorideasthataresuggestedbyaword ratherthantheactualmeaningoftheword含义 言外之意denotation thethingthatisactuallynamedordescribedbyaword ratherthanthefeelingsorideasthataresuggestedbytheword直接意义 特定意义 rubagainst slidesomethingwithpressureagainst comparewithE g Don trubyourcoatagainstthewetpaint Paragraph26peerinto lookwitheffortintosomethingE g Shestoodontheshoreforsometime peeringintothedistance longaftertheshiphadgone III SAtoQuestionsforDiscussion P 14 Student sBook 1 Thecompletionofthefirstdraftisregardedastheendofthejobbyanamateurwriterbutasthebeginningbyaprofessional Writersmustlearntobefastidiousandexacting i e severelycriticalwiththeirownwriting