科技论文英文摘要的写作.ppt

科技论文的英语表达及英文摘要的写作 南方医科大学学报编辑部王征爱 概述 意义 纵向传播 横向交流现实 付出与目的并非一致 锻炼 供人学习误人子弟难度 非易事 但非不能 3000词汇 基本语感 英语思维要点 1 内容的完整性 2 数据跟文中 中文是否一致 3 内容可以不跟中文全对应 应比中文更详细 4 主谓一致 常识 但错误不少见 5 时态 简单 但有时也很难掌握 6 语态 有讲究 但基本不限 7 人称 可一可三 8 词法 重点 9 语法 基本 10 句法 转换 七绝 终审之一洋洋洒洒二十万 字字句句过我筛 正体斜体需审定 大写小写亦仲裁 之二常遇新语需释义 遍翻辞书哪有迹 光盘检索千百次 头脑析分定无歧 出差今日去北京 明天返广州 虽只住一晚 电脑也同路 成都会议蓉城十月是金秋 百万客房一无留 车水马龙奔九寨 孤家寡人回广州 蝶恋花 三亚行伫立危楼阳光媚 鹤落鹤飞 银羽熠熠辉 人说海南山水美 天涯海角游人醉 今到三亚赴一会 扬我学报 风景又何味 会后旧朋结新友 足不出屋也无悔 垂钓忙里偷闲应郊游 临置渔具钓花都 人在池旁心系刊 一叠文稿不离手 七律 周日加班有感鞠躬尽瘁创品牌 不在本土在海外 寒暑有假不曾度 昼夜各吃一中餐 周日伏案逾八时 累极背项疼难耐 摇头晃脑再一程 有怨无悔图心安 国庆长假赋长假又七天 人皆议景点 友人频来电 问可来游园 学报十期在编 写作课次层迭 保先自评三千 交稿近在眼前 科技日新月异 新语屡见不鲜 英文修改何其难 长词短句须慎选 终日埋头电脑前 常为一词觅三天 鼠标手 职业颈 荧屏眼 蚁影游动 字里行间 困睡沙发 饥餐素面 一旦模棱定一可 喝口凉水嘴也甜 诸君疑问何所求 我为名刊当总编 虽苦尤荣 乐在其中 2005 10 06 网址 邮箱 xbbjb PubMed www ncbi nil nih gov 提纲 1 摘要的类型2 英文摘要与中文摘要的区别3 摘要常用词和句型4 摘要的语态和人称5 摘要的时态6 摘要常用表达和几个 组高频词辨析7 虚词的用法8 副词的用法9 关于Chinglish10 修辞11 分词 合成词有关问题12 名词的特殊用法及名词的数 1 摘要的类型 1 1评论性摘要 Criticalabstract 1 2说明性摘要 Descriptiveabstract 1 3资料性摘要 Informativeabstract 1 4资料 指示性摘要 Informative indicativeabstract 1 5结构式摘要 Structuredabstract 1 1评论性摘要不常用 可见于综述 内容上侧重于评价 论理 ABSTRACT Acutetubulointerstitialnephritis ATIN isacommondisordercharacterizedbyaspectrumofclinicalmanifestationsrangingfromasymptomaticurinaryabnormalitiestoacuteoliguricrenalfailure Tubulardysfunctionoutofproportiontothedegreeofrenalfailureisanimportantcluetothediagnosis Thisreviewdescribesitspathogenesis pathophysiology diagnosis differentialdiagnosisandtherapy emphasizingthedrug inducedformofATIN 1 2说明性摘要又称指示性或通报性摘要 Indicativeabstract 说明文章的内容范围 只是简单地报道研究主题 泛泛而谈 不涉及具体内容 一般只一到三句话 多见于临床医学论文 ExampleThesurvivalratesofaseriesofpatientswithunstableanginatreatedsurgicallyandmedicallyarecompared 1 3资料性摘要 详细 具体 重要观点和数据Postoperativebleedingisusuallyattributedtostressulcer however occultpreoperativelesionscouldalsoberesponsible 背景 Todeterminetheirfrequencyandnature weprospectivelyexamined72patients 目的 endoscopicallypriortomajorelectiveoperations EntrycriteriaincludedaplannedstayintheSurgicalIntensiveCareUnit 2days andanegativehistory physicalexamination andstoolguaiac 愈伤木脂 一种检便潜血试剂 Gastricandduodenalmucosaewerescoredseparately usinga0 to7 pointscale Scoresweregradednegative 0 hyperemia 1 gastroduodenitis 2 5 mucosalerosions 6 andulcers 7 方法 Erosionsorulcerswerefoundin14 ofpatientsandgastroduodenitisisanadditional10 Wefoundthatnoneofthe27riskfactorsoranycombinationoffactorstestedcorrelatedwithulcers erosoins orgastroduodenitis 结果 Thus patientswithasymptomaticgastroduodenalerosionsorulcerationscouldnotbeidentifiedpreoperatively exceptbyendoscopy 结论 Untilthesignificanceoftheselesionsascauseofpostoperativebleedingisdetermined werecommendedroutinepostoperativegastricpHtitrationwithantacidsforpatientsundergoingmajorelectiveoperations 建议 1 4资料 指示性摘要 内容更完整 多了一条提示Therelationshipbetweendepression 抑郁症 andstressors 应激 andtherelationshipbetweendepressioninchildrenanddepressionintheirparentswereinvestigated 概括或提示性语言 Depressedchildrenaged7 11years n 20 werecomparedwithclinicalnon depressedchildren n 88 andnormalchildren n 55 Children mothersandfathersinthethreegroupsweretested MeasuresincludedtheChildren sDepressionInventory RecentLifeEventsScale StressorScaleandBeckDepressionInventory Thefindingsshowedthatchildrenandmothersinthedepressedgroupreportedmorestressorsthanotherchildrenandothermotherswhilefathersofchildreninthedepressedgroupdidnotreportmorestressors Thefindingsalsoshowedthatmothersofdepressedchildrenweremoredepressedthanmothersofnormalchildrenwhiletherewerenodifferencesbetweenthescoresoffathersinthethreegroups 1 5结构式摘要 structuredabstract BACKGROUND Hypothyroidismisacommonconditionthatisfrequentlyirreversibleandrequireslifelongthyroidreplacementtherapy OBJECTIVE ToassesstheincidenceandfactorsthatcanpredictreversibilityofhypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto sthyroiditis METHODS Westudied79patientsinwhomHashimoto sthyroiditiswasdiagnosedaccordingtosuggestivecytologicfeaturesand orthepresenceofthyroidantibodies antimicrosomalantibodytiter or 1 1600 antiglobulinantibodytiter or 1 400 RESULTS Afterwithdrawaloflevothyroxinetreatment thyroidbloodtestsshowedthatthedegreeofhypothyroidismworsenedin20patients remainedunchangedin40 andimprovedin19 Ninepatients 11 4 didshownormalizationofthethyroidbloodtest CONCLUSIONS OurresultsconfirmthathypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto sthyroiditisisnotalwayspermanent Thepresenceofalargergoiterandhighthyrotropinlevelsatthetimeofdiagnosis associatedwithafamilialincidenceofthyroiddisease mayberelatedtoanincreasedincidenceofhypothyroidismremission 2 英文摘要与中文摘要的区别 2 1独立摘要和随文摘要2 2内容的详简度内外有别 2 1独立摘要和随文摘要独立摘要指用于检索性刊物如ExceptaMedica IndexMedicus ChemicalAbstracts BiologicalAbstracts EngineeringIndex等及大型国际会议的论文摘要汇编 此外还有一些文摘杂志 随文摘要指一般期刊内与正文同存的摘要 2 2内容的详简度内外有别中文摘要详细介绍国外经验 英文摘要重点描述国内特色 总的来说英文摘要应比中文摘要更全面反映全文主旨 3 摘要常用词和句型 3 1表达目的的常用词和句型或结构3 2表达方法的句型3 3表达结果的句型3 4表达结论的句型 3 1表达目的的常用词和句型或结构3 1 1摘要中表示 目的 常用词的用法 3 1 1 1用于表示 目的 的常用名词 字顺 AimA 名词用法B 动词用法 AttemptA 名词用法B 动词用法 A名词用法Theaimofthisinvestigation study thepresentstudywasto Ouraimisto determinewhetheraclinicallyrelevantpositiveinotropiceffect 增强收缩力作用 canbedemonstratedinhumans establishanobjective easy to usetechniquetoevaluate Theaimsofthisstudywere 1 to and2 to B动词用法a 主动态后接动词不定式Thisstudyaimedto Weaimedto Thisstudyaimsto b 主动态后接介词at 动名词Thisresearchaimedatidentifying c 被动态后接介词at 动名词Thisstudywasaimedatdocument ing AttemptA名词用法Anattemptwasmadeto Anattempthasbeenmadeto Anattemptwasundertakento Thepresentstudyisanattempttoreplicateearlierevidencethat Forthisreason anattemptwasundertakenfor 尝试干 Inanattempttoextendthisfinding threeexperimentswereconducted Inafirstattempttoelucidateitsfunction weexamined B动词用法Inthisstudyweattemptto Theauthorsattempttoevaluatethedegree Goal Amajorgoalispreventionofacceleration inducedlossofcon sciousness Thegoalofthisinvestigationwasto Goal一词的含义 用法及其句式跟名词aim完全一样 例句从略 Intend想要 旨在 人作主语用主动态 事物作主语用被动态 Thisreport paperisintendedto Inbriefthearticleisintendedto Thisthree groupdesign Thisstudywasintendedto Inthisstudy weintendedtotestthehypothesisthat Itisintendedtoremindthereader Intent意图 目的 不太常用 Theintentofthestudywasto Objective 常用作标题或项目词 Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluate ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion s PurposePurpose的用法同aim 不复举例 但在forthepurpose of 这一固定结构中 一般不用aim替换其中的purpose 如 isdescribedforthepurposeof 3 1 1 2目的句中的常用动词 多用被动态 Carryout执行Theretrospectivestudy Anexperimentalstudy Aninvestigationwascarriedouttoevaluate Wecarriedoutthisstudytodetermine Conduct引导 实施 进行A study survey Anexperimentwasconductedtoevaluate establish investigate Perform执行vt 进行viThisstudywasperformedtodetermine Undertake从事 着手做Humanstudieshavebeenundertakentotestthisthesis Design设计Thisstudy Thepresentstudy Ourstudywasdesignedto Wealsodesignedaninvitrostudyto Develop研制 创立 method s was weredevelopedto 动词不定式 for 名词或动名词 Anon linethermosprayliquidchromatography massspectrometrymethodwasdevelopedto Twomethodsweredevelopedtodisplace Wehavealsodevelopedmethodsfortheanalysisof Formulation drug strategy protocol recipe 3 1 2结构式摘要中表示目的常见不定式结构 ToanalyzewhetherpatientswithRAhaveanintrinsicdefect 先天性缺陷 inTcellproliferationandsurvival 为了分析 Toascertain assess characterize clarify compare construct describe determine distinguish elaborate elucidate establish estimate evaluate examine explore expose help identify investigate isolate provide report study test understandTovalidatecriteriapredicting 为了验证预测 的标准 3 2表达方法的句型 3 2 1using byusing分句 主动态主句Usingarabbitmodelofpneumococcalmeningitis wecompared and 3 2 2using byusing分句 被动态主句Byusingamultivariateriskalgorithm 56 5 ofDownsyndromecasescouldbedetectedwitha5 3 false positiverate 3 2 3被动态 using byusing by with引出的状语 ThediagnoseswereestablishedusingAmericanCollegeofRheumatologycriteria Themechanismof wasstudiedbyusingasetof PCRproductsweredetectedbygelelectrophoresisanddot blothybridization Inthisprospectivestudy 142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywith 3 2 4叙述方法最常涉及的几个动词 carryout conduct perform do make develop receive undergo had等 及其句型 Hyperthermiawascarriedoutusinganovelwater filtered infrared Aradiationtechnique Aprospectivestudywasdonein76subjectswhounderwent Clinicalevaluationsweremadeonthe14patientsincluding4withpharyngitis 7withtonsillitis Allpatientsreceivedsatisfactoryanesthesiaforoperation patientsunderwentoperationsandtherewerenooperativedeaths Amongthe62survivors 18hadanotheroperation 3 2 5表达分组的句型 be randomly divided allocated assignedcategorized classified grouped separated in to groups berandomizedinto groups be randomly into groups basedon Thegroupswereasfollows 例句见 第一军医大学学报 2002 11 669 70 3 2 6有关各种检查的句型 Bloodsugar 项目 wasexaminedin50patients 对象 Fiftypatients 对象 wereexaminedforbloodsugar 项目 by 手段 at2and24hafteradmission 写 检查 句的时候 注意for的用法 检查病人的x可以说 Thex 对象 wasexaminedby 也可以说 Thepatientwasexaminedforx 项目 by 3 2 6有关各种检查的句型 Eachtoothwassectionedandexaminedfordyepenetrationunderastereomicro scope x60magnification 注意在描述用显微镜观察或检查什么的时候 很多人常常用错microscope和microscopy这两个词 正确的用法是 undermicroscope或bymicroscopy withmicroscope 3 3表达结果的句型 3 3 1叙述观察或发现了什么 1 主动态句 Wefound observed noted saw recorded that 2 被动态句 Itwasfound observed noted seen recorded that 3 3 2量的 或 泛言 或 Theprevalenceincreasedwithage CyclicAMPlevelswereincreasedbyNECA Estrogenreplacementtherapyreducedexcretionofzinc levelsrapidlydeclinedinHL 60cellsfollowinginductionofapoptosisby butweretransientlyelevatedbytwootherapoptosis inducingagents levelsof greatlydeclinedwithasubsequentincreaseintheconcentrationof 2 或 了多少一般地说 应该用by引出实际增加或减少的数目 Cellnumberincreasedbyalmost50 duringthefirst24 hafterthebeginningoftreatment Zincexcretiondecreased by 35 after3monthsand26 after1yearoftreatment 3 3 2量的 或 3 从多少 或 到多少Urinemaximumflowrateandaverageflowrateincreasedsignificantlyfrom to andfrom to respectively Residualurinevolumedecreasedsignificantlyfrom tolessthan By60minofreperfusion levelsof6 ketowerereducedtothoseintheIVC 3 3 2量的 或 4 跟B相比 A 或 了Healingtimesofthedonorsitesweresignificantlydecreased as comparedwithpatients showedasignificantincreaseincomparisonwithpreviousdeterminations 3 3 2量的 或 Therewasa an associationofAwithB betweenAandB didnotdemonstrateanassociationofAwithB suggestthatAappearstohavenoassociationwithB A associationwasobserved betweenAandB AssociationsbetweenAandBwereassessedwith AwasassociatedwithB 同 与 跟 ofAwithB 之间 betweenAandB 3 3 3表示关系的句型 A correlationwasfound forAandB betweenAandB No statisticallysignificant correlationwasfound betweenAandB Therewasa no correlationbetweenAandB amongthefour CorrelationbetweenconcentrationsinAandBserumwaspoor Correlationswerehighestbetweenmeasureswithsimilarresponseformats 3 3 3表示关系的句型 Acorrelated well withB Abe correlatedwithB AbenotcorrelatedtoB AdidnotcorrelatewithB A correlateswithB Inaddition therewasasignificantrelationbetweenAandB 跟relation搭配的介词用to with between and 如 Intralymphocyticsodiumandfreecalciumconcentrationsinrelationtosaltsensitivityinpatientswithessentialhypertension 3 3 3表示关系的句型 AmorelikelytoberelatedtoB Amaybe relatedtoB AwerenotrelatedtoB TherelationshipbetweenAandBhasbeenwellestablishedinhistopathologicalstudies Norelationshipwasnoted betweenAandB RegressionanalysisshowednorelationshipbetweenAandB Incontrast therewerehighlysignificantrelationshipsbetweenAandB found或noted可与seen observed obtained互换 此处副词可以据意使用closely directly highly positively negatively inversely roughly significantly或strongly之类词 3 3 3表示关系的句型 3 3 4 1相同比较用as as 等表示Infact forallhealthresourcescategoriesstudies CanadiansutilizedatleastasmanyservicesastheirAmericancounterparts A与B和C两者的关系怎么表达 TherelationshipbetweenAandbothBandC3 3 4表示比较的句型 3 3 4 2不同比较 tobe 比较级 than 如 Generally menarehigherthanwomen 动词 比较级 than 如 AsecretedandexpressedhigheramountsthandidB 比较级 comparedwith 如 AwaslowerinOAchondrocytes as comparedwithB Incomparisonwith 含 比较级 的主句 如 IncomparisonwithB Aoccurredearlier butdisplayedaclearlylowermagnitudeofexpression Themore themore越是 就越 3 3 4表示比较的句型 Themore themore越是 就越 1 省略2 词序3 语序4 翻译 3 3 4表示比较的句型 1 省略 1 从句中某些成分 谓语 如 Thewarmerwater is thefasteritevaporates 水越热 蒸发越快 Thesmallertheparticles are themorefreelydotheymove 粒子越小 运动越自由 do为倒装助动词 2 主 从句中主语 谓语全部省略 如 Themore thebetter 多多益善 Thesooner thebetter 越快越好 2 词序 1 倒装词序 The 比较级 从句 the 比较级 主句 从句在前 主句在后 主从句的比较级都在谓语之前 并且不能把more和后面的形容词 副词及名词分开 Themoreheworkedonthearithmeticproblem themoreconfusedhebecame 这道算术题他越做越糊涂 2 正常词序 比较级 主句 the 比较级 被比较成分或从句主句在前 从句在后 主句的比较级在谓语之后 Thereforeacompoundisconsideredthemorestable thesmalleritspotentialenergy 因此势能越小 化合物就被认为越稳定 3 语序大多数情况是前者为从属分句 相当于程度状语分句 后者为主句 AccordingtoKeynes thegreaterthetotalincomeofanationis theless the peoplewanttoinvest becauseitisnotprofitabletoinvestwhenproductionishighlydeveloped 结论是 主句若用正常语序 则前置 换言之 若主句前置 则主句为常序 4 翻译英译汉 先从后主 即 顺句倒译 倒句顺译 汉译英 正序翻译主句在前 倒序翻译主句在后 notso as 不如 或没有 那样 notas as 和 不一样 不多见 提法不一手27 指南88TheincidenceofacuteDVisnotascommonamongwomenvisitinganEDaspreviouslyreported althoughthecumulativeprevalenceofDVisstrikinglyhigh 就是多用了指示代词that或those 如 SDHactivityofcochleawasloweringroupAthan that ingroupB 比较状语 找不到这个that所替代的对象 把that去掉就对了 要用that的结构应该是 SDHactivityofcochleaingroupAwaslowerthanthatingroupB 比较主语 这个that替代的是画线部分 就如 个子你比我 的 高 你的个子比我的个子高 3 3 4 3比较级句中一个最常见的错误 3 4表达结论的句型 3 4 1由结果引出结论3 4 1 1句型结构The These Ourresult s finding s study ies data observation analysis 主语 show s showed suggest s ed confirm s ed indicate s d demonstrate s d support s ed accord s ed with agree s d wellwith illustrate s d provide s d evidence point s ed out reveal s ed 谓语 that 宾语从句 show s showedsuggest s edconfirm s edresultsindicate s dfindingsdemonstrate s dThe Our study iessupport s ed thatdataaccord s edwithobservationagree s dwellwithanalysisillustrate s dprovide s devidencepoint s edoutreveal s ed 3 4 1 2例句 Results OurdataindicatethatICVAdenocardamelioratestheophylline inducedseizures ThisstudysuggeststhatIVIgcanamelioratethesymptomsandimprovethefunctionalcapabilityofRApatients Thesedata OurresultssuggestthatglucoregulationinpatientswithVHdoesnotdifferfromthatinmatchedcontrols Theresults Thesefindingssupportthehypothesisthatplasmakallikreinispresentinsynovialfluid Thisstudyconfirmsthat 3 4 2直接表达结论的句型 1 Itbeconcludedthat 2 Inconclusion 3 The Ourconclusion s of is arethat 4 We they Theauthor s concludedthat 3 4 3在conclusion的标题后直接描述 Itisconcludedthattheantiplateletactionofgingerolismainlyduetotheinhibitionofthromboxaneformation Itwasconcludedthatflumazenil10micrograms kg 1doesnotinfluencerecoveryfrompropofolanesthesia Onthebasisoftheobtainedresultsithasbeenconcludedthat 得出的 结论是 可以下这样的结论 已经得出结论 Inconclusion wethinkthattheleukemictransformationmighthavebeendevelopedinthenaturalcourseofessentialthrombocy themiainthepresentcase However wecannotexclude 最后 总之 综上所述 Theconclusionwasthat Ourprincipalconclusionisthat 结论是 我们的结论是 WeconcludedthatTheyconcludedthat 1 2 Theauthorsconcludedthat 下的结论是 4 摘要的语态和人称 4 1语态和人称的选用原则一般地讲 1 尽量采用主动态 因为主动态有助于文字的清晰 简洁及有力的表达 2 强调动作承受者 要采用被动语态 3 除非采用第一人称可避免语句结构繁琐 累赘从而更易于理解 一般应采用第三人称 4 2语态和人称的具体应用 4 2 1第三人称 动作承受者 被动态4 2 2第一人称 主动态 1 在摘要或全文的开头部分 可以用第一人称主动态介绍论文内容 2 在摘要或正文的方法和结果部分 常见第三人称主动态句 3 在正文的方法部分 只要有利于文字的清晰和句子的简练 也用第一人称表达 4 在摘要或论文的结尾部分 可用第一人称主动态陈述作者的结论 4 2语态和人称的具体应用 第三人称同被动语态几乎是密不可分的 因此 大多数情况用第三人称 被动态 如 Aquantitativereversetranscriptasepolymerasechainreactiontechnique RT PCR wasusedtomeasurethetype1IGFRmRNAlevel andNorthernblottingwasusedtomeasuretype2IGFRandIGFBPmRNAlevels Micewereinoculatedintravenouslywith1 107colony formingunitsof Synovialtissuesandspleenswereobtainedatvaryingtimeintervalsafterbacterialinoculation and were examinedformRNAexpressionof byaninsituhybridizationtechnique Wereport studied investigated analyzed treated 但更多见的是第三人称的主动态 如Theauthor s report s that 或被动态 Itisreportedthat 注意目的句的语态 不定式目的状语放在句首时 一般用主动态 Inordertocharacterizethisunusualentity wereportourexperienceinsevenpatientswiththyroidhemiagenesisinvolvingtheleftlobeinfiveandtherightlobeintwopatients 后置时 大多用被动态 Westernimmunoblottingwasusedtoidentify and 此处省略不定式to measureIGFBPlevels 此例中的不定式可以用介词for ing取代 ToexaminethepotentialcooperationbetweenPARandinflammatorystimuli weinvestigatedtheeffectsof onendothelialcells PAR perennialallergicrhinitis状语句首 主动态 如果把目的状语后置 则句式宜改为被动态 Theeffectof on wasinvestigatedtoexaminethepotentialcooperationbetween Occupationwasdeterminedinthefollowingmanner ifthepatientwassingle divorced separated orwindowedatthetimeofthestudy wescoredher hispresentoccupation Ifapatientwasmarriedatthetimeofthestudy weusedtheoccupationofthespousewiththehigheroccupationalscore Ifapatientwaslivingwithher hisparents wescoredtheparents occupations Ifapatient spouse orparentwasneveremployed weassignedanoccupationalscoreof0tothatperson 医学论文中第三人称主动态句也不少见 如 Resultsindicatethat Thisstudysuggeststhat Thesedatasuggestthat Thisstudyassessed 4 3第三人称 主动态 5 摘要的时态 5 1时态概述5 2几个常用动词不同时态的意义 5 1时态概述 表示研究目的用一般过去时 而表示本文目的则用一般现在时 前者是指着手研究前确定的研究目的 行为或状态已成过去 后者是指介绍本文的中心意图 Thepurposeofthisarticleistodiscuss Thepurposeofthisstudywastotestthesafetyandeffectivenessof 5 1时态概述 摘要或正文的方法部分叙述的内容都是实验或研究过程中发生的事 因而都用一般过去时态 如 Inthisprospectivestudy 142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywithslow actingantirheumaticdrugsforanaverageof6 2years andwerecloselymonitoredclinically Severaloutcomemeasureswereapplied andtheresultswerecomparedwithfindingsinpreviouslydescribedcohorts 5 1时态概述 OligonucleotideprimersweredevelopedfornestedPCRbasedonChlamydia Urea plasma andNeisseriaDNAsequences 5 1时态概述 Weconfirm foundthatthelevelofplasmaobeseproteinintheNIDDMpatientsis wassignificantlylowerthanthatofthenormalsubjectsandtheobesitypatients andis wascloselycorrelatedtothesymptomofpolyphagia ThesefindingssuggestthattheobeseproteiniscloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofNIDDM 过去式只反映当时情况 现在时表示具有真理性 很确定 可用作参照标准 5 1时态概述 结论是作者对所得结果的评语 是写文章当时 既不是过去也不是将来 的观点 而且科学的结论往往具有普遍真理的性质 因此 写一般结论时 谓语动词多用一般现在时 e g next 5 1时态概述 Inconclusion patientsinfectedwithinfluenzaAsubtypeH5NIareatriskofmajorcomplications especiallysevereprimaryviralpneumonia Patientslikelytohaveacomplicatedoradversecourseofdiseasearethoseabovetheageof5years thosewithdelayedadmissiontohospital thosewithleucopenia lymphopenia orraisedhepaticparenchymalenzymes Rapidviraldiagnosisisfeasibleandusefulinclinicalmanagement 结论现在时例 5 1时态概述 值得指出的是 用结果来引出结论的句