英语写作中的经典替换词.doc

一、 There be结构考生病句：1. There are many people like to go to the movies.2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.正确表达：1. There are many people who like to go to the movies.2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这一最常用的句式。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。例如：1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school.)注意：在否定句中，否定词用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接单数名词，not a 后接复数名词，no后面的名词单复数都可以。2. There is not a moment to be lost.3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year.4. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.从以上例句还可看出，句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。 在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举的考生的典型错误均属这种情况，对此我们在写作中要格外注意。二、 比较结构考生病句：1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.正确表达：1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.评议与分析：许多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。在例1中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B.,只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例2中，考生误将天气与城市进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为其他城市的天气才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。一般说来，考生若能恰当、正确地运用这一结构，其写作成绩应在5分以上。下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。1 同级比较1） In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.2） We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.2 比较级1） Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.2） We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water.三、 表达原因的结构考生病句：1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正确表达：1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.评议与分析：以上两个病句分别引自92年1月和97年12月四级考试的考生作文。从遣词造句上看，这两位考生具有一定的写作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for，第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误，就是用because引起表语从句，because这个词不能引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用that才正确。掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的，几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学英语四、六级考试、研究生入学英语考试以及TOEFL考试中，写作的文体基本上是议论文，而议论文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理，讲道理就是说明原因。写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that.等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如：1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we dont have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如：1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.2. Diligence is the key factor of success.3. Idleness is the root of all evils.4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候，不能满足于一知半解，要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。四、 否定结构考生病句1. Some people think we neednt to worry about fresh water.2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, too.正确表达：1. Some people think we neednt worry (或dont need to worry) about fresh water.2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, either.评议与分析：例句1选自96年1月四级考生作文，例句2选自92年1月六级考生作文。例句1 的错误在于该考生混淆了need作为情态动词和作为普通动词的用法。need作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句，后面的动词不带to, neednt worry，作we的谓语。need作为实意动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句，dont need to worry 中的to worry作dont need的宾语。例句2的错误在于该考生混淆了too和either的区别，这两个词都表示也的意思，但是在英语中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看:1 含有否定意义的词汇和短语以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。介词against, beyond, but, except, without,.形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,.短语keep.from, protect.from, prevent.from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too.to, by no means, anything but,.我们看以下例句：1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries. 在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。3） We should protect trees from being destroyed. 我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。2 含有半否定意义的词语barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,.具有半否定的意义。如：1） We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。2） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。3 不含否定意义的否定结构：有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：cannot but, cant help, no sooner.than, not.until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句：1） We cant but face the reality.我们只有面对现实。2） These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time. 这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。4 否定结构的倒装语序我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。例如：1） On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应当盲从。2） No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our country.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。五、 含有it的结构考生病句：1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.正确表达：1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science.)2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice.)评议与分析：例句1是93年12月六级考试11分作文的评分样卷句子，例句2选自97年1月四级考试作文。很显然，两个考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由that引起；如果用as，则后面不能用that，因为as是关系代词，代表practice makes perfect。It 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词，在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握，并能灵活运用。1作形式主语It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not.2.作形式宾语We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.3.引导强调句It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population. 从语法结构来看，上述的句子都不难，或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的。然而在写作考试中，多数考生缺乏运用自己已掌握的句式的意识，而以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之。其实，只要能恰当地运用上述的任何一个句式，考生的作文就会出现闪光点，就会取得比较好的成绩。 创造闪光点，决胜四级作文是各类英语考试中得分率最低的题型之一。同学们在掌握了一定的作文模板，和基本的语法、词汇、句型用法之后，如果能在作文中创造一些词汇和句型的闪光点，必定会使你的作文如虎添翼！高分作文标志 1：是否长短句交叉；2、是否会使用插入语；3、用词是否多样，准确，形象，尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词； 4、关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词； 5、句型使用是否准确、地道。下面给出写好一篇作文的注意事项： 1.适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to. ) 举个经典结尾2004年六月六级作文的最后一段：It is ,therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. By doing so，its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively. 2.善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 如however / therefore /for example/I believe 做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词，助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 比如说： Other individuals, however, take the attitude that 3. 一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的替换太宽泛的。(考试中一般不要出现good, bad , many, thing, think, people, opinion 等等)比如上面例子中，applicable替换proper, approaches替换ways, implement替换carry out, sharpen ones competitive edge替换enhance ones competitiveness(提高某物竞争力) 下面是一篇优秀作文(14分)的例子，看看他是如何运用各类写作技巧的。这位同学把老师上课讲的各类写作手法和精彩替换和句型都用上了，作文有了很大的提高。此处让学生自己找出下面这篇作文中每个段落中的闪光词汇，想一想你会用什么词汇，然后再公布参考答案Computer and I I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present, which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that i indulged myself in googling an army of useful information i had expected ,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music. That night I was sleepless, feeling that the whole world belonged to me. exceedingly 替换 very； thrilling 替换 exciting sth. exert a tremendous fascination on sb 替换 sb. be interested in sth. google 替换 search； an army of 替换 a lot of The dawn of the new century witnessed the increasing popularity of computers. Coincident with the advancement of science and technology, computers pouring into the current society as a fashion are appealing to growing individuals. It is no exaggeration to say we have been submerged by them, in large measure! The dawn of the new century witnessed 是一个精彩句型，用来描述在某个时期发生了什么事情； Increasing popularity 替换 more and more popular Coincident with 非常地道的句型，表达“与一致”的意思，替换 With Advancement 替换 development Pour into ( flood into / swarm into )替换 enter into Current ( currently )替换 now Appeal to sb. 替换 sb. be interested in sth. Growing individuals 替换 more and more people It is no exaggeration to say 经典句型， 说某事是毫不夸张的 For a start, we can, freely, search desired information at any moment . Little by little, our knowledge will be well enriched, and our horizons will be greatly broadened. Additionally, we can get huge recreations online by chatting, playing games, or delivering email. For a start 替换 To begin with We can, freely, search 用了插入语的写作手法 our knowledge will be well enriched, and our horizons will be greatly broadened. 用了非常精彩的被动 Additionally 替换 In addition / Besides ； Deliver 替换 send There is no denying that , however, computers can function in the disservice of human beings, in a way, especially the growing violence , porn pictures, AV-films emerging on the screen , which leads quiet a few net citizens to copying. There is no denying that , however, computers can function in the disservice of human beings, 这个句子有三个精彩之处，首先There is no denying that这个句型，还有however作为插入语， function in the disservice of 替换 do harm to Emerging 替换 appearing ( fading 替换 disappearing ) Net citizen 网民，属于精彩用词 As a classic proverb goes that no garden has no weeds. Computers do play a positive role in the development of people lives, despite a slice of unfavorable impacts. We should ,therefore, take advantage of the fruits and avoid the opposite facet. No garden has no weeds 替换 Every coin has two sides Computers do play ，do 强调 Positive 替换 important / good 等 A slice of 替换 a part of Unfavorable 替换 bad Impacts 替换 effects / influences We should, therefore, take advantage of 使用插入语 Fruits (而且fruits 用的非常形象， merits/ virtues) 替换 advantage ( defects 替换 disadvantage ) Facet 替换 aspect 各位同学，上面的作文里有这么多精彩的闪光点，作文怎么会不得高分呢！ 以下是30个最经典的替换词，各位同学可以参考一下。 1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons) 2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising (有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good 3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad 如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换 eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive. 4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many. 注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。 Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that.同理 用most, if not all ,替换most. 5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some 6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universallyacknowledged that)替think (因为是书面语，所以要加that) 7:affair ,business ,matter 替换thing 8: shared 代 common 9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits ) 10:for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion 11:Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly. Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.，Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth. 12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly13.beneficial, rewarding替换helpful, 14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely 替换very16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable . 替换 unnecessary, avoidable 17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in 18.capture ones attention替换attract ones attention.19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.22. There are several reasons behind sth 替换.reasons for sth23.desire 替换want.24.pour attention into 替换pay attention to 25.bear in mind that 替换remember26. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思)27. interaction替换communication28.frown on sth替换 be against , disagree with sth29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance 30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible 四级写作经典句型一、 the + est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句： Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句： Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、 cannot emphasize the importance of too much.（再怎么强调.的重要性也不为过。） 例句： We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V .（不可否认的.） 例句： There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 （全世界都知道.） 例句： It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子 （毫无疑问的.） 例句： There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of is that + 句子 （.的优点是.） 例句： An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 （.的原因是.） 例句： The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此.以致于.） 例句： So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V （虽然.） 例句： Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 十一、The + er + S + V, the + er + S + V The + more + Adj + S + V, the + more + Adj + S + V （愈.愈.） 例句： The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, can （借着.，.能够.） 例句： By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、 enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （.使.能够.） 例句： Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V （我们绝对不能.） 例句： On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是.的时候了） 例句： It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who （.的人.） 例句： Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 十七、There is no one but （没有人不.） 例句： There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不.） 例句： Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的） It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的） 例句： It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why （那就是.的原因） 例句： Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like