考研阅读技巧.docx

考研阅读技巧（一） 考研阅读的文体就是议论文，哪怕是科普性的文章也是侧重对文中观点进行考察。（二）题干的作用是什么？ 在阅读的标准化试题中，我们都可以把阅读分为三个部分：原文，题干和选项。原文是解题的依据，题干是解题的路标，选项是解题的关键。而对于考研阅读中题干的路标作用同学们的理解并不深刻，很多时候老师在解析的时候也更多在关注选项间的区别，以及和原文的对应。认真关注题干，才是我们要做的正确的事。首先看第一个例子： And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.（2005年passage3）34.Cartwright seems to suggest that _.A）waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB）visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC）dreams should be left to their natural progressionD）dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious这是一篇写如何控制梦的文章，从题材上讲是科普类的文章，但是整个文章都在讲述一个核心的观点。如果能从观点议论的角度出发，这篇文章中的很多难题都能迎刃而解。34题当年的难度系数为：0.371，也就是只有37.1%的同学作对了这个题，属于考研典型题目。首先看一下题干：卡特莱特似乎在暗示_.问题是在问文中人物的观点，因此这个题干直接就把我们带到了段落的第二句：Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.（卡特莱特认为人们可以练习有意识地控制噩梦的重演）believe就是题干中suggest的同意表述。如果我们牢记观点对应观点的法则，这个题很容易选出D选项-梦可能并不完全的是无意识的。而如果仔细阅读后面的内容你会发现其他选项有极强的迷惑性。A)waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.及时的醒来对于摆脱噩梦非常重要。文中有谈到 try to wake up just enough to control its course，但只是说到这个事实，Cartwright没有对这个事实的性质做出评价，所以essential是错误点。B）visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control想象噩梦有助于我们控制它们。文中谈到的是Visualize how you would like it to end instead;想象一下噩梦是怎么结束的，而不是想象噩梦本身。所以bad dream成为错误点。C）dreams should be left to their natural progression应该让梦自然推进。这个选项干扰性不强，可以直接排除。而A,B两个选项却是让人在短时间内很难排除，但如果我们紧扣题干，相信路标，先做正确的事，那么我们就能避过考试出题人的干扰陷阱，直击正确选项D。2009年考研第二篇文章再次出现了这样的题目，并且思路和意图更加明显。But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to _.A）trace distant ancestorsB）rebuild reliable bloodlinesC）fully use genetic informationD）achieve the claimed accuracy依然先看一下题干：持怀疑态度的观察家认为家谱检测未能_.问题同样是在问文中人物的观点，因此这个题干直接就把我们带到了段落的第一句But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist.但有些观察家对此表示怀疑的。纽约大学的社会学家特洛伊.达斯特说，“声称自己在做家谱测试的人正在吹嘘一种虚假的精确性。”同样道理believe就是题干中的says，这个社会学家就是怀疑者中的一个，他的观点代表的就是怀疑者的观点，因此我们很清晰可以看出D选项-达到（检测者）所声称的精确度，为对刚才那句话的同意替换，是正确答案。我们要是以后面的内容作为选择依据我们将被迷惑项搞得痛苦不堪，尤其是选项C。我们先解决到A和BA）trace distant ancestors追溯年代久远的祖先文中说most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage只考虑了单线的祖先，而不是说找不到年代久远的祖先，轻松排除。B）rebuild reliable bloodlines重建可靠的血统谱系文中说This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors，这种测试只能告知不完全的血统谱系，而不是说不能重建可靠的血统谱系。最后看看C选项，这个选项在教育部的考试分析中我们可以看到这个选项时是错选率最高的，在错选答案中占到了89% 3也就是这个题做错的同学几乎都是错选的这个选项。Fail to C）fully use genetic information(未能)完整的利用基因信息文章中Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage只考虑了单线的祖先；This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors，这种测试只能告知不完全的血统谱系；几乎所有的线索都指向了答案C。但先仔细对比一下这两种说法：1)Fully use genetic information ; 2）use full genetic information;前一个强调的是使用这个动作的完整性；后一个强调的是使用对象的完整性。显然你就知道C选项是不对的了。但是在考场上很少有同学能思考到这个层次，在D和C之间徘徊的时候请牢牢地记住了，问题在问观点是什么，就不要去选对观点的分析了。再次强调：紧扣题干，找准路标，问观点就找观点，先做正确的事，再正确的去做事。考研英语作为全国人才选拔性的考试，并且会向社会公布标准答案的考试，在答案的设置上一定是合理且正确的，并且这种答案的设置是有一定逻辑线索的。否则，这种人才的遴选是没有意义的。而这种线索就是我们在标题中提到的命题命脉，这种命脉就会体现在选项之上。本文正是要带领考研战士们去探求这种命题命脉在选项上的体现。首先来看几道例题：2009年考研阅读第四篇文章第一题The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.1. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England _.APuritan tradition dominated political life.Bintellectual interests were encouraged.CPolitics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.Dintellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.根据题干中的seventeenth century 和New England 我们不难定位到文章的第一段，选项A中的Puritan tradition（清教传统）在倒数第一句中出现，但是倒数第一句是这样说道：“大量的文章和书籍都记载道，新英格兰的领袖们确立了美国知识生活中的基本话题，其最关注的就是一直在知识生活中占据主导地位，并不断演进的清教传统。”文中明确说到了in American intellectual life.而不是选项A中的in political life，可以直接排除A。同样，B选项说：政治从学术活动中受益匪浅，而整个段落没有提及学术活动对于政治的影响。同样可以轻松排除。而B和D却相当难排除了。一个说“学术的兴趣被鼓励”，一个说“享用宽松自由的求知环境”。两个选项和段落中所涉及的知识生活话题都有关系。文中只有这样的相关叙述：“so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.”“知识的追求是如此的受重视”。而就这点来讲我们分别认为B和D都对也是合理的，但是当B和D放在一起的时候，我们就必须重新理清我们的逻辑思维链条了。我们首先承认的是：知识的追求是受到重视的。如果要选D的话，那么我们必须先承认B，也就是说，要是没有B就不可能有D。在这种情况下我们就很容易得出一个结论：当一个选项是以另一个选项为前提的时候，只能选后一个选项。也就是你必须首先承认的那个选项。用公式来讲就是：因为A所以B，选A 不选B。因为受到了鼓励，所以环境很宽松。所以选择受到鼓励。这就是我们考试出题人的命题思路，他希望找出的最直接的，对原文的解释最根本的选项。而我们在排除选项的时候就可以用上面的公式来做出选择。再看一个例子：2009年考研阅读第三篇第四题What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it. After all, thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged_.Awhen people had enough timeBprior to better ways of finding foodCwhen people on longer went hungryDas a result of pressure on government这个题是一个例证题目，题干中的关键词our ancestors可以把我们带到段落的第三行：当我们的祖先一千多年前正打猎和采集食物，根本没有时间去思考除开觅食之外的其他事情。而答案中就有一个选项：A）当人们有足够的时间的时候。A选项和题干连在一起就是：当人们有足够的时间的时候，教育就出现了。而这个时候我们往下看一句：只有人们找到一种更多产的获得食物的方法时，我们才有时间来做其他的事情。选项中对应了：C ）当人们不再挨饿的时候。B和D就很难区分了。这个时候我们可以套用公式了：因为A所以B，选A 不选B。因为不挨饿，有了足够的时间。答案当然就选不挨饿了 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death - and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. （2003年passage 4）。 56.What is implied in the first sentence?A Americans are better prepared for death than other people.B Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.C Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.D Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.同学经常会徘徊在C和D之间。套用公式：因为A所以B，选A 不选B。 因为美国人对自己的医疗技术过分的自信，所以对他们的长寿盲目的骄傲。 答案为C 我们再来看一个例子： Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.（2006年passage3）35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries _.A management efficiencyB biomass levelC catch-size limitsD technological application35题为文章的最后一题，我们在做题的过程中习惯的把目光投向了最后一段，如果有阅读过我上一篇文章做正确的事和正确的做事的同学应该知道最后一段实际是没有这个题的答案的，因为问题问的是作者主要关心的是什么？最后一段却没有出现过作者的观点。都在谈论Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm关于捕捞限制的问题。这样答案就指向了C，但是B选项也是在最后一段谈到的。乱象丛生啊！这个时候就可以用我们的公式了:因为A所以B，选A 不选B。因为关心生物总量，所以关心捕捞的限制。答案选择：生物的总量。倾城之恋的结尾传诵一时：“香港的沦陷成全了她，但是在这不可理喻的世界里，谁知道什么是因，什么是果？谁知道呢？也许因为要成全她，一个大都市倾覆了。”Hong Kongs fall had brought Liusu Victory. But in this unreasonable world ,who can distinguish cause from effect? Who knows which is which？Did a great city fall so that she could be vindicated . 考研不是倾城之恋，考研只是理性思考下对未来的期许，少了几分朦胧却多了几分淡定和豪迈！是曰：一切有为法，应作如是观。今天和同学们谈一下段落推理题的问题。这种题目很容易识别：What can we infer from the first paragraph? 从第一段中我们能推出什么？首先明确考研中根本就没有所谓的推理，推理题的做法和细节题的做法是一致的，只是这样设置题干可以扩大命题控制的区域，一个题目在某些情况下甚至相当于四个细节题，早年还有更为无耻的命题方式：What can be inferred from the passage? 这样命题其实就是出题人希望试题涵盖更多的测试点，对考生来讲最大的障碍就是time-consuming耗时，考生如果每个选项仔细和原文比对应该不难找出答案，哪怕费时稍微多一些。但是有的时候我们却遇到出题人为我们设置的另外一个困境：选项和原文比对时，我们很难排除。先看一个例题:07年第四篇文章最后一题：It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 thatA data leakage is more severe in Europe.B FTCs decision is essential to data security.C California takes the lead in security legislation.（D）D legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.1.The current state of affaires may have been encouraged though not justified by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. 2.Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray.3. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. 4.Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by Americas Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.参考译文：1.尽管还没有得到证实，但目前这类事件的发生很有可能是因为还没有相关法律对信息泄漏做出处罚（在美国，不是在欧洲）。2.直到最近，加利福尼亚才通过了一项法律，而在此之前，当信息被窃取时，美国的公司不用告知任何人，甚至包括受害人，信息是何时泄露的。3.这种情况可能迅速改变：如今，许多信息保护法的议案正在华盛顿被广泛传议。4.与此同时，6月17日披露的消息表明，美国大约4000万张信用卡的信息被人盗取，这一情况给美国联邦贸易委员会在前一天所作的一个重要决定蒙上了阴影，该决定要求美国所有的商业公司提供充足的数据安全保障，否则监管人员就会采取行动。通过第一句括号中的内容可以排除A data leakage is more severe in Europe.通过第四句我们找到了B FTCs decision is essential to data security.的依据，通过第二句我们又看到了C California takes the lead in security legislation的依据通过第一句我们也看到了D legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage的依据.在考场上很少同学能笃定的选择出一个选项，而在一些辅导书的讲解中，也是非常牵强的给出了一些排除B，C选项理由：比如说：C选项中的加州只是走到了美国的前列。(但是在很多时候这样的表达在其他题目中又是正确的，且本来这篇文章主要就是在说美国的数据泄露问题，笔者不认为这样的表述有问题)，B选项中的决定只是重要而已而不是essential。(这就更是不懂出题人的又一佐证了，essential和important在很多时候都是可以替换的)。总之似乎这些选项只要到了这些辅导书编写者的手中，总是可以“欲加之罪何患无辞”，而考生除了有想和写书人决斗的冲动之外，就只有坐化的冷静了。 这就是考研出题人为了体现考研选拔性考试特征而动用的潜规则了：主题为王，结论为王；在文中第一句是论点和结论，而234句都是论据， 之所以选择D是源自结论而由于B和C是源自论据，出生和血统就不一样，一切的挣扎都是徒劳。答案只能是D。 这样的题目在段落推理中很是常见，再如： 47. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?A In both East and West, names are essential to success.B The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo Zysman.C Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names.D Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bushs predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrtien and Koizumi). The worlds three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the worlds five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). 这三个段落中，第一段是结论，而二三段是论据： A,B,C选项且不去讨论其表述正确与否，只需从In both East and West，Zo Zysman，companies names这样的字词中即可判定出其源自论据的出生，他们一开始就注定了不能成为正确答案的宿命，无需步步惊心。 因此我的学生在听完课程之后告诉我，老师上一个题目中其实我一看到California, FTC，我就已经知道他们不可能是答案，这可能就是在思路明晰之后，技巧的自然浮现吧。当然按照K哥的风格也不会不负责任的给出这样所谓的技巧；但是我们可以得出的结论就是： 段落性的推理题在按照常规的解题思路完成后，和主题相关选项大于和细节相关的选项，和结论相关的选项大于和论据相关的选项。这就是又一考研的特色。因此在解题的过程中一定要关注观点和结论，和观点表达相关的动词在必杀技一中已经列出。06年26题： From the first two paragraphs, we learn thatA. the townsfolk deny the RSCs contribution to the towns revenueB. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stageC. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism答案为A，解题思路就是第一段是事实的论述，而第二段第一句就出现了观点，对应A. 08年37题We may infer from the second paragraph thatA DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.B in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.C historians deliberately made up some stories of Jeffersons life.D political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.答案为：B正是对应于历史学家们著作中的结论，而其他几个选项都是从论据入手的，且是错误的表述。 其实万法归一，只要能把握考研的文体-议论文，一切都非常容易解决！论点加论据！阅读so easy! 还是那句话：正确方法必定导致正确的结果！不要拒绝新事物！拥抱你胜利的荣耀吧！考研英语阅读的选项如果要详细的分类应该有以下的几种：1.错误选项2.NOT GIVEN 选项3.正确选项4.最佳选项记住：我们要选择的是正确选项，或者是最佳选项；一.错误选项 （1）主干错误：选项偷换了原文句子部分的主谓宾；主语被偷换： 原文：She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.选项：The design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.（design:样式，设计和原文中的length：长度无法替换）谓语被偷换：原文：Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.选项：Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.（be relieved of :免除，免受，和原文中的compensate 无法替换）宾语被偷换：原文：Visualize how you would like the dream to end instead;选项：Visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.（bad dream和原文中的how you would like the dream to end instead 无法替换） （2）比较的错误：比较对象；比较内容；比较结果的错误； 其中比较内容往往会产生：主观和客观的混淆；比较内容被偷换：例一:原文：Women capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens.选项：Dr. Yehudas research suggests that women are more capable of avoiding stress.、（原文比较内容为capacity for tolerating stress;而选项为 capable of avoiding stress） 例二: A the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life C the Japanese endure more than ever before (这两个选项的差别就在于第一个选项比较内容为：主观的感受的忍受程度；第二个选项比较内容为：客观的忍受对象的数量)例三：原文：Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldnt have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their live.选项：childless folks are less likely to be satisfied with their life.（原文中是比较的内容是:两种人在社会中所受到的来自外界的反应的不同，而选项中的比较内容是：主观对于生活的满意程度；偷换了主观和客观） （3）否定的错误：否定对象被扩大或者被偷换；其中存在性的偷换经常存在；例1.原文：We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.选项：we must avoid using adjectives and verbs.解析：原文的否定对象是：qualifying adjectives; finite verbs; 选项的否定对象是：adjevtives, verb 否定对象被扩大了例2.原文：The evidence was inconclusive.选项：An argument made by supporters of smoking was that there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death. 解析：原文的否定对象为确定性； 选项的否定对象为存在性； （4）因果和时间的错误：因果颠倒和时间的倒置是最常见的错误； 例1. 原文： The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media，such as advertising. 选项： Advertising emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art 解析：原文和选项之间的差别就在于二.NOT GIVEN选项（1）原文中完全没有依据的NOT GIVEN (2 ) 原文中提到了选项A，但是没有提到选项B；由A却可以推出选项B这个时候B也属于NOT GIVEN 选项。 Eg1.原文:Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. 选项：In the Westerners eyes, the postwar Japan was_ B a positive example C a rival to the West很多同学在做这个题目的时候会选择C ,思路是这样的：原文中：whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe可以知道日本是一个正面的例子，但是同学们往往会往下思考，选择C其实是在承认了B的正确性的基础上做出的决定，因此思路就是这样的： 原文 选项B -选项C 这个时候就只能选择选项B了，因为C是在B的基础之上做出的选择，属于NOT GIVEN.Eg2.原文：At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ.选项：What does the author mean by most people are literally having a ZZZ (line 2, paragraph 5)? A They are getting impatient. B They are noisily dozing