单片机毕设论文文献翻译ARM概述.doc

ARM outlined1.1 ARMAdvancedRISCMachinesARM- Advanced RISC Machines is thought to be a company name, can be considered to be a type known as the microprocessor, can be considered a technical name.ARM company was established in Cambridge in 1991, It mainly sales mandate of chip design technology. At present, the technology used ARM Intellectual Property (IP) Core microprocessors, that is, we usually refer to as the ARM microprocessor, which cover the industrial control, and consumer electronic products, communications systems, network systems, wireless systems and other products market, Based on the ARM microprocessor technology application was about a 32-bit RISC microprocessor 75% above the share of the market, ARM technology is gradually infiltrated into our lives in various areas.ARM company specializing in technology-based RISC chip design and development company, as a supplier of intellectual property rights, it should not be directly involved in the production of silicon chips Design permits through the assignment of cooperation from the production company of special chips, the worlds major semiconductor manufacturers from the company to buy its ARM microprocessor design nuclear, According to different application areas, to add appropriate external circuit, thereby forming its own ARM microprocessor chip market. Currently, there are dozens of the worlds largest semiconductor companies are using mandate of ARM, So not only makes ARM technology to get more third-party tools, manufacture, the support of the software, so that the whole system can reduce costs, make our products more easily enter the market to be acceptable by consumers and more competitive.1.2 ARM microprocessor application areas and features1.2.1 ARM microprocessor application areasSo far, the ARM microprocessor technology and the application almost went to various areas :1Industrial control areas : as a 32 bit RISC structure, ARM-based microcontroller chips will occupy the high-end micro-controller market most of the market share. also gradually to the low-end micro-controller applications expansion, ARM microcontroller with low power consumption, high performance-cost ratio. And give a challenge to traditional 8 / 16 Microcontrollers.2The wireless communications field : At present, more than 85% of wireless communications equipment used ARM technology, ARM with high performance and low cost in the area of the increasing consolidation.3Network applications : As the technology promotion, ARM technology using ADSL chip is gradually gaining competitive advantage. In addition, the ARM in voice and video processing uplink optimization, and is widely supported, DSP is also the right application areas posed a challenge.4, Consumer electronics products : ARM technology in the popular digital audio player, Digital Set-Top-Box and games were used extensively.5, Imaging and security products : the now popular digital cameras and printers used most of the ARM technology. The mobile phone SIM 32 smart cards are using ARM technology. In addition, the ARM microprocessor and technology has been applied to many different fields, and in the future will be more widely used.1.2.2 Features of the ARM microprocessorARM microprocessor using ARM RISC microprocessor architecture generally as Under characteristics :1 Small size, low power, low cost, high performance;2. Support Thumb (16) / ARM (32) - instruction set, Compatibility can be a very good 8 / 16 devices;3, The extensive use of registers, the directive is faster;4. Most data operations are completed by the middle of the Register;5, Addressable flexible simple, high efficiency;6. Fixed length instructions;1.3 ARM microprocessorARM microprocessor series currently includes the following several series, and other manufacturers based on the ARM architecture processors, in addition to ARM architecture a common feature, Every one of a series of ARM microprocessors have their own characteristics and application areas.- Series ARM7-Series ARM9-series ARM9E- ARM10E Series- SecurCore series- The X scale Inter- Strong ARM of InterARM7, ARM9, ARM9E, and ARM10 of four generic processor series, each series provides a unique set of comparative performance to meet the needs of different areas of application needs. SecurCore series of specialized security requirements for the application of high design.We can find out in detail the characteristics of various processors and application areas.1.3.1 The series of ARM7 microprocessor ARM7 series of low-power microprocessors for the 32 RIS C processor, the most suitable for the right price and power consumption demand higher consumer applications. ARM7 microprocessor series has the following characteristics :- Embedded ICE-RT logic, developed to facilitate debugging. - Very low power consumption, suitable for higher power applications, such as portable products.- Able to provide the three pipeline structure by 0 .9 MIPS/MHz;- Code compatibility and high density of 16 Thumb instruction set. - Right to support a broad range of operating systems, including Windows CE, Linux, Palm OS, and so on.- Instruction System and ARM9 series, ARM9E and ARM10E series compatible series, user-friendly to the upgrading of products.- The frequency of up to 130 MIPS, high-speed computational processing capacity will rise to the majority of the complex application.ARM7 microprocessor series of the main application areas : industrialcontrol, Internet equipment, network and modem equipment, mobile phones and other multimedia and embedded applications.ARM7 microprocessor series include several types of nuclear : ARM7TDMI.ARM7TDMI-S, ARM720T, ARM7EJ. Among them, ARM7TMDI is currently the most widely used 32-bit embedded RISC processor, ARM is a low-end processor core. TDMI the basic meaning :T : Support for 16 compression Thumb instruction set;D : Support on-chip Debug;M : Embedded hardware multiplier (Multiplier)I : Embedded ICE support on-chip breakpoints and debug;1.3.2 SecurCore microprocessorsSecurCore microprocessors E Series For safety needs, and provide a perfect 32-bit RISC technology security solutions, therefore, SecurCore addition to a series of ARM microprocessor architecture and low power consumption, high performance features, also has its unique advantage, namely to provide the right security solution for their support.SecurCore addition to a series of ARM microprocessor architecture major characteristics, Security also has the following characteristics :- With a flexible protective unit, to ensure that the operating system and application of data security.- Soft-core technology, to prevent its external scanning detection.- Users can be their own integrated security features and other coprocessor.SecurCore series microprocessors will be used in some of the higher security requirements of products and applications systems, such as e-commerce, e-government, e-banking business, network and certification systems, and other fields.SecurCore series contains SecurCore SC100 microprocessor, SecurCore SC110. SecurCore SC200 and SC210 SecurCore four types, applied to different applications.1.3.3 Strong ARM microprocessorInter Strong ARM SA -1100 ARM processor is used Architecture highly integrated 32-bit RISC microprocessor. It combines the Inter companies in the design and processing technology, and ARM Architecture power efficiency, use the software compatibility ARMv4 architecture, using Intel technology with the advantages of Architecture.Intel Strong ARM processor is a portable communications products and consumer electronics products the ideal choice , has been successfully applied to a number of companies in the handheld computer series products.1.3.4 Xscale processorXScale processor is based on the ARMv5TE Aggregate structure of the solution is one the whole performance, high cost performance, low-power processor. It supports 16 of the Thumb instructions and DSP instruction set, used in digital mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistant and networking products, and other occasions.Inter Xscale processor is currently one of the main promotional ARM microprocessor.1.4 Structure1.4.1 ARM RISC microprocessor architectureCISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer, complex instruction set computer) structure have inherent shortcomings, With the computer technology that is the development and introduction of new and complex instruction set to support these new directives, Computer architecture will be increasingly complex, but the CISC instruction set of instructions, their frequency of use is a difference of the poor, about 20% of the directive will be used repeatedly, the entire procedure for the 80% code. And the remaining 80% of the directive is not frequently used in the process is a mere 20%, it is clear that This structure is not very reasonable.Based on the above unreasonable, 1979 University of California at Berkeley, a RISC (Reduced Instructi on Set Computer, reduced instruction set computer) concept, RISC is not simply to reduce orders but putting the focus on how to make computer more simple structure raised to a reasonable computation speed. RISC structure preferred to use the highest frequency of simple instructions to avoid complicated instructions; Fixed length instructions. Directive format and find ways to reduce the types; to the main control logic. Avoid using micro-code control measures to achieve the above purpose.So far, the RISC architecture is also no strict definition, it is generally believed that, RISC architecture should have the following characteristics :-The use of fixed-length format of the instructions, directives to the whole, simple, Addressing a basic form 2 3.- The use of single-cycle instructions to facilitate the implementation of pipeline operation.- Extensive use of register data processing instructions only to register for operations, Only load / store instructions access memory, in order to improve the efficiency of enforcement.In addition, the ARM architecture also uses a special technology, ensure high performance under the premise of minimizing chip area, and lower power consumption :- All available under the directive before deciding whether to implement the results were executed, thereby improving the efficiency of instruction.- Can be used to load / store instructions batch transmission of data, to improve data transmission efficiency.- In a data processing instructions in parallel processing and shift logic processing.- Cycles in the use of the automatic address changes to improve operating efficiency. Of course, the structure and CISC, compared to RISC structure despite these advantages, But never RISC framework that can replace the CISC structure, in fact, RISC and CISC different advantages, but not so obvious boundaries.Modern CISC CPU often use the external and internal to the RISC characteristics, As long CPU instruction set is the integration of RISC and CISC advantages, become the future development direction of one of the CPU.1.4.2 ARM microprocessor structureARM processor register a total of 37 registers, divided into a number of groups (BANK), which registers include :-31 Universal Register, including procedures Counter (PC pointer), both of the register 32.- 6 state register, to mark the work of the CPU state and the procedures of the operations, both 32. Currently used only in part.Meanwhile, ARM processor has seven different types of processor model In each processor model has a corresponding group with the corresponding register. In an arbitrary processor model, visit the Register, including 15 general registers (R0 - R14), 1-2 state register and procedures counter. Register in all, some of the seven types of processor model with a shared physical register, Some of the register is different processors under different models of the physical register.ARM processor on the Register, the structure behind the relevant sections will be described in detail.1.4.3 Instructions structure of ARM microprocessor ARM microprocessor in the newer architecture support Two Instruction Set : ARM instruction set and Thumb instruction set. Among them, ARM instructions to the 32 length Thumb instructions for 16 length. Thumb instruction set for the ARM instruction set subset of the functions, but with the equivalent ARM code comparison, save 30% 40% more storage space, while 32 have all the advantages of code.On the ARM processor instructions, the structure behind the relevant sections will be described in detail. ARM microprocessor1.5 Selection of ARM microprocessorARM microprocessor light of the many advantages Following the field of embedded application development, the ARM microprocessor will receive wide attention and application. However, the ARM microprocessor, as many as 10 several kernel structure, dozens of chip manufacturers. and a variety of internal functional configuration, to the development staff in the selection of programs bring some difficulties, so ARM chips to do some comparative study is very necessary.Flowing is the application point of view. The ARM microprocessor options to be considered when the main issues of some brief.ARM microprocessor core from the choice earlier on the contents showed that ARM microprocessor contains a series of core structures to suit different application areas, If users want to use WinCE or standard Linux operating system to reduce software development time, ARM720T need more choices with MMU (Memory Management Unit ) functional ARM chips, ARM720T, ARM920T, ARM922T, ARM946T, Strong-ARM has the MMU function. ARM7TDMI and MMU is not, and will not support the standard Windows CE and Linux. But there are currently no such uCLinux MMU support of the operating system can run on hardware-ARM7TDMI Taiwan above.In fact, uCLinux has been successfully transplanted to a variety of non - MMUs microprocessor platform. and the stability and other aspects of good performance. The book under discussion S3C4510B section shall be non - MMU ARM microprocessor, in their running uCLinux operating system. The frequency of the system frequency in a large extent determine the ARM microprocessor-handling capacity.ARM7 microprocessor series of typical processing speed of 0 .9MIPS/MHz. common ARM7 chip system main clock 20 MHz-133 MHz, ARM9 microprocessor series of typical processing speed for a .1MIPS/MHz. common ARM9 main system clock frequency of 100 MHz-233MHz. ARM10 can reach 700 MHz. Different clock chip to handle different, and some chips need only one main clock frequency, Some chip controller can be internal clock for ARM core and USB, UART, DSP, Audio functions such as providing different frequency components of the clock.Chip memory capacity of most of the ARM microprocessor chip memory capacity not too much, users need in the design of the system memory expansion outside, but there were also some chip with a relatively large chip storage space, If the AT91F40162 on ATMEL has reached 200 MB of memory chip procedures space, users may consider when designing this type chosen to simplify system design.Chip peripheral circuits in addition to the choice of nuclear ARM microprocessor, Almost all the ARM chip is based on different application areas, the expansion of the related functional modules, and integrated into the chip, we call on chip peripheral circuits, such as USB, IIS interface, LCD controller, keyboard interface, RTC, ADC and DAC, DSP coprocessor, system designers should analyze the demand, maximize the use of chip peripheral circuits necessary to complete the function, which could simplify the system design, improve the reliability of the system.ARM概述1.1 ARMAdvancedRISCMachines ARM（AdvancedRISCMachines），既可以认为是一个公司的名字，也可以认为是对一类微处理器的通称，还可以认为是一种技术的名字。 1991年ARM公司成立于英国剑桥，主要出售芯片设计技术的授权。目前，采用ARM技术知识产权（IP）核的微处理器，即我们通常所说的ARM微处理器，已遍及工业控制、消费类电子产品、通信系统、网络系统、无线系统等各类产品市场，基于ARM技术的微处理器应用约占据了32位RISC微处理器75以上的市场份额，ARM技术正在逐步渗入到我们生活的各个方面。ARM公司是专门从事基于RISC技术芯片设计开发的公司，作为知识产权供应商，本身不直接从事芯片生产，靠转让设计许可由合作公司生产各具特色的芯片，世界各大半导体生产商从ARM公司购买其设计的ARM微处理器核根据各自不同的应用领域，加入适当的外围电路，从而形成自己的ARM微处理器芯，1.2 片进入市场。目前，全世界有几十家大的半导体公司都使用ARM公司的授权，因此既使得ARM技术获得更多的第三方工具、制造、软件的支持，又使整个系统成本降低，使产品更容易进入市场被消费者所接受，更具有竞争力。1.2 ARM微处理器的应用领域及特点 1.2.1ARM微处理器的应用领域 到目前为止，ARM微处理器及技术的应用几乎已经深入到各个领域：1、工业控制领域：作为32的RISC架构，基于ARM核的微控制器芯片不但占据了高端微控制器市场的大部分市场份额，同时也逐渐向低端微控制器应用领域扩展，ARM微控制器的低功耗、高性价比，向传统的8位/16位微控制器提出了挑战。2、无线通讯领域：目前已有超过85%的无线通讯设备采用了ARM技术，ARM以其高性能和低成本，在该领域的地位日益巩固。3、网络应用：随着宽带技术的推广，采用ARM技术的ADSL芯片正逐步获得竞争优势。此外，ARM在语音及视频处理上行了优化，并获得广泛支持，也对DSP的应用领域提出了挑战。4、消费类电子产品：ARM技术在目前流行的数字音频播放器、数字机顶盒和游戏机中得到广泛采用。5、成像和安全产品：现在流行的数码相机和打印机中绝大部分采用ARM技术。手机中的32位SIM智能卡也采用了ARM技术。除此以外，ARM微处理器及技术还应用到许多不同的领域，并会在将来取得更加广泛的应用。 1.2.2ARM微处理器的特点采用RISC架构的ARM微处理器一般具有如下特点：1、体积小、低功耗、低成本、高性能；2、支持Thumb（16位）/ARM（32位）双指令集，能很好的兼容8位/16位器件；3、大量使用寄存器，指令执行速度更快；4、大多数数据操作都在寄存器中完成；5、寻址方式灵活简单，执行效率高；6、指令长度固定；1.3 ARM微处理器系列ARM微处理器目前包括下面几个系列，以及其它厂商基于ARM体系结构的处理器，除了具有ARM体系结构的共同特点以外，每一个系列的ARM微处理器都有各自的特点和应用领域。ARM7系列ARM9系列ARM9E系列ARM10E系列SecurCore系列Inter的XscaleInter的StrongARM其中，ARM7、ARM9、ARM9E和ARM10为4个通用处理器系列，每一个系列提供一套相对独特的性能来满足不同应用领域的需求。SecurCore系列专门为安全要求较高的应用而设计。以下我们来详细了解一下各种处理器的特点及应用领域。 1.3.1 ARM7微处理器系列ARM7系列微处理器为低功耗的32位RISC处理器，最适合用于对价位和功耗要求较高的消费类应用。ARM7微处理器系列具有如下特点：具有嵌入式ICERT逻辑，调试开发方便。极低的功耗，适合对功耗要求较高的应用，如便携式产品。能够提供0.9MIPS/MHz的三级流水线结构。代码密度高并兼容16位的Thumb指令集。对操作系统的支持广泛，包括WindowsCE、Linux、PalmOS等。指令系统与ARM9系列、ARM9E系列和ARM10E系列兼容，便于用户的产品升级换代。主频最高可达130MIPS，高速的运算处理能力能胜任绝大多数的复杂应用。ARM7系列微处理器的主要应用领域为：工业控制、Internet设备、