硕士学位考试英译汉.doc

一册1单元Just as Adam was cast out of Eden, I was kicked out of university; but while his transgression was eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge, my sin was ignoring the tree. After my dismal performance in my first year of university, I contemplated the reasons for my failure. Now, I understand the two factors that contributed to my downfall: the lack of a career goal and premature independence. 正如亚当被逐出伊甸园，我被撵出了大学校门；亚当违反的戒律是偷吃了善恶之树的禁果，我的罪恶就是无视知识之树。在我大学第一年差劲表现之后，我仔细考虑了自己被逐出大学的原因。现在我意识造成我被逐出大学的两个因素：缺乏职业目标和过早的独立。 Without a career goal, I lacked direction and motivation. About halfway through my final year of high school, I was hounded by my parents to enroll in university, but until that time had not given any thought to what career I wanted to pursue. To silence their nagging, I told them I wanted to be an engineer. Though I got high marks in math, physics, and chemistry, I was bored with them, and my dislike of the science became apparent in the first four months of university. I failed all my science courses. 没有职业目标，我缺乏方向和动机。大约在中学最后一年过了一半时，我被父母追逼着到大学注册。 但直到那时侯我还未考虑我想追求什么职业。为了让他们不再说我，我告诉他们我想当一名工程师。虽然我在数学，物理和化学上得了高分，但是我对这些课感到厌倦，接着在大学的最初四个月里我不喜欢这些理科课程就变得很明显了。所有的理科课程都不及格。一册2单元Far sooner than most observers might have imagined, the juggernaut of online education has appeared to stall. For the first few years after the pioneering initiatives to take higher education online were announced, it seemed there was no stopping it. Promoters of instructional technology and distance learning advanced with ideological bravado as well as institutional power, the momentum of human progress allegedly behind them. 将要主宰世界的在线教育已经表现出停滞的趋势，这种趋势甚至要比大多数观察家所想象的来得快的多。在最初开创性地宣布让高等教育上网之后的几年里，这种趋势好像从来没有停止过。教育科技和远程教育的鼓吹者在冒进思想和体制力量的共同推动下继续向前迈进。而有人也说，人类社会的进步也是这两个因素之外的第三个推动力。 They had merely to proclaim its the future to throw skeptics on the defensive and convince seasoned educators that they belonged in the dustbin of history. The monotonous mantras about our inevitable wired destiny echoed through the halls of academe, replete with sophomoric allusions to historical precedent (the invention of writing and the printing press). Only a year or two later, however, the wind was out of their sails, their momentum broken, their confidence shaken. 这些鼓吹者仅仅通过宣称“这就是未来”就消除了那些保守者的怀疑并且让那些经验丰富的教育者们相信自己已经被历史淘汰了。那些肯定人类未来必将走向网络世界的言论象乏味的祷文。而这些言论在学术殿堂里得到了他们的回应和附和，并且含糊地用历史先例（比如文字和印刷术的发明）来作为证明。然而仅仅在一两年之后，潮流就不再顺应这些人了，他们丧失了动力，信心也动摇了。 1册4单元 The capital account is a record of investment and capital transactions between a country and the rest of the world. The capital inflows or outflows are usually called capital transactions of both long term and short term. Capital inflow shall be recorded as accredit item, while capital outflow shall be recorded as a debit item in the capital account. 资本项目记录一国与世界其他国家之间的投资及资本交易。资本的流入或流出通常称为资本交易，包括长期的和短期的资本流动。资本流入计入资本项目中的贷方，资本流出计入借方。The capital account covers three sub-accounts: direct investment, portfolio investment and short-term capital. The direct investment usually refers to the establishment of a plant or distribution network abroad. Investors could control or share control over sales, production, and research and development of such a corporation. Direct investment usually means more than 10 percent of ownership.资本项目包括三个分项：直接投资、有价证券投资和短期资本。直接投资通常指在国外建立一个工厂或销售网络。投资者可以控制或分享控制公司的销售、生产和研究开发。直接投资一般是指拥有10%以上的股权。Foreign portfolio investment covers all international transactions with an original maturity of more than one year, such as the purchase of shares from a foreign corporation. Short-term capital refers to the net change in the countrys international financial assets and liabilities with an original maturity of one year or less. Short-term capital flows include the normal everyday receipts and payments arising out of international trade and finance.外国有价证券投资包括期限在一年以上的国际交易。比如，购买外国公司的股票。短期资本是指一国的国际金融资产和债务期限为一年或少于一年的净额变化。短期资本流动包括在国际贸易和国际金融中发生的日常收入和支出。There is one account called “Errors and Omissions” in the balance of payments statements. This account takes into statistical errors. Errors and omissions are needed in order to bring the total debits and credits into an arithmetic equilibrium. The account of “Official Reserve Assets” includes mainly the gold stock, the stock of foreign exchange in convertible currencies, allocation of Special Drawing Rights and reserve position in the International MonetaryFund. 国际收支平衡表中设有“错误与遗漏”项目。主要考虑到统计上的错误。设立这一项目是为了使整个借方和贷方达到算术上的平衡。 官方储备资产项目主要包括黄金储备、可兑换的外汇储备、特别提款权的配额及国际货币基金组织的贮备头寸。一册5单元 A beautiful woman, we say in English. But a handsome man. Handsome is the masculine equivalent of-and refusal of-a compliment which has accumulated certain demeaning overtones, by being reserved for women only. That one can call a man beautiful in French and in Italian suggests that Catholic countries-unlike those countries shaped by the Protestant version of Christianity-still retain some vestiges of the pagan admiration for beauty. 英语中我们说“美丽的女人，”但是“英俊的男子。”“英俊”即男性的美丽，男人们拒绝用“美丽”这个词，因为它是专门留给女人的，这句恭维已经日积月累带上了一定的贬意。在法语和意大利语中人们仍会用“美丽”来形容男人，看来天主教国家不像深受基督教新 教影响的国家，仍然保留了一些异教徒对美丽的欣赏。 But the difference, if one exists, is of degree only. In every modem country that is Christian or post-Christian, women are the beautiful sex-to the detriment of the notion of beauty as well as of women. 但这类差别即便存在，也只是程度上略有不同而已。在所有基督教或后基督教的现代国家里，女人都是一种美丽的性别这种联系不仅损害了人们对美丽的看法，也无助于女性的自身形象。 In men, good looks is a whole, something taken in at a glance. It does not need to be confirmed by giving measurements of different regions of the body, nobody encourages a man to dissect his appearance, feature by feature. As for perfection, that is considered trivial-almost unmanly. 对男人而言，长相好指的是整体，是瞟一眼就能得到的整体印象。不必对身体的不同部分进行测量，也没有人鼓励一个男子把他的外表按一个个部位分开来看。至于完美的外表，那是无关紧要的几乎可以说不够男人味儿。 Indeed, in the ideally good-looking man a small imperfection or blemish is considered positively desirable. According to one movie critic (a woman) who is a declared Robert Redford fan, it is having that cluster of skin-colored moles on one cheek that saves Redford from being merely a pretty face. Think of the depreciation of women-as well as of beauty-that is implied in that judgment.实际上，理想的美男子有一点缺陷或瑕疵反倒是令人向往的。据一位自认是罗伯特雷德福影迷的(女性)电影评论家所言，雷德福脸上那片近肤色的胎迹使他免于仅仅沦为一张“漂亮的脸蛋”。想想隐含在这番话中的对女性的贬损也是对美丽的眨损。一册7单元 But Im here todaylike you areto prove that it can be done; that the power gained by understanding and appreciating the world around us can be obtained by anyone regardless of social status, personal challenges, or age. That belief is what has motivated me for the last 75 years to get this degree. It is also the mission of the Havard Extension School. Without the support I received from this school, I might not have graduated until I was 100a phrase that many of you have probably used in jest. 而我此刻站在这里和你们大家一样要证明这是可能做到的事；任何人，无论其社会地位如何，个人所遭逢的挑战如何，年纪有多麼大，都可以获得通过了解、洞悉我们周围的这个世界而得到的这种力量。这个信念在过去年一直激励着我要去的这个学位。这也是哈佛夜大的使命。假如没有学校对我的支持，或许我成为百岁老人也不能毕业这是你们很多人可能开玩笑说过的一句话。 There are many students here who do not have the opportunity that I do to speak their minds and have everybody listen, whether they want to or not. But be assured, fellow students, that we are more similar than you might think. If you have treated education as your main goal, and not as a means to an end, then you, too, have probably been claimed as a missing person once in your academic career, whether you were lost in the stars or the stacks of Widener Library（哈佛大学的威德纳图书馆）. And you, too, know the journey was worth it. 这儿有好多学生不能像我一样有机会在这里畅所欲言，让众人聆听，不管他们想不想听。毕业生同学们，毋庸置疑，我们的相似之处比你们想象得要多。倘若你把教育看成是人生的主要目标，而不是作为一种达到目的的方法，那麼，你也可能在自己的学术生涯中曾被人称为一个失踪者，无论你是沉浸于星空之中，还是陶醉于威德纳图书馆的书库里。你们也知道这样的人生之旅不枉此生。 一册9单元 Early men were also greatly interested in the stars they saw twinkling in the sky at night. What they did not realize was that the stars were also present during the daytime, but their light was not visible because of the brilliance of the sun. How did they discover this? There is one event which does enable us to see the stars in the daytime. It is the total eclipse of the sun, when the moon passes in front of the sun and hides it from view. When this happens, the sky becomes dark enough for the stars to be seen. 古人也对夜间所见天空中闪烁的群星怀有浓厚的兴趣。他们还不知道白天星星也在那里，只是看不见它们的闪光，因为太阳光太强了。人们怎么会发现这一点的呢？只有一种情况能让我们在白天看见星星，那就是日全食。月亮走到太阳前面，把它遮住。这时天空变暗，便可看见星星了。Total eclipses of this kind do not occur very often and are not likely to be seen from the same area more than once every fifty-four years. One can imagine what an awe-inspiring sight it must have been for an early man. Who would remember the event for the rest of his life? So man watched the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars and wondered about them. It was practicing the oldest branch of scienceastronomy. 这种日全食并不常见，同一个地区也许每隔54年只会碰上一次。我们可以想象，对于古人来说，这该是一种多么令人心惊胆战的景象啊，他们一生中永远也不会忘记。 人类就是这样观察太阳、月亮和星体的活动，并产生疑问的。人们在思考它们是什么，以及他们在干什么的时候，其实就是在从事对科学的最古老的学科天文学的研究。 一册12单元It is certain that technology, especially computer technology, will rule our lives to a greater and greater degree. This situation will not necessarily prove positive or negative in effect. Many people would be more comfortable if change came more slowly, but on the other hand, there are many for whom every innovation is like a new toy. They cant wait for next invention to be available. 有一点是肯定的， 那就是技术，特别是计算机技术将越来越大的程度上控制我们的生活。这种情况在实际中很难说是有利的还是不利的。如果变化来得慢一点，许多人可能会觉得更适应一些；但另一方面，对不少人来说，每一项新发明都像是一个新玩具。他们迫不及待地期待着下一个新发明的出现。 When scientists talk about the remarkably adaptable nature of people, they probably have these people in mind. But there is a limit to everyones ability to adapt. What will happen to us when change comes so rapidly that we can no longer adjust to it? These same scientists who talk about our adaptable nature also tell us that change is to some degree emotionally painful to everyone. What then, will happen to us when change comes so rapidly that we can no longer stand the pain, and we refuse to change?当科学家们在谈论人的非凡的适应性时，他们想到的可能就是这帮人。但是每个人的适应能力是有限的。一旦变化来得过快以至我们不能再适应时，我们会怎样呢？还是那些认为我们有非凡适应性的科学家会告诉我们，变化在一定程度上对每个人来说都是痛苦的。 那么， 一旦变化迅速的使我们再也忍受不了这种痛苦从而拒绝变化的时候，我们又会怎样呢？2册1单元To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, 人们想快乐，首先必须感到自由，其次，必须感到自己重要。假如迫于社会压力做自己不乐意做的事，或者乐于做的事被认为一文不值，毫不重要，得不到社会的承认，那么这样的人是不可能真正快乐的。倘如一个人对社会给与他的差事不感兴趣，干下去只是出于谋生和养家糊口的需要，那么此人就只是个雇佣劳动者。倘如一个人打心眼里对社会掏钱让他干的差事感兴趣，那么他就是一个工作者。一件差事究竟是劳动还是工作并不取决于差事本身，but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better. 而是取决于干这个差事的人的喜好。这种差异并不等同于体力和脑力劳动的区别。从一个人对休闲的态度可以看出他属于哪类人。对工作者而言，休闲不过是放松休息几个小时，为的是工作起来效率更高。所以他可能花很少的时间休息，而不是很多。对劳动者而言恰恰相反，休闲意味着摆脱了羁绊，他总盼着少干多玩，工作时间越短越好，这种想法也在情理之中。2册2单元A silicon-chip agnosticism can be shaken by many puzzles besides the creation. Almost as mysterious are the circumstances that led, billions of years ago, to the creation of the first molecule that could reproduce itself. That step made possible the development of all the forms of life that spread over the earth. Why did it occur just then?硅芯片时代的不可知论可被除了造物之外的许多疑惑所动摇。几乎具有同样神秘色彩的问题是，在几十亿年前，是什么条件产生了第一个能够复制自身的分子。这一步使得遍布地球的所有生命形式的发展成为可能。为什么恰在那时发生呢?A religious enthusiasm for the apparent convergence of science and theology in the Big Bang cosmology is understandable. Since the Enlightenment, the scriptural versions of creation or of other “events,” like the fall of man or the miracles of Jesus Christ, have suffered the condescension of science; they were regarded as mere myth, superstition. Now the faithful are tempted to believe that science has performed a laborious validation of at least one biblical “myth”: that of creation. 对于科学和神学在大爆炸宇宙学上表面的趋同，宗教界表现出来的热情是可以理解的。自启蒙运动以来，圣经所述的创世故事或者其它“事件”，如人之堕落和耶稣基督的奇迹，屡屡遭遇科学的贬抑；它们仅仅被当作神话、迷信而已。现在信徒们不由得要相信科学已经费力地证实了至少一个圣经“神话”：创世说。 So far, popular reaction to NASAs announcement that its scientists have discovered evidence of life in a meteorite from Mars has been pretty positive. But that may change as the implications sink in. The announcement is the biggest insult to the human species in almost 500 years. This discovery suggests that life is probably a pretty ordinary phenomenon that occurs any place you give it half a chance. 美国国家航空和航天局宣布科学家已经发现来自火星的陨石中有生命的迹象。到目前为止，公众的反向相当积极。不过随着人们进一步领会其深层含义，这种积极的反响可能会改变。来自国家宇航局的这一消息是近500年来对人类的最大的冒犯。这一新发现说明生命很可能是相当普遍的一种现象，只要有点机会在任何地方都可能发生。Earth isnt special. The alien life-forms arent special either. Instead of highly logical humanoids with pointy ears or other endearing characteristics, they seem to be a lot like simple bacteria. Life on Earth was special because it was the only life we knew. In this case, however, the dogma being shattered is based fundamentally on ignorance. Biology has rested precariously on a single data point-life on Earth. 地球并不特殊。异类的生命形式也不特别。他们不是人们通常合情合理想象的长着尖尖耳朵或其它可爱特点的人形生命，他们很可能更像简单的细菌。地球上的生命之所以特别是因为我们只了解这一种生命形式。那么就这一点来说，现在行将破碎的那类教条根本就是建立在无知的基础上的。生物学的根基非常脆弱，它只是一个数据点，即地球上的生命。2册3单元What is the optimal design for such a multi-tiered confidentiality system? Would there be unintended consequences? Would it be acceptable to the public? Without good answers to such questions, information technology could fall under the same cloud of public suspicion that hangs over nuclear power and genetic engineering. Already, aggressive telemarketing has made people very reluctant to answer scientific surveys administered by telephone. 这样一个多层机密系统的最佳构思是什么呢？是否会出现意外的后果？公众是否能接受？如果不能很好地回答这些问题，信息技术将会像核能源和基因工程一样被笼罩在大众的疑云之中。现在无处不在的电话销售已经让人们变得十分抵触通过电话进行的科学调查了。 Internet-based surveys have promise, but they typically lack the reliability of traditional random-sample polling. Another challenge is that impartial research on the real consequences of government security-motivated data fusion and mining may not be possible within the government security regime itself, because impartiality in science requires the research to be made public.网络调查倒是大有前途，但是显然缺乏传统的随机抽样调查的可信度。另一个问题是，政府以安全为目的进行数据收集和整合，但是对其真实结果的研究在政府的安全机构内部是不可能公正的，因为要想获得科学的公正性，研究就必须公开进行。Internet use appears to cause a decline in psychological well-being, according to research at Carnegie Mellon University. Even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on less frequently, the two-year study showed. And it wasnt that people who were already feeling bad spent more time on the Internet, but that using the Net actually appeared to cause the bad feelings. 根据卡耐基麦伦大学的研究，使用因特网可能会导致心理健康程度下降。两年的研究表明，上网次数多的人与较少的人相比，即使是易皱紧上网几小时也会经常地感到沮丧和孤独。这不是说已经有不良感觉敌人在网上花费了更多的时间，而是说使用因特网似乎确实诱发了人们的不良感觉。The fact that Internet use reduces time available for family and friends may account for the drop in well-being, researchers hypothesized. Faceless, bodiless “virtual” communication may be less psychologically satisfying than actual conversation, and the relationships formed through it may be shallower. Another possibility is that exposure to the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives.研究者推测说，实际情况是上网使网民减少了和家人及朋友共度的时光，这也许可以解释他们心理健康状况的下降原因。和面对面的交谈相比，这种见不着、看不见人的“虚”的交流可能会使人从心理上满足感。人们通过这种交流结下的友谊也不会太深。还有一种可能是，网民通过因特网所了解到的广阔世界使他们对自己的生活不那么满意了。2册7单元(1) In 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., expressed his vision in the famous speech, “I Have a Dream.” But the dreamrooted in the American Dreamwasnt really new. From the beginning, this nation of immigrants welcomed people desiring freedom and a new start. However, the coming together of different races and ethnic groups created some tensions. The early Americans (except for the native “Indians”) were almost all white Europeans. As more immigrants arrived, European groups fit into society easily. Others found it more difficult. 马丁路德.金恩博士,在一九六三年的一篇有名的演讲我有一个梦当中表达了他的理想.其实这个根植于美国梦的理想,并不是个完全新潮的主意.从一开始,这个由移民所组成的国家,便欢迎渴望自由和新开始的人来到.但是,不同种族的到来亦带来了紧张的气氛.早期的美国人(除了印地安原住民之外)几乎全是来自欧洲的白人.当更多的移民抵达时,欧洲团体较容易适应这个社会,其它团体则较感困难. (2) B