英语教育专业毕业论文 英语版.doc

A Preliminary Study on making Effective Lead ins in Junior Middle School English Class Further Education Supervisor July 15 2009 Acknowledgements I am wholeheartedly grateful to my Supervisor Jin Xiaoyu who has helped me during my writing of this thesis Her kindness and advice have made this work possible I wish to express my sincere thanks to Miss Jin She closely read and polished the early draft of my thesis and generously gave me invaluable criticism and encouragement Her effective advice shrewd comments and quick corrections have kept the thesis in the right direction i Contents Acknowledgements i Contents ii 摘要摘要 iv Outline v 中文提纲中文提纲 vi 1 Introduction 1 2 Four principles of effective lead ins 2 2 1 Pertinent 2 2 2 Inspiring 2 2 3 Interesting 2 2 4 Artistic 3 3 Five strategies of lead ins 4 3 1 Free talk and Speech lead in 4 3 2 Story lead in 4 3 3 Music appreciation lead in 5 3 4 Movie lead in 5 3 5 Current affairs and news lead in 6 4 The points that need attention in classroom lead ins 7 4 1 Make sure not to lead in for too long 7 4 2 Never conduct one size fits all lead ins 7 4 3 Never ignore the effectiveness of lead ins 7 4 4 Do not forget the practice of communicative skills 8 5 Conclusion 8 Works Cited 9 ii Abstract The thesis advises middle school English teachers to get rid of the old pattern of exam oriented education in teaching the new English textbook and promote the strategy of effective lead ins Effective lead ins foster students interest in study arouse their craving for knowledge develops their mind and makes them become more willing to study As a result it may enhance classroom efficiency Moreover it can cultivate students up and coming lofty sentiment and achieve the goal of imparting knowledge and educating people Key words lead ins classroom efficiency lofty sentiment iii 摘要摘要 本文提倡中学英语教师摈弃教学中陈旧的应试教育模式 提倡用有效的导入的 策略 这样一方面可以培养学生学习的兴趣 激发学生的求知欲 拓展学生的思维 使学生乐于学 从而在潜移默化中提高了课堂教学的效果 另一方面 可以培养学 生积极进取的高尚情操 达到真正教书育人的目的 关键词关键词 教学导入 课堂效率 高尚情操 iv Outline 1 Introduction 2 Four principles of effective lead ins 2 1 Pertinent 2 2 Inspiring 2 3 Interesting 2 4 Artistic 3 Five strategies of effective lead ins 3 1 Free talk and Speech lead in 3 2 Story lead in 3 3 Music appreciation lead in 3 4 Movie lead in 3 5 Current affairs and news lead in 4 The points that need attention in classroom lead ins 4 1 Make sure not to lead in for too long 4 2 Never conduct one size fits all lead ins 4 3 Never ignore the effectiveness of lead ins 4 4 Do not forget the practice of communicative skill 5 Conclusion v 中文提纲中文提纲 1 引言 2 有效情感导入的 4 条原则 2 1 针对性 2 2 启发性 2 3 趣味性 2 4 艺术性 3 有效情感导入的 5 种策略 3 1 Free talk 和 speech 导入 3 2 故事导入 3 3 音乐欣赏导入 3 4 电影导入 3 5 时事新闻导入 4 课堂导入应注意的几个问题 4 1 切忌时间过长 4 2 切忌 一刀切 4 3 切忌忽略实效性 4 4 切忌忽略交际性 5 结语 0 1 Introduction With the reform of junior middle school English textbooks in recent years we recognize the necessity for reforms in English teaching Under such circumstances many teachers and educators who have the foresight have been engaged in the research of new teaching approaches which can be adapted to the new textbook However teachers are forced to teach the new textbook with old methods because of the baton of college entrance examination Furthermore old methods of assessment are still being used to evaluate the teaching level of a school or a teacher which results in many teachers laziness and fear for reforms They adopt the past structured teaching Actually they are ignoring and disobeying the requirement of cultivating students ability of language communication Instead of leading in many teachers just come to the point directly explaining grammar and vocabulary and then doing some mechanical vocabulary exercises and training sentence patterns Thus for a long time the ever lasting and dull teaching methods no wonder would give rise to students weariness and loss of interest in study which directly influences the improvement of classroom efficiency From this there should be researches on the new National English Curriculum s requirement for junior middle school English teaching among teachers and they should make efforts to search for new teaching methods suitable for the new textbook Classroom teaching is an art with many integrating informative interesting ideological and artistic aspects Only when it is carried out well can it improve the classroom efficiency and arouse students interest in study Actually among the factors that affect classroom efficiency and stimulate students interest a five minute lead in plays a very important role As the first step towards building the relationship between teachers and students as well as the warm up exercises during the whole teaching activities this lead in can make the entire teaching go smoothly and harmoniously Undoubtedly once a teacher wins the students attention enthusiasm for study and interest he or she will achieve half success of classroom teaching Since the thought foothold of teachers and teaching content are different accordingly there are a variety of lead ins To deal with either the past old textbook or the 1 present new textbook teachers are required to reach an emotional goal in the process of teaching Therefore the approach of lead ins which center on emotion would be the first step to reach the goal of emotional teaching Diesterweg a German educator once pointed out that the art of teaching aims not at passing on ability but stimulating arousing and encouraging Bloom 2001 387 As a successful effection emphasized lead in it actually fosters sentiment penetrates the topic and catches students attention thus stimulating students interest in learning knowledge What s more students are willing to learn which exerts a subtle influence on the importance of classroom efficiency Moreover such type of lead ins would also help students establish correct outlook of the world life and value While learning language students are simultaneously realizing the deep connotation of the textbook and as a result the true aim of teaching would be satisfied well 2 Four principles of effective lead ins 2 1 Pertinent It means that lead ins should be suitable to the content and the characteristics of students Just as well as other ways of lead ins we should adjust lead ins to the students characters teaching environment and time As Dewey noted teaching should begin with students experience already in existence Wang Chengxu 1981 367 2 2 Inspiring It means that lead ins should make students transfer of knowledge realized Examples which are easy and simple can make the students enlightened lead them to discover questions arouse their strong desire to deal with questions and finally have a better understanding of the new textbook The key of inspiring lies in students positive thinking activities while thinking always begins with questions Once students have questions they are willing to think and find out the answers Therefore an effective lead in should create contradictory conflict in thinking and give them a sense of novelty 2 3 Interesting It means that the design of lead ins should be absorbing Being presented content with fresh new appearances students interest and enthusiasm for study can be stimulated to the full extent which would also promote them to accept the new textbook and 2 overcome the weariness in study Psychological research shows that if students are forced to learn it is hard for them to keep what they have learnt in mind Plato 1958 42 On the contrary if they become interested in the content they will act positively and feel it easy pleasant and relaxed to learn Naturally the learning efficiency is improved From this effective lead ins should make students undergo the state of being willing to learn develop their thinking and help them to be involved in the learning activities with a full psychology 2 4 Artistic It means that teachers language should tug students heartstrings bring out students thinking and attract them firmly Teachers should be particular about the language arts of lead ins Of course the premise of language arts is the accuracy scientific and ideology of language However the design of effective lead ins must vary from the different purposes of lead ins and be carried out with artistic expression of language 1 To establish environment teachers language should be very impressive When establishing environment the emotion color of teachers language should be very vivid not only smooth and clear but also beautiful and touching making every word full of power and passion Only with such teaching language can a lead in tug the heartstrings of students bring about resonance and arouse great craving for knowledge and gumption 2 To coordinate with direct viewing demonstration and hand on projection teachers language should be easy going Such language can inspire students thinking catch their attention implement their motivation and lead them to hunt for further knowledge 3 To examine the topic or to connect with the old knowledge teachers language should be clear accurate and logic which contributes to students deduction from the one to the other and from the outside to the inside and makes it more convenient for them to understand the new content and improve the classroom efficiency As Solomon s study finds there is a positive correlation between students achievement and the clarity of language that teachers use Huang Xiting 1997 480 3 Five strategies of lead ins 3 3 1 Free talk and Speech lead in During the several beginning minutes of a class the teacher can leave about 3 minutes behind for the student to carry out free talk or speech Of course as for some difficult topics students may be required to collect information in advance and prepare for the discussion For example when dealing with the lead in in Unit 1 Module 8 of NSE 7 the teacher can guide students to talk about topics as such What was the name of your first school Who was your first friend What was she he like Here students are permitted to discuss freely and their happy childhood can be shared with the whole class This process is designed to arouse students sense of valuing friendship and lay the foundation of setting up good communication relationships At the same time the past pleasant life can inspire students interest in coming to understand the context which would improve the classroom efficiency 3 2 Story lead in Everyone likes to listen to story as well as junior students Especially when they understand the story told in English by the teacher they would be full joy of spring For example the Module 2 of NSE 8 is about experience introduction However there is inevitably some experience out of students reach Then teachers can collect some material and compile them into stories which can not only widen students sight but also wake up their interest in learning knowledge Those stories about people which are so vivid and touching can just tug at the heartstrings of students cultivate their thinking and attract their attention more easily In the lead in of Unit 1 Module 11 of NSE 7 some celebrities such as Long ping Yuan Helen Keller and Bill Gates are just suitable to be led in to attract students For example with the story of Bill Gates students are most interested in the part which introduces how he succeeded Actually such celebrity stories can educate students to set up great ideal while the realization of ideal is a process of knowledge accumulation Therefore teachers can encourage students to study hard from now on Please make the best use of your time Thus classroom efficiency would be fulfilled 3 3 Music appreciation lead in Nowadays music is very popular among students The pleasant and melodious music seems to be magically powerful to edify students sentiment cultivate their aesthetic 4 ability and create comfortable and harmonious teaching climate For example in the first lesson of Module 6 of NSE 7 the teacher can pick out the popular theme song of the World Cup as a lead in which may remind students of the exciting scenes of the matches on the playground And when giving the lesson of Public Holiday of NSE 8 teachers can choose some songs with holiday climate such as Happy New Year Jingle Bells Under such pleasant and exiting atmosphere students unconsciously have a good knowledge of foreign festivals As noted by Carl Rogers to know the secret world of the people just as we were present there Huang Xiting 1997 440 Of course sad music can also be alternative for they are much easier to touch the students emotion and set up resonance In the lead in of the Hope Project in NSE 8 the theme song Red Schoolbag of Xinjiang Hope Project can be used as a lead in which was worded according to a true story It happened in a remote village To afford her child to school the mother worked so hard and finally bought a red schoolbag for the child Unfortunately she was carried away by the crude flood on the way home Just let the students listen first by themselves and then for the second time after being introduced in detail Naturally the significance of the Hope Project and the aid from some kind hearted persons to the dropout students can then be emphasized With the song Tribute to Love following closely behind the whole class is led naturally with the transition from the sad atmosphere to the context You can image everyone pays close attention to this class and the class efficiency is improved by the song lead in What s more it would strengthen students sentiment towards love just cultivated by English classroom It is thus clear that a successful song lead in can bring previously unimagined effects 3 4 Movie lead in Thanks to the development of science and technology the multi media equipment in school are being perfected constantly Compared with the multi media the past teaching approach with the form of chalk and blackboard is just too far behind to catch up with it Johann Amos Comenius a Czech educator once said that all knowledge begins with sense 1984 12 While the multi media just makes it possible for students to hear the sound and watch the movie Students are completely immersed in the atmosphere created by the teacher The lead in of movies is now commonly welcomed by students The moving 5 scenes and vivid sound seem to touch every student s heart Therefore the movie centered lead ins can acquire better effects For example in the lead in of Animals in danger of Unit 1 the movie Kekexili Mountain Patrol may be a good choice The part intercepted from it which records the process of how the Tibetan antelope are skinned alive and presents the scene of about five hundred dead yaks would no doubt attract students eyes and touch their nerves Thus students can intuitively be aware of the extinction fact which animals confront with At the same time it lays the foundation for the next discussion about why animals are on the verge of extinction and reach the goal of guiding students to protect animals 3 5 Current affairs and news lead in Compared with the old textbook the reading articles chosen in the new one are relatively close to our life and society As a result we are more likely to find the combination between the textbook and the real society When being dealt with the New Technology can be connected to God 6 and The Olympic Adventure be connected to the 2008 Olympic Games which would cultivate students patriotism In the lead in of Unit 3 about Heroes in Module 9 maybe nothing would be better than the example of 5 12 Wenchuan Earthquake since so many pictures of heroes and tales of heroic deeds could be quoted such as Tan Qianqiu a teacher who devoted his life to protect four students Jin Lijie a fire soldier who knelt down on the ground with the cry of Just save one more and Kang Jie an only 11 year old girl who jumped down from the sixth floor saving herself as well as some other classmates At the same time some description in combination with some unknown heroes around students would intensively sublimate the theme Being based on the premise that students have a sense of reality the deed of Norman Bethune in the context then can be led in which can acquire the expectant effect It is thus clear that the lead ins with current affairs participation can not only give the students redoubled geniality but also combine the book knowledge with the real life with the avoidance of only fighting on paper Not only that it endows the textbook with the sense of time and is good for cultivating students interest in caring about current affairs hence stimulating students enthusiasm for changing and perfecting society 6 4 The points that need attention in classroom lead ins 4 1 Make sure not to lead in for too long Lead ins should be simple and appropriate with the suitable limitation of about 5 minutes Teachers should own definition purpose and design lead ins according to teaching aims Blindly seeking for gaudiness and jollification would make a lead in become a mere formality and finally put the cart before the horse Therefore in the process of lead in teachers should try to make the language simple and the content single and connected to the lesson in order not to affect the process of the whole class 4 2 Never conduct one size fits all lead ins An effective lead in can t be stereotyped The reality of students should be considered as the first place in lead ins in other words Taking students characters into account teachers should design and create scenes for lead ins in active ways such as telling stories singing or showing touching feeds and movie parts However teachers should be clearly aware of the limitation in the activity for the sake of creating an air of unreality which would run counter to the desire The textbook and mentality of students must be taken into consideration when designing and operating lead ins As junior students are usually active and imaginative the design of lead ins must be short and refine With a limitation of 3 5 minutes the main topic should be drawn forth otherwise students would suffer fatigu