英语高考整理.doc

英语高考整理单词词形不变，但词性发生了变化The shop opens (vi.开始营业) at nine oclock and will keep open (adj.营业着的) beyond midnight.I can smell (vt.闻到) something burning in the room. It is a burnt smell (n.气味) of rice and it smells (vi.闻起来) terrible. He contacted (vt.联系) me as soon as she arrived. He made contact (n.联系) with me as soon as she arrived. She lacks (vt.缺乏，没有) money and she cant afford the new shoes for lack (n.缺乏) of money.由两个或两个以上的词构成。例如：haircut, keyboard, passer(s)-by, grown-up(s), dark-blue, life-long, warm-hearted, newly-made, snow-covered, easy-going, peace-loving, 5-year-old, up-to-date由词根和词缀构成，词缀又分前缀和后缀。(1) 常见前缀：1) 表示数量的前缀: bi-, tri-, semi-, kilo-, multi- 例如：bicycle, triangle, semi-final, kilogram, multimedia2) 表示反义的前缀: de-, dis- , un- , in- , il- , im- , ir- , mis- , non- 例如：decrease, disorder, unconscious, incomplete, illegal, impossible, irregular, misunderstand, nonfiction3) 表示方位或时间的前缀: out-, under- , for-，post- 例如：outdoor, underground, forward, postwar4) 构成动词的前缀: en- 例如：enable, encourage5) 其它前缀: ex-, co-, inter-, over-, pre-, re-, super-, tele-, trans- 例如：ex-president, co-operation, international, overflow, preview, rewrite, superman, telescope, transform (2) 常见后缀：1) 构成名词的后缀常见的有：-er, -or, -ee, -ist, -ian, -ment, -ness, -ion -ity, -ance, -ence, -ure, -ship, -hood, -ism, -age 例如：interviewer, visitor, employee, typist, musician, development, willingness, attraction, admission, ability, curiosity, appearance, dependence, failure, scholarship, childhood, socialism, shortage2) 构成动词的后缀常见的有：-ify, -en 例如：beautify, classify, sharpen, strengthen3) 构成形容词的后缀常见的有：-able, -al, -ant, -ful, -ive, -ous, -y, -ly, -less, -ist, -ic 例如：avoidable, agricultural, resistant, cheerful, attractive, dangerous, sleepy, orderly, homeless, communist, alcoholic4) 构成副词的后缀常见的有：-ly, -ward 例如：carefully, comfortably, backward, downwardfavourdo sb. a favour = do a favour for sb.帮某人一个忙ask sb. a favour = ask a favour of sb.请某人帮忙in ones favour得某人欢心be in favour of 赞成，支持habitbe in the habit of doing 有做的习惯= have the habit of doing get into the habit of doing养成做的习惯by / out of habit出于习惯，潜意识地get out of the habit of doing改掉做的习惯turntake turns to do轮流做by turns 轮流地in turn依次地in ones turn轮到某人时in time及时on time准时timeat a time一次，每次at one time往昔，曾有一时at times有时，偶尔at no time在任何时候都不可ahead of time提前，提早for the time being 暂时wordhave a word with sb.与某人说句话have words with sb.与某人争吵keep ones word守诺eat ones words收回前言in a word总而言之in other words换句话说word for word一字一字地，逐字Word came that有消息传来Hand: hand in hand; beforehand; by hand; near at hand; second-hand; left-handed; hand in; hand out; shake hands; haveat hand; a green handHeart: lose heart; learnby heart; heart beat; heart break; heart sink; heart and soul; whole-heartedly; from the bottom of one主谓一致(1) 集合名词(family, population, couple, audience, class, committee, crowd, crew, group, public, staff, team, majority, party)作主语时，作为一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若就其中每一个成员而言，动词则用复数。例如：His family has moved to Los Angles.His family are watching TV now.(2) 集合名词(people, police, cattle)只有复数形式，谓语动词用复数。(3) 单复数同形的名词(deer, sheep, fish, means, species, series, works)作主语时，谓语动词单复数根据其意思决定。例如：All means have been tried to solve the problem.Every means has been tried to solve the problem.(4) 时间、距离、金钱等复数名词作主语时，根据意义通常把它看作一个整体，谓语用单数。例如：Three years is indeed a short time. Five thousand dollars is more than I can afford.(5) 以-s结尾的学科名词 (mathematics, economics, politics, physics等) 和专有名词 (the United States, the Unites Nations等) 作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：Physics is taught well in this school.(6) 带all, most, half, part, rest, percent, one-third等词的名词词组作主语时，谓语动词单复数根据其中心词的单复数决定。例如：Most of my classmates are league members.Most of the earth is covered with water.(7) 由and 或bothand连接的并列主语，谓语动词常用复数。当并列主语指的是同一人、物或概念时，或and连接两个含有every, each, no的名词短语时，谓语动词则用单数。例如：Truth and honest is the best policy.Every boy and every girl wants to serve the people in the future.(8) 以or, nor, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据就近一致的原则。例如：Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.Neither you nor I am wrong.(9) 以as well as, (together / along) with, rather than, except, besides, but, in addition to, including, like等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据前面一个名词而定。例如：The teacher as well as the students was excited.Everyone except Mary and John is here.(10) 不定代词such, any, some, none, all等作主语，谓语动词的单复数根据意义而定。例如：Such is our plan.Such are his words.All has been arranged.All are present. Lets begin our discussion.(11) More than one或many a 构成的主语，谓语动词用单数，而more than two或many 构成的主语，谓语动词用复数。例如：Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.More than two students have seen the film.(12) one and a half 后接复数名词，但谓语动词用单数。例如：One and a half apples is left on the table.(13) the + 形容词/分词表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。例如：The blind study in special schools.(14) 主语从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，但若所指的具体内容是复数意义，谓语动词则用复数。例如：What we need is more time.What we need are more qualified teachers.(15) this kind / type of + 复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：This kind of books sells well.比较：Books of this kind sell well.it的用法(1) it不仅可指代某样东西，还可指代人 (婴儿、儿童或未知的人)。例如：Is it a boy or a girl? Its a girl.Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see who it is.(2) it 指代前面的内容。例如：Toms mother kept telling him to study harder, but it didnt help.(3) it可指代时间、季节、地点、天气、距离、金钱等。例如：I hope it is spring all the year round. It is not far from the school to my home.(4) it用作形式主语或形式宾语。例如：It is certain that prices are going up.She soon found it possible to do this regularly.(5) it用于强调句型中，即: It is (was) + 强调部分+that (who)，通常被强调部分指人时用who或that，指物、时间、地点、原因等时用that。例如：It is I who am wrong.It was yesterday that I met her mother in the shopping mall.部分容易误用的代词(1) it / oneit是人称代词，可代替前面提到过的某个特指事物，复数为them；而one是不定代词，可代替前面出现的某个可数名词，复数为ones。例如：I like this digital camera, but I cant afford it.I would like to have a digital camera, but I cant afford one.(2) that / onethat替代被定冠词the等限定的有定语的名词，而one替代有不定冠词a / an修饰的名词。that可替代可数或不可数名词，指代复数名词时用those，而one只能替代可数名词，复数用ones。例如：For a lot of students, their teachers advice is more important than that of their parents.I am looking for a flat. Id like one near a park.(3) each / every1) 均可作形容词，但each着重于个别性，而every侧重于整体性。例如：Each / Every student contributed to the fund.2) each 可作定语、表语之外，还有名词性质，充当主、宾、同位语；而every只可作定语。例如：The teacher asked us each a question. = The teacher asked each of us a question. Every one of you has a chance to introduce yourself. 3) every与not构成部分否定。例如：Every student cannot be successful. = Not every student can be successful.4) every 与数词的表达。例如：The Olympics are held every four years (every fourth year).(4) nothing / no one (nobody) / nonenothing和no one (nobody)指无具体范围的否定，而none指有一定范围的否定，常和of短语连用，既可指物也可指人。试比较：A: Did anyone come to see me? B: No one / Nobody (came to see you).A: Did any one of my friends come to see me? B: None (of your friends came to see you).(5) (the) other / (the) others / another1) 作定语时，other与复数名词或不可数名词连用，泛指“其他的”，与单数名词连用时前面往往有限定词或物主代词；而another与单数名词连用，意为“另一个，又一个”。例如：other ways of translation, other information, some other reason, my other son,see you another time, another Lei Feng of our time2) 作代词时，the other特指“两者中的另一个”,常用于词组onethe other, 而the others 是the other 的复数形式；others 是other的复数形式，泛指“别的人或物”; another指“三者或三者以上的另一个”。3) 与数词的表达： other位于数字后，another位于数字前。例如：Would you please give me two other books?We are going to stay here for another three weeks (for three more weeks).4) 常用词组：in other words换句话说other than除了the other day不久前的一天one after another一个接着一个 is one thing, and is quite another 是一回事是另一回事(6) such的用法1) 可作主语、宾语、表语，作表语时往往置于句首。例如：I may have offended him, but such was not my intention.2) 可用be such that或be such as引导从句。例如：The progress was such that it surprised her teacher.3) 可作定语。例如：I have never seen such an interesting person (so interesting a person).We have such grapes as youve never seen.容易用错的数词(1) dozen, hundred, thousand, million, score等，试比较：two dozen (num.) eggs 两打鸡蛋 dozens (n.) of eggs 好几十只鸡蛋three thousand (num.) people三千人 thousands (n.) of people 数千人two score (num.) trees 四十棵树 scores (n.) of trees 数十棵树 (2) 表示在几十年代：in + the + 数词复数，例如：in the 1990s (90s / nineties)表示某人的几十岁时：in + 物主代词 + 数词复数，例如：in his fifties 习语中的冠词(1) 一般情况下，在序数词、最高级、乐器、江河、山脉、群岛、报刊杂志等名词前要用冠词the。在表示季节、月份、节假日、日期、星期、称呼、官衔职位、三餐、球类运动等名词前不用定冠词。在一些习语中，有的用冠词，有的不用，没有规律，需要记忆和积累。例如：1) in detailon earthfrom beginning to endat handby handby chance / accident2) for the time beingin the distancepay by the hourhit sb. on the headcatch sb. by the arm3) at a lossas a ruletry a third timea poet and novelist a most disagreeable experience (2) 在某些词前用不同冠词，意义大不相同。例如：1) She listens carefully in class. 她上课时仔细听讲。She is the best student in the class. 她是班上最好的学生。2) Charlie has gone to school. 查理上学去了。Charlies father will go to the school to see the headmaster. 查理父亲要到学校去见校长。3) They are at table. 他们在用餐。He is sitting at the table, doing his homework. 他坐在桌旁做作业。4) There is a tennis court in front of the teaching building. 教学楼的前面有个网球场。The teaching desk is in the front of the classroom. 讲台在教室的前部。5) The contest took place yesterday. 昨天举行比赛。Ill take the place of my father for a while. 我将暂时代替我父亲。6) The three of us knew nothing about it. 我们三个人(我们一共有三个)对此一无所知。Only three of us got A in the final exam. 我们中只有三个人在终考中得A。其它一些比较形式：1) more A than B 与其说B，还不如说A。例如：He is more mad than stupid. 与其说他愚蠢，不如说他发疯。2) no less than不少于，不亚于。例如：Sally is no less charming than Jane.3) no more than只是。例如： He is no more than a child. = He is only a child.4) other than除了。例如：There was nothing they could do other than spend the night in the temple.5) rather than 而不是。例如：Jack is diligent rather than clever.6) would rather do than do宁愿也不愿I would rather stay at home reading than go out.容易误用的形容词和副词(1) 有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以-ly结尾，但意思是完全不同的。例如： fly high 飞得高 speak highly of 高度赞扬dig deep 挖得深 be deeply touched 被深深地打动 open your eyes wide睁大眼睛 be widely used 被广泛地使用stand close to me靠近我站着 watch closely 仔细地观看be admitted free免费入场 speak freely 自由地说come to school late上学迟到 lately = recently 最近live quite near住得很近 nearly all of us 几乎我们所有人否定的转移think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, 等表示看法和seem, appear等表示感觉的动词接宾语从句时，若具有否定意义，否定词not通常需转移到主句中。例如： I dont suppose that he will come on time. 我猜想他不会准时来。 It doesnt seem that he has said so. 他好像没这么说过。注：若主句中含有情态动词，此类转移不进行。例如下列句子不属于转移否定。 I cant believe that he is over sixty. 难以相信他已经六十多岁了。反意疑问句及其回答1) 反意疑问句的结构 肯定的陈述部分+否定的附加疑问。例如：A: You have already got our invitation, havent you? B: Yes, we have. 否定的陈述部分+肯定的附加疑问。例如： A: You havent any objection to the idea, have you? B: No, I havent. 注：含有 never, nothing, no等否定词和hardly, seldom, little, few等半否定词的反意疑问句也属于这一类。例如：You will never forget the happy days in the middle school, will you?含有带否定前缀的词的反意疑问句不属于这一类。例如：You disagreed with what was put forward at the meeting, didnt you?2）特殊的反意疑问句 陈述部分是Im ,附加疑问部分用arent I。例如： Im older than you, arent I? 陈述部分是祈使句，附加疑问部分通常用will you。例如： Mail the letter today, will you? = Will you mail the letter today? Lets go together, shall we? 当陈述部分含有must表示推测，疑问部分不用must, 而是应根据情况采用相应的动词形式。例如： He must be tired, isnt he? He must have read it, hasnt he? He must have left yesterday, didnt he? (句中出现过去时间状语，疑问部分用did) 陈述部分是 I suppose / think / believe + 宾语从句，从实际意义出发，附加疑问部分应与从句的主谓结构对应，但需注意否定的转移。例如： I suppose that she is fond of pop music, isnt she? I dont think that he has been here before, has he? 易混淆或误用的从句1) if和whether if除了可以引导条件状语从句外，还可以引导宾语从句，而whether可以引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句时，if和whether都解释为“是否”。引导宾语从句时，if和whether通常可以互换，但在下列情况下，只能用 whether： 宾语从句作介词的宾语。例如： I am not interested in whether they will listen to my excuse. That depends on whether they are allowed to take their own dictionaries. 宾语从句由whetheror引导，表示“是还是”。例如： Tom couldnt decide whether he should keep the purse or he should turn it in. 2) 复杂疑问句 宾语从句的主句为Do you think / imagine / believe / suppose / suggest等问句，从句为wh-问句时，通常把wh-放到句首，形成复杂疑问句。例如：Who do you think should be responsible for the reception?Where do you suggest we (should) go for our holiday?3) where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句 定语从句修饰先行词；地点状语从句没有先行词，修饰主句中的动词。例如： She lost her ring in the store where she bought the dress. She lost her ring where she bought the dress. 4) that引导的定语从句和同位语从句 that引导定语从句时，充当定语从句的成分，如充当从句的宾语，可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，修饰一个抽象名词，不充当从句的成分，不可省略。例如： He quoted a saying that he had read in a famous speech. （定语从句） Do you know the saying that an apple a day keeps the doctor away? （同位语从句）5) that引导的定语从句和强调结构that引导定语从句时，修饰先行词，充当从句的成分。在it isthat结构中，that只有语法作用。例如：Look at that car! It is a car that everyone fancies. (it指代具体内容the car)It was a car that was stolen from the police station. 6) unless和until unless引导条件状语从句，意思是“除非”；until引导时间状语从句，从句一般为肯定句。例如：You cant leave unless you admit your fault. 除非你承认错误，否则你不能离开。You cant leave until you have admitted your fault. 等你承认过错误才能离开。7) what和which引导从句what和which都可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，充当从句的名词性成分，但使用which时，应该有选择的范围。例如：I have no idea what present I should buy for my sister. I have no idea which of them has told the truth. 8) as引导的从句例 句时间状语从句As he gets older, he gets more optimistic.原因状语从句He saw her, as they were both getting off the bus at the same time.比较状语从句He does not write so neatly as John does.方式状语从句When in Rome, do as Romans do. 让步状语从句Much as I admire him, I cannot excuse his faults.限制性定语从句It is such a difficult question as none of us can answer. 非限制性定语从句As is reported, oil prices will keep rising. 9) whatever和no matter what等引导的从句whatever，whichever，who(m)ever等既可以引导让步状语从句，又可以引导名词性从句。no matter what / which / who(m)只可以引导让步状语从句。例如：Whatever / No matter what happened, he managed to stay calm. He was so hungry that he would eat whatever was found in the cave. (whatever不可被no matter what替代)10) who，whoever和whomever引导的从句who引导名词性从句时，表示一个问题，who解释为“谁”，具有完整的意义；who引导定语从句时，修饰先行词，解释为“的人”。 例如：Who do you think is to blame for the accident?We dont care who is to take Mr. Blacks lesson when he is on a holiday. Mary is the person who will meet you at the airport. He who laughs last laughs best. 注：whoever引导名词性从句时，相当于anyone who，解释为“任何的人”，相当于一个不定代词词组，充当主句的主语或宾语。whoever引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter who。whoever充当从句的主语。whomever具有类似的用法，引导的名词性从句充当主句的主语或宾语，whomever充当从句的宾语。例如：Sarah hopes to become a friend of whoever shares her interests. Whoever has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.Whomever you choose will be all right with me. 11) 定语从句和名词性从句中的“插入”和“割裂” 定语从句中的“插入”指从句和先行词之间有其它成分，通常是I think, Im sure等短句，表示从句的内容是某人的观点。例如：Tom is the person who Im sure can help you.I have sold the house which you know is too old to live in. 名词性从句中的“插入”指从句的引导词和谓语动词之间有其它成分，通常是I think, Im sure等短句，表示从句的内容是某人的观点。例如： He bought what I think was a useless dictionary. The car was going at what they believed was a dangerous speed. 同位语从句中的“割裂”指同位语从句和先行词之间有其它成分。同位语从句的割裂是为了保持句子结构的平衡。例如： News came that another airport would soon be put into use. 注：定语从句有时也有“割裂”现象。例如： The days are gone when the peasants could only make a living at the mercy of the weather. 全部倒装1) 当副词away, off, out, in, up, down, over, here, there, then, now位于句首，且主语是具体的名词时，主谓直接倒装；但主语是代词时，主谓语序不变。例如：Away ran the terrified boy. 比较: Away he ran. There goes the bell. 比较: Here you are. Now comes your turn. 比较: Then he came up to me. 2) 充当表语的介词短语、形容词、分词位于句首时，主谓直接倒装。例如：Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.Present at the meeting was our headmaster, Mrs. Zhang.Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 15.Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.3) 地点状语位于句首时，主谓直接倒装。例如： Outside the entrance stood two police officers with guns. From the hole came a faint light.省略 省略 (Ellipsis) 是一种避免重复、突出关键词语并使上下文紧密连接的语言现象。(1) 省略的类型 1) 语篇省略 指能在上下文中找到先行项的省略结构。例如：John won the first race and Jim (won) the second (race). If you want me to (lend my car), I will lend you my car.A: Are you tired? B: Not at all (Im not tired at all). 2) 语境省略 指被省略的项目并不出现在上下文中，但可从说话时特定的语境中推断出来。例如： (I) Hope to see you one of the future days. (It is) Nice to meet you. (Is there) Anything the matter?3) 结构省略 不依靠上下文的省略现象，被省略的项目（连接词或介词）可以根据语法规则推断出来。例如： Be sure (that) everything is prepared. War or no war (Whether there is war or no war), we must prepare for the worst. This is the one of the most interesting movies (that) Ive ever watched. They spent too much time (in) waiting for the train. It is (of) no use learning wit