资产减值准备重大变革.doc

摘要摘要2006年2月15日，我国财政部发布了包括l项基本准则和38项具体会计准则在内的一整套新的企业会计准则体系。新会计准则于2007年1月1日首先在上市公司中推行，随后逐步推广到所有公司。在新发布的会计准则中，资产计价方式的改变引起世人的关注。公允价值的谨慎引入、资产减值会计处理的重大变革、金融资产的确认等会计问题成为此次新准则发布的亮点，一再引起学术界、实业界人士的讨论。其中新颁布的企业会计准则第8号资产减值将资产减值准备作为一项单独的具体准则发布，体现了对资产减值的重视，标志着资产减值会计理论的新发展。新资产减值准则对于企业资产减值损失的确认标准、计量方法、披露方式都作出了详细系统的规定，从而改变了原来资产减值政策散见于各准则、不成体系的状况，具有十分重大的意义。随着2007年1月1日新会计准则的实施，意味着我国资产减值会计体系已经建立，并在实践中运行发展。以往的减值准则主要适用于固定资产、无形资产和企业合并形成的商誉，这些资产计提减值之后，在不利于资产的影响因素消失、资产的价值得以恢复之后是可以转回的，因此这成了上市公司进行盈余管理的主要手段，而在资产减值准备中，又尤以固定资产减值准备进行盈余管理最为常见。从以往会计准则实施的效果来看，一些上市公司利用固定资产减值准备操纵利润的方法主要有两种：一是在当年大额计提固定资产减值准备，使得当年大幅亏损，第二年再冲回，从而做出第二年扭亏为盈的财务报表，避免退市：二是选择某一年超大额计提，其后几年缓慢冲回，制造业绩小幅稳定上升的财务报告，操纵利润。而新准则的企业会计准则第8号资产减值中明确规定：“资产减值损失一经确认，在以后会计期间不得转回。这条规定将对上市公司经营业绩有重大影响，尤其是对暂停上市的公司及sT公司。目前很多暂停上市公司得以恢复上市，就是采用“巨额计提、大额转回的方法中国上市公司资产减值的实证研究新资产减值准则下资产减值准备对利润的影响及执行效果分析以_实现扭亏为盈的。值得引起关注的是，这些利用大幅度资产减值准备进行利润调节的公司，有可能在2006年将减值准备统统转回，否则2007年执行新会计准则后，这些隐藏利润将永远费用化。所以这些公司2006年的利润将产生大的波动。新资产减值准则的出台，从长期的监督看，一些上市公司企图通过冲回已计提的减值准备来操纵利润的计划就落空了，这样可以有效的遏制认为操纵利润的行为发生。但从短期的角度看，既然该准则是在2007起开始施行，那么很多已经计提资产减值准备并打算在未来年份将其冲回来提高利润的上市公司，很可能会赶在新准则实施之前，即在2006年度冲回计划计提的减值准备，从而大幅度提升利润。2007年1月1日开始在上市公司执行的新会计准则出台了一系列的新的具体准则尤其是首次增加了一项关于资产减值的具体准则，准则规定资产减值损失一经确认，在以后的会计期间内不得转回。因此，从投资者的角度，想要了解此项具体准则的执行是否改进会计信息的质量，是否能够提高会计信息的决策有用性。对于这样的问题，目前尚无实证性的评价，但基于以下原因，对这些问题提供答案是非常必要的。首先，它为新准则的颁布以及执行是否改进会计信息的质量，提高会计信息的决策有用性提供了证据。颁布并执行新准则的目标是提高会计信息质量，增强会计信息的决策有用性，强化证券市场资源优化配置的功能，会计改革能否达到这些预期目标亟待回答。其次，它对评价新的会计准则的合理性提供依据。因为通过透视证券市场新会计准则执行的效果和存在的问题，就可以观察当前执行新准则的合理性。鉴于本文的研究对象和研究目的，本文采用实证研究方法与规范研究方法相结合的研究方法，具体分为两个阶段，第一，运用描述统计的方法，研究2006年上市公司年度财务报告中的资产减值是否有重大异动；第二，上市公司执行新会计准则的效果。第一章“导论部分，主要介绍论文的相关背景，以及论文的研究问题、研究方法和全文的逻辑结构等。第二章“文献综述”，对国内外的资产减值和有效市场与会计信息的相关文献进行全面地介绍和评述，总结国内外相关文献的研究方法和结论。第三章“新准则下资产减值准备对利润的影响，通过上市公司20052摘要2007年资产减值规模的比较以及20052007年累计资产减值率及各个具体项目的资产减值的比较，观察新准则发布前后与执行前后上市公司资产减值计提与转回是否有显著变化以及其对利润的影响。第四章：“新会计准则执行效果的实证研究”，从信息观和计量观的角度出发，运用关联研究法，对会计盈余与投资报酬和股价水平的关系进行调查。以此来全面考察新的企业会计准则是否显著的提高了会计信息的质量，是否增强了会计信息的决策有用性。第五章“结论和建议部分着重概括本研究的基本结论，说明本研究的局限性以及未来可能的改进方向。同时，基于新准则的执行情况提出建议。因此，本文采用实证研究方法与规范研究方法相结合的研究方法，试图研究企业会计准则第8号资产减值的发布是否对上市公司2006和2007年度的财务报告产生了重大影响，在新资产减值准则发布的2006年和已经实施新减值准则的2007年上市公司的年度财务报告中，资产减值准备的计提与转回是否有大的异动以及其对上市公司利润的影响，同时，本文还试图研究上市公司执行新会计准则的效果。研究结果发现：1、新准则执行前后，我国上市公司对资产减值准备的会计处理确实有一定的倾向性，即在新准则执行前一年，资产减值准备转回数大幅度提高，新准则执行后，资产减值准备计提数明显减少。而累计资产减值率在新准则执行后的第一年内便迅速下降，反映出新准则在资产减值这一块的实施效果还是很令人满意的。2、事件研究法证实，从统计意义上看，笔者发现执行新的减值准则这一行为具有信息含量。3、运用关联研究法，借助于报酬模型，笔者发现会计盈余的价值相关性没有提高，确是显著下降的。原因可能有两个方面：一方面是我国证券市场的效率不高，市场投机行为比较严重，市场没有对会计盈余信息质量的改进做出恰当的反应；另外一方面是由于执行机制缺乏效率，致使会计盈余的信息质量没有得到应有的提高。本文研究的新意及局限性(1)采用描述性统计的分析方法，对20052007年A股上市公司的资产减值准备的计提与转回情况进行研究，分析上市公司在新准则施行前后，选择资产减值会计政策的一些特征和倾向性。(2)采用线性回归的统计分析方法，利用新准则执行前后的数据，判断中国上市公司资产减值的实证研究新资产减值准则下资产减值准备对利润的影响及执行效果分析新准则执行后会计信息价值相关性是否显著提高。本文的研究贡献主要体现在以下两个方面：(1)由于现有的研究新会计准则中关于资产减值的研究大部分都属于规范研究，并且大部分文章都是就会计准则论会计准则，或者是从定性方面研究新减值准则对公司利润的影响。而本文旨在研究新减值准则执行的效果分析，从而在实证研究的基础上揭示新准则的颁布以及执行对我国广大投资者以及上市公司的影响。(2)本文的研究结果可以帮助我国金融监管机构以及广大的会计工作者有所帮助：对于准则制定机构而言，应考虑出台的会计准则与经济环境的融合性；对于市场监管机构而言，应积极采用市场导向的监管体制，提高市场的监管水平和效率；政府应积极培育和严格规范涉足会计市场的中介机构；提高我国上市公司会计人员的素质以及执业技能。关键词：资产减值，利润影响，执行效果4AbstmetFebruary 1 5，2006，ChinaS Ministry of Finance released，including a basic 38criteria and standards，a set of new guidelines for corporate accounting systemThe new accounting standards on January 1，2007 in the first listed company in theimplementation,and then gradually extended tO all companiesUnder the new accounting standards issued，denominated assets arising fromchanges in the way of the worldS attentionThe fair value of careful introductionof asset impairment accounting treatment of major changes，such as therecognition of financial assets into the new accounting guidelines issued by thebright spot，has attracted academics，business people to discussOne of thepromulgation of the new”Enterprise Accounting Standards No8-Impairment ofAssets，”impairment of assets as a separate release specific guidelines，reflects theimportance of asset impairment，asset impairment accounting theory marks a newdevelopmentNew guidelines for asset impairment ofassets for impairment lossesrecognized standards，measurement methods，tO disclose all the way tO make adetailed system，SO as tO change the original asset impairment policies are scatteredamong the criteria,the fragmentation of the situation，is of great SignificanceWi协the January 2007 1 implementation of new accounting standards，accountingfor impairment of assets means that Our system has been established，and thedevelopment of running in practiceIn the past the main criteria applicable tO the impairment of fixed assets，intangible assets and goodwill of the business combination to form，the provisionfor impairment of assets，the assets of the impact ofunfavorable factors have faded，the value of the assets to be back after the resumption of the，So it became a listedcompany to carry out the main means of earnings management， and assetimpairment，the impairment of fixed assets and in particular for the most commonearnings managementIn the past from the effects of the implementation ofaccounting standards，a number of listed companies tO use fixed asset impairmentAn empirical study of Chinese listed companies for impairment of assetsUnder the newaccounting standards how the impairment of assets affect the profitand analysis theimplementation of the new accounting standardsmanipulating profits are mainly two ways：first，then in the large provision forimpairment of fixed assets to prepare，then made a substantial loss in the secondyear And then back to red，thus making turning losses into profits for the secondyear of the financial statements，to avoid delisting；Second year select a largeamount of provision，followed by the slow red a few years back，to create stabilityin the performance of a small rise in financial reporting，manipulation ProfitsThenew guidelines，”Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No8一Impairment of Assets”clearly stipulates：”The asset impairment loss，onceconfirmed at a later accounting period shall not be back”Provisions of theoperating performance of listed companies will have a major impact on，Especially for the suspension of listed companies and companies ST。At present，many listed companies to resume suspension of the listing is a”huge amount ofprovision，large back”method in order to achieve the turn aroundWorthy of concern is that a substantial use of these assets for impairmentadjustment of profits of the company，it is possible in 2006 will be all ready toback impairment，or in 2007 the implementation of new accounting standards，these hidden costs and profits will always beThese companies profit in 2006 willhave a big fiucmationsNew guidelines for the introduction of asset impairment，from the long-term oversight，a number of listed companies in an attempt to havebeen washed through the provision of impairment to the profit manipulation of theplan would be defeated，SO as to effectively curb the acts of profit manipulationthat occurredHowever，short-term point of view，since the guidelines areimplemented starting in 2007，has been a lot of provision for impairment of assetsand preparation for the next year to raise the red back profits of listed companies，is likely to drive in the new guidelines before the implementation of the，That is，in 2006，Chong plans to return to the impairment provision，SO as to substantiallyenhance profitsJan 1，2007 listed companies in the beginning of the implementation of newaccounting standards issued a series of new specific guidelines for the first time inparticular，all increase of assets for impairment on a specific criteria,the criteriaprovided for impairment loss of assets upon confirmation，After the accountingperiod shall not be backAs a result，from the perspective of investors，want tounderstand the specific guidelines for the implementation of whether or not to2Abstractimprove the quality of accounting information，accounting information canincrease the usefulness of the decision-makingFor this，there is no empiricalevaluation，but for the following reasons，to provide answers to these questions isessentialFirst，it enacted the new guidelines，aS well aS whether theimplementation ofthe accounting information to improve the quality of accountinginformation to improve decision-making and provide useful evidenceThepromulgation and implementation of the new guidelines aim to improve the qualityof accounting information,accounting information to enhance the usefulness of thedecision-making，and optimize the allocation of resources to strengthen the stockmarketS function of the accounting reform Can achieve these goals is expected tobe answeredSecond，its evaluation of new accounting standards provide a basisfor rationalityBecause the stock market through the lens of the new accountingstandards and the effect of the implementation of the existing problems，Can bepresent to observe the implementation of the new guidelines is reasonableIn this paper,in view of the study and research purposes，using empiricalresearch methods and standardize the method of combining research methods，specifically in two stages，first，describes the use of statistical methods to study the2006 annual financial reports of listed companies in the Whether there is asignificant asset impairment changes；Second，the listed companies to implementthe new accounting standardsThe first chapter，”Introduction”section of the paper introduces thebackground，as well aS research papers，study methods and the full text of thelogical structure and SO onThe second chapter，”A Literature Review”，at home and abroad for theimpairment of assets and effective market information and accounting literatureand tO introduce a comprehensive review of the literature at home and abroadsummary of research methods and conclusionsChapter III of the”new criteria for impairment of assets under the impact ofprofit”by listed companies in 20052007 compared、析t11 the size of theimpairment of aSsets aS well as the 2005-2007 cumulative asset impairment andthe rate of specific proj ects of the Impairment of Assets comparison Observedbefore and after the release of the new guidelines and the implementation of the3An empirical study of Chinese listed companies for impairment of assets_I Inder the new accounting standards howthe impairment ofassets affect the profit and analysis theimplementation of the new accounting standardslisted companies before and after the provision for impairment of assets andwhether there is back to the significant changes and their impact on profitsChapter IV：”The effect of the implementation of new accounting standardsof empirical research，”information from the concept and measurement of theangle of view,the research associated谢t11 the use of law，accounting and returnon investment earnings and stock price levels for investigationAs a means of acomprehensive study of the new enterprise accounting standards is a significantimprovement of the quality of accounting information，accounting information isto enhance the usefulness of the decisionmakingChapter V”conclusions and recommendations”part of the general focus onthe basic conclusions of this study to illustrate the limitations of this study，as wellas possible future direction to improveAt the same time，based on new guidelinesfor the implementation of the recommendationsTherefore，this paper，empirical research methods and standardize the methodof combining research methods in an attempt to”Accounting Standards forBusiness Enterprises No8一Impairment of Assets”of whether the release of alisted company in 2006 and 2007 annual financial report had a major impact，Under the new guidelines issued by the impairment of assets in 2006 and hasimplemented new guidelines for impairment of listed companies in 2007 annualfinancial report，prepared by the provision for impairment of assets and whetherthere is a big back to the changes and their impact on profits of listed companiesThe impact and at the same time，this article attempts to study the implementationof the new listed company accounting standardsThe results were as follows：1，the new guidelines before and after theimplementation of Chinas listed companies on the asset impairment accountingtreatment does have a certain preference，that the new guidelines for theimplementation of the previous year，asset impairment back to the substantialincrease in the number of new guidelines After the implementation of the assetimpairment provision to reduce the number of obviousThe cumulative rate ofimpairment of assets in the new guidelines for the implementation of the first yearwill decline rapidly，the new guidelines reflect the impairment of assets in theimplementation of this piece is very satisfactory results2，the event studyconfirmed statistically significant from the point of view，I found that the4垒!堕塑implementation of the newimpairment criteria for the content of information act3，associated埘m the use of research，help pay model，the author found that theaccounting value of the surplus did not enhance the relevance，it is a significantdeclineThere may be two reasons：on the one hand，Chinas securities market iSinefficient,market speculation rather serious，the market is no accounting for thesurplus to improve the quality of the information is the appropriate level ofresponse；on the other hand due to the lack of efficient mecl=lanisms forimplementation，resulting in accounting The surplus has not been the quality ofinformation should be improvedIn this paper，the new limitations and(1)using descriptive statistics analysis，2005-2007 Ashare listed companySprovision for impairment of assets and the situation back to the research,analysisofthe listed companies before and after the implementation of the new guidelines，the choice of asset impairment accounting Some of the features of the policy andpreference(2)using linear regression statistical analysis，the use of new data before andafter the implementation of the guidelines to determine criteria for theimplementation of new accounting information after the value of the relevance ofwhether or not improved significantlyIn this paper，the contribution ofresearch in the following two aspects：(1)due to the existing research on the new accounting standards forimpairment of assets are within the norms of research studies，and most of allarticles on accounting standards on accounting standards，or from the qualitativeaspects of the new guidelines for impairment of the company ProfitsThe purposeof this paper is to study new guidelines for the implementation of the effect ofimpairment analysis in the study on the basis of the evidence reveals，as well as thepromulgation of new guidelines for the implementation of ChinaS vast number ofinvestors and listed companies(2)In this paper，the results could help ChinaS financial regulators，as well asthe broad masses of workers accounting help：For standard-setting bodies，shouldconsider the in仃oducfion of accounting standards and economic integration of theenvironment；the market regulator，Should adopt a marketoriented regulatorysystem，improve market efficiency and the level of supervision；the GovernmentAn empirical study of Chinese listed companies for impairment of assets Under the newaccounting standards howthe impairment of assets affect the profit and analysis theimplementation of the newaccounting standardsshould actively cultivate and strict accounting norms set foot i11 the marketintermediaries；Chinas listed companies to improve the quality of accountingpractice，as well as skillsKey words：Impairment of assets，profit impact ofthe implementation of results6西南财经大学学位论文原创性及知识产权声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均己在文中以明确方式标明。因本学位论文引起的法律结果完全由本人承担。本学位论文成果归西南财经大学所有。特此声明学位申请人：闫多2008年12月4日引言引言2006年2月15日，我国财政部发布了包括1项基本准则和38项具体会计准则在内的一整套新的企业会计准则体系。新会计准则于2007年1月1日首先在上市公司中推行，随后逐步推广到所有公司。研究目的在新发布的会计准则中，资产计价方式的改变更引起世人的关注。公允价值的谨慎引入、资产减值会计处理的重大变革、金融资产的确认等会计问题成为此次新准则发布的最大亮点，一再引起学术界、实业界人士的讨论。其中资产减值准备的会计处理变革较多，涉及的资产范围比较广泛，引起了众多人士对资产减值准则的评论。甚至有专家提出疑问，新准则颁布后，在一定程度上、一定时期内，企业的账务处理会不会出现一些混乱，新1日准则之间如何衔接?这都是会计实务界亟待解决的问题。目前现有的文献大多就会计准则论会计准则，集中于资产减值准则对企业利润造成的影响，没有深入探究资产减值准则执行后的效果。有鉴于此，本文主要试图研究企业会计准则第8号资产减值的发布是否对上市公司2006和2007年度的财务报告产生了重大影响，在新准则发布的2006年和已经实施新准则的2007年上市公司的年度财务报告中，资产减值准备的计提与转回是否有大的异动。同时，本文还试图研究执行新会计准则后，上市公司的会计信息质量是否明显提高，即对新准则执行效果进行分析。研究方法鉴于本文的研究对象和研究目的，本文采用实证研究方法来进行研究， 具体分为两个阶段，第一，运用描述统计的方法，研究2005叫007年上市公司年度财务报告中的资产减值是否有重大异动；第二，上市公司执行新会计准则的效果。逻辑结构和内容安排中国上市公司资产减值的实证研究新资产减值准则下资产减值准备对利润的影响及执行效果分析如图1所示，论文由五个部分组成，各部分的安排如下：第一章“导论部分，主要介绍论文的相关背景，以及论文的研究问题、研究方法和全文的逻辑结构等。第二章“文献综述，对国内外的资产减值和有效市场与会计信息的相关文献进行全面地介绍和评述，总结国内外相关文献的研究方法和结论。第三章“新准则下资产减值准备对利润的影响”，通过上市公司20052007年资产减值规模的比较以及2005-2007年累计资产减值率及各个具体项目的资产减值的比较，观察新准则发布前后与执行前后上市公司资产减值计提与转回是否有显著变化以及其对利润的影响。第四章：“新会计准则执行效果的实证研究”，从信息观和计量观的角度出发，运用事件研究法和关联研究法，对会计盈余与投资报酬和股价水平的关系进行调查。以此来全面考察新的企业会计准则是否显著的提高了会计信息的质量，是否增强了会计信息的决策有用性。第五章“结论和建议”部分着重概括本研究的基本结论，说明本研究的局限性以及未来可能的改进方向。同时，基于新准则的执行情况提出建议。第一章导论上第二章文献综述土l 第三章新准则下资产减值准备对利润的影响上第四章新会计准则执行效果的实证研究上第五章结论和建议图1本文的逻辑结构本文研究的新意及局限性(1)采用描述性统计的分析方法，对2005叫007年A股上市公司的资产减值准备的计提与转回情况进行研究，分析上市公司在新准则施行前后，2引言资产减值的计提与转回对上市公司利润的影响。(2)采用线性回归的统计分析方法，利用新准则执行前后的数据，判断新准则执行效果，判断其是否显著提高会计信息质量。本文属于初步性的研究，因此存在众多局限性。首先，会计信息