第五、六讲初中英语语法知识梳理动词.doc

第五、六讲初中英语语法知识梳理动词动词是表示动作（study, find, swim 等）或状态（be, like, feel 等）的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。一）助动词助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下：1、助动词be的用法如下：1）构成各种进行时态。如：It was raining all day yesterday.昨天整天下雨。2）构成被动语态。如：The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.会议是昨天下午举行的。3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如：They are to see an English film this evening.他们今天晚上看英语电影。2、助动词do的用法如下：1）构成疑问式或否定式。如：Does he think so?I didnt say anything about the result.2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调，意为“的确，确实”。如：They do study hard.She does love him.He did want to help the old man.3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：He has lived here for three years.As soon as the sun had set they returned.4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词should 是shall的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：I shall send ten letters to my good friend.She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.二）情态动词情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, need, should等。表示能力表示能力一般用can, could。如：Rose can speak now, but she couldnt a week ago.be able to 也表示能力，它和can 的区别如下：1）表示做事的能力，两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如：She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.They will be able to finish the drawing soon.2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如：She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时，表示征求对方意见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式，但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气，没有时间上的差别。如：-Could you lend me your pen?-Yes, I can.表示许可表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意：回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的回答。-Might/Could I borrow your book?-Yes, you may/can.表示必需、必要must和have to都有“必须” ，一般情况下可互换。如：You must / have to finish the work.但他们有如下区别：1）must 表示说话人的主观看法；have to 表示客观需要。如：I must have a talk with him.He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.2) 否定式mustnt 表示禁止，意为“不准，不可以做”；dont have to 意为“不必”。如：You mustnt hit her.You dont have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.注：表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下：must 表示较有把握的推测，只用于肯定句，不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下：1）对目前动作的推测，用must+动词原形。如：You must lose in the mountain.2) 对目前状态的推测，用must + be + 表语。如：You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.在肯定句中，表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形，might 比 may的可能性更小；对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如：The package might come tomorrow.They may have killed the enemies.3、在疑问句中，对现在表示推测用can (could) +动词原形，对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) have+过去分词；在否定句中，对现在表示推测用cant+动词原形，对过去表示推测用cant (couldnt) have+过去分词。如：It cant be John. He has gone to UK.4、need的双重身份need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词，它们的用法不同，如不注意区分，就容易用错。三）系动词连词动词的种类联系动词含有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。1、按意义联系动词有：be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等，如：Jim appears very old.、表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如：It smells bad.3、表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如： She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.四）行为动词 行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。、及物动词及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如：My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.2、不及物动词 不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：He only worried about his daughter.二、动词的时态 动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。1一般现在时1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：一般情况s以s, x, ch, sh或o结尾es以辅音y结尾去y变ies2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：主 语肯 定 式否 定 式疑 问 式第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数I am a student.We/You/ They are students.He/ She is a student.I / We/ You/ They/ like music.Many people like music.I am not a student.We/You/ They are not students.He/ She is not a student.I / We/ You/ They/ dont like music.Many people dont like music.Are you a student.Are you/ they students?Is he/ she a student?Do you/ they like music?Do many people like music?3）一般现在时态的用法：现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如： I get up at six every morning. He plays tennis once a week.现在的状态 例如：My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.客观真理 例如：The earth goes around the sun.4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语： often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。一般现在时一般现在时基本用法介绍 一般现在时的功能：1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：天空是蓝色的。_ 你是一位学生._2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：我每天六点起床._我们每天读英语._3.表示客观现实。如：地球绕着太阳转。_ 一般现在时的构成 1. be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如： 我是一个男孩。_ 这是我的书包。_ 2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：我们学习英语._ 我每天步行上学。_当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时，要在动词后加-s或-es。 如：玛丽喜欢汉语 _ 她说英语。_一般现在时的变化： 1. be动词的变化。 否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。如：他不是工人。_ 我们不是工人。_ 一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。如：-Are you a student? - Is Li Ping a teacher? _ _特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：我的自行车在哪里？Where is my bike ?这是什么？_ 你多大 _2.行为动词的变化。否定句：主语+ dont( doesnt ) +动词原形(+其它)。如：我不喜欢面包。_ 他们不踢足球。_当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesnt构成否定句。如：他不喜欢汉语。_ 她不踢足球。_一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。如：你常常踢足球吗？_ - Yes, I do. / No, I dont.当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如：她骑自行车上班吗?_ - Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：你父亲是怎样上班的？_? 他坐公共汽车上班。_动词+s的变化规则1一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks2以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes3以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies一般现在时用法专练:一、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数 drink_go_stay_make_look_have_pass_ carry _come_ watch_ plant_ fly _study_ brush_ do_ teach_25二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。1. He often _(have) dinner at home. 2.Daniel and Tommy _(be) in Class One. 3.We _(not watch) TV on Monday. 4. Nick _(not go) to the zoo on Sunday. 5. _ they _(like) the World Cup? 6. What _they often _(do) on Saturdays?7. _ your parents _(read) newspapers every day? 8. The girl _(teach) us English on Sundays.9. She and I _(take) a walk together every evening. 10. There _(be) some water in the bottle.11. Mike _(like) cooking. 12. They _(have) the same hobby.13. My aunt _(look) after her baby carefully. 14. You always _(do) your homework well. 16. She _(go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17. Liu Tao _(do) not like PE. 18. The child often _(watch) TV in the evening.20. What day _(be) it today? Its Saturday.三、按照要求改写句子1. I do my homework every day.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答)_ 2. Amy likes playing computer games.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答)_3. We go to school every morning.(改为否定句)_4. He speaks English very well.(改为否定句)_5. I like taking photos in the park.(对划线部分提问)_6. John comes from Canada.(对划线部分提问)_四、改错(划出错误的地方，将正确的写在横线上) 1. Is your brother speak English? _ 2. Does he likes going fishing? _ 3. He like playing games after class. _ 4. Mr. Wu teachs us English. _ 5. She dont do her homework on Sundays. _2. 现在进行时1）现在进行时的构成：Am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式 v-ing现在分词的构成：一般情况+ing以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing+ing以辅音字母y结尾的单词去e+ing以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时.双写词尾字母+ing2) 现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：主 语肯 定 式否 定 式疑 问 式第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数I am driving.He/She/It is working.We/You/They are doing something.I am not driving.He/She/It is not working.We/You/They are not doing anything.Are you driving?Is he/she/it working?Are you/they doing something?3）现在进行时的用法：1. 说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如： She is having a bath now.2. 现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如： You are working hard today. Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian. The population of the world is growing very fast.频度副词always, forever等词连用时， 表示某种强烈的感情。如：He is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏，表扬)表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词）。如： The party is beginning at 8:00 oclock.6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语： now 等。 often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1I dont think that its true. Shes always _ lies. A. tell B. tells C. telling D. told解析：always在这里应现在进行时连用， 带有感情色彩， 表示讨厌。选C.2. How _ you _ with the new job?A. do, do B. do, get along C. are, doing D. are, getting on解析：表示现阶段正在发生的动作，用现在进行时。选D.3- Are these socks yours? - No. Mine _ outside on the clothes line. A. are hanging B. have hung C. hang D. hung解析：hang意为悬挂， hung意为上吊、绞死，先排除答案B、D。根据前后句意可判断出现在的状态，应用现在进行时。应选 A.现在进行时专项练习：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：play_run_swim_make_go_like_write_ski_read_have_sing_dance_put_see_begin_shop_ buy_ love_ live_ take_ come _ get_stop_ sit _二.填空:（用现在进行时态完成）1. She _ _ (walk) now. 2. They _ _ (sitt) on the chair. 3. Cindy _ _ (watch) TV. 4. Joe _ _ (water) in the garden. 5. Look, Nick _ _ (come). 6. Listen, she _ _ ( sing). 7. Look, the girl _ _ (run). 8.My mother and my father _ _ (dance). 三.根据汉语意思填空:1.你要去哪儿啊? Where are you _? 2.Nick 正在爬攀登架. Nick _ (climb) the jungle gym.3.他们正在读书. They _ books now. 4. 爷爷正在吸烟. Grandpa _(smoke).5.我在做作业. I _ (do) my homework. 6.我妈妈正在做饭.My mother _(cook).7.Jerry在喝柠檬果汁. Jerry _ lemon juice. 8.他正在写信. He _ a letter.四.填入be动词的适当形式1.He _ drinking water. 2.The eagle _ flying in the sky. 3.Children _ playing in the playground. 4.They _ working now. 5.I _ going to the supermarket. 五、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1.The boy _ ( draw)a picture now. 2. Listen .Some girls _ ( sing)in the classroom . 4. What _ you _ ( do ) now? 5. Look . They _( have) an English lesson . 6.They _(not ,water) the flowers now. 10._Helen_(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is .六、句型转换：1. They are doing housework .(分别改成一般疑问句和否定句) _2The students are cleaning the classroom . ( 改一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答) _3Im playing football in the playground .(对划线部分进行提问) _4Tom is reading books in his room. (对划线部分进行提问) _七用动词的适当形式填空（现在进行时与一般现在时对比练习）She _ (go) to school at eight oclock. 2. Its six oclock. They are _ supper. (eat)He usually _ up at 6:00.(get ) 4. She _ (live) in Beijing.They are _ (dig) a hole (洞). 6. My father _ (mend) his model(模型) plane these days.九.造句:1).she,the window,open,now.(用现在进行时连词成句.)_2).is,who,the window,cleaning?(连词成句)_3).She is closing the door now.(改成否定句)_4.)You are doing your homework.(用I作主语改写句子)_5).they,the tree,sing,now,under.(用现在进行时连词成句.)_6).The Young Pioneers are helping the old woman.(改成一般疑问句)_十、用括号中动词的适当形式填空： 1. My parents _（watch）TV now. 2. What _ your mother _（do）now? 3. _ you _（listen）to music? Yes, I am. 4. Look, Miss Chen _ football.（play） 5. Tom and his sister _（wait）for you over there. 6. Now Class 3 and Class 4_（have）a test. 3一般将来时1）一般将来时的构成： 1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形 2. am / is / are +going to +动词原形 2）一般将来时的用法： 1将要发生的动作。例如： I will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 2将要存在的状态。例如： This time next year I will be in Japan. Where will you be? 3打算要做的事。 例如： Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语：tomorrow next week in 2008 等。 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. I_ for Hong Kong on Saturday. Will you go to see me off at the airport？A. am leaving B. am left C. am going to leaving D. left解析：趋向动词leave 可用现在进行时表将来。选A。2.I_ to see grandma and help her with some housework every week.A. came B. am going come C. come D. will come解析：此题虽然有every week, 但句意中表达的事将要去做的经常性动作。应该用一般将来时。因此选D。3. We Chinese _ the Olympic Games in 2008.A. held B. shall holding C. are holding D. are going to hold解析：本题的时间状语是将来的时间， 所以选用一般将来时，A、D都删去。shall后面应跟动词原型，故应选D.一、填空。1. 我打算明天和朋友去野炊。I_ _ _ have a picnic with my friends tomorrow. =I _ have a picnic with my friends tomorrow.2. 下个星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打篮球。What _ _ _ _ _ next Monday? I _ _ _ play basketball.=What _ you do next Monday? I _ play basketball.3. 你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。 _ your mother _ _ go shopping this _? Yes, she _. She _ _ _ buy some fruit.二、改句子。1. Nancy is going to go camping（野营）.（改否定） Nancy _ going to go camping.2. Ill go shoppingthis afternoon.（改否定）I _ go shoppingthis afternoon . 3. Im going to get up at 6:30 tomorrow.（改一般疑问句） _ _ _ to get up at 6:30 tomorrow?4. We will meet at the bus stop at 10:30.（改一般疑问句）_ _ meet at the bus stop at 10:30.5. She is going to listen to music after school.（对划线部分提问） _ _ she _ _ _ after school?6. My father and mother are going to see a play the day after tomorrow.(同上) _ _ going to see a play the day after tomorrow.三、用所给词的适当形式填空。1. My brother _ (go) to Shanghai next week.2. What do you usually do at weekends? I usually _(watch) TV and _(catch) insects(昆虫)? 3. Mary _ (visit) her grandparents tomorrow.4. Liu Tao _ (fly) kites in the playground yesterday.5. My mother and I _(clean) our garden tomorrow.6.Where _ your parents _ (have) lunch tomorrow?7 .She _(go fishing ) tomorrow. 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1 r. Mott is out. But he _ here a few minutes ago.A. was B. is C. will be D. would be解析：时分钟前发生的动作， 应该用一般过去时。 应选A，2-Hi, Tom. -Hello, Fancy. I _ you were here. A.dont know B.wont think C. think D. didnt know解析：虽然句中没有明确的时间状语， 但是可以通过上下文语境判断出， 这句话指的是我这段时间并不知道， 你前一阵子在这儿。 所以应选A。3He promised to tell me by himself when I _.A. come B. would come C. come D. had come解析：在时间状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来。应选C。4一般过去时1）一般过去时的构成： 用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：一般情况+ed以e字母结尾的辅音+d以辅音字母y结尾去y变ied重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾字母+ed2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：主 语肯 定 式否 定 式疑 问 式第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数I was a student.We/You/ They were students.He/ She was a student.I / We/ You/ They/ liked music.Many people liked music.I was not a student.We/You/ They were not students.He/ She was not a student.I / We/ You/ They/ didnt like music.Many people didnt like music.Were you a student.Were you/ they students?Was he/ she a student?Did you/ they like music?Did many people like music?3）一般过去时的用法：1 过去发生的动作。例如： The police stopped me on my way home last night.2 过去存在的状态。例如：They werent able to come because they were so busy.3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语： yesterday，t