词汇讲解unit 8.doc

TEXT A 1.2 Words & Expressions 1. Scream: v. to make a loud, piercing sound 尖声呼啸, 发出尖锐的刺耳的声音 Jet planes screamed through the air. 喷气式飞机在空中呼啸而过。He immediately began to scream with pain. 他立即因痛苦尖叫起来。She screamed in anger. 她愤怒地尖声叫喊。The wind screamed through the trees. 风从林间呼啸而过。That red dress really screams. 那件红衣服真引人注目。The child screamed itself red in the face.这孩子喊得脸都红了。词汇扩展：screaming: a. 尖声的，发出尖叫声的2. Precisely: ad. 1. exactly; just 恰好；正好2. in a precise manner; carefully 精确地；细致地Inferior equipment was precisely the reason some hikers refused to continue the climb. 正是设备的低劣才导致一些徒步旅行者不愿继续攀登。I cant give you the date precisely.我不能告诉你确切的日期。Used as an intensive: (用于肯定的答复)对,确实如此Precisely, was Johns opinion. 约翰认为:确实如此。词汇扩展：precision: n. exactness 精确，准确 a. made or done with exactness 精密的，确切的3. Explode: vi. 1. blow up or burst 爆炸；爆破 2. (in, with) show sudden violent emotion 爆发 vt. 1. cause (a bomb, etc.) to blow up or burst 使爆炸；使突发 2. (often pass.) destroy (a belief) 常被动 破除e.g. The bomb exploded. 炸弹爆炸了。I threw the vase on the floor and it exploded into tiny pieces.我把花瓶扔到了地板上，花瓶砰地一声摔个粉碎。My neighbor exploded in rage at the trespassers. 我的邻居对闯入者勃然大怒。The population level in this area has exploded during the past 12 years.在过去的十二年中这一地区的人口一直剧增。Over the weekend the trees exploded with color. 经过周末，树木的颜色突然变了。The children exploded three firecrackers. 孩子们燃放了三个爆竹。词汇扩展： Explosion: n. 1. a sudden bursting out of strong emotion （感情等的）爆发，迸发 2. (a loud noise caused by) a sudden, violent burst of energy 爆炸声 There was a terrible explosion at the chemical plant. 那家化工厂发生了一起可怕的爆炸事故。We heard an explosion of loud laughter. 我们听到一阵大笑。Explosive: a. that can explode 会爆炸的Unemployment became an explosive issue. 失业成了一个爆炸性的问题。 Gasoline fumes are highly explosive. 气态汽油极其易爆The old man has an explosive temper. 那老人性情暴躁。4. Basis: n. 1. a foundation upon which something rests基础; 事物依赖的基础2. the chief constituent; the fundamental ingredient 主要成分；基本成分3. the fundamental principle 基本原则Dont evaluate a person on the basis of appearance. 不要以相貌取人。They charge customers on an hourly basis.他们向顾客按钟点收费。The basis of her opinion is something she read in the magazine. 她意见的根据是从杂志里看来的。5. Witness: vt. see sth. happen 目击 n. one who can give a firsthand account of something seen, heard, or experienced目击者，见证人：能够给出有关看到、听到或经历的事件的第一手描述的人a witness of the accident 事件的目击者These facts are a witness to his carelessness. 这些事实证明了他的粗心。She gave witness on behalf of the accused person. 她替被告作证。She witnessed the accident. 她亲眼看见该事故。None could witness that he was present. 没有人能证明他在场。He has witnessed many battles. 他经历过多次战争。This old auditorium has witnessed many ceremonies.这个古老的礼堂内举行过许多次典礼。习惯用法：bear false witness against sb. 作对某人不利的伪证bear witness to 构成.的证据；为.作证, 证明call. to witness 请.证明; 传.作证人give witness on behalf of sb. 为某人作证in witness of 作为.的证明, 为.作证6. Demonstration: n. 1. a manifestation, as of ones feelings 表示; 表露，例如感情2. a public display of group opinion, as by a rally or march示威peace demonstrations 和平示威We watched the demonstration from our windows. 我们从窗口看示威游行。a simple demonstration of gravity 地心引力的简单证明the demonstration of a machine 机器的操作示范7. Absolute: a. 1. not depending on or measured by comparison with other things 绝对的 2. complete; total 完全的；十足的 3. certain; definite; leaving no doubt 确实的；不容置疑的 absolute alcohol 纯酒精, 无水酒精 absolute ignorance 完全无知absolute quiet 万籁俱寂 absolute ruler 专制的统治absolute truth 绝对真理The country enjoys absolute independence after the war. 战后，国家享有了完全的独立。He has absolute power over the matter. 他对这件事有绝对权力。It is an absolute fact. 这是一个无疑的事实。词汇扩展：absoluteness: n. 绝对, 完全, 专制习惯用法：by absolute necessity 万不得已8. Custom: n. 1. a practice followed by people of a particular group or region习俗，风俗2. a habitual practice of a person 习惯; 某人的习惯性做法I have the custom of reading a little before sleep. 我习惯在睡觉前先看会儿书。consumption custom 消费习惯 commercial custom 商业惯例like to have your custom 欢迎你的光顾have plenty of custom (商店等)主顾多It is the custom with of the local people to do so. 这种作法是当地人的习惯。词汇扩展：customary: a. established by custom; usual or habitual 习俗的；习惯的习惯用法：have sb.s custom 受某人照顾 Once is no custom. 谚一次不能成例。present ones custom to 经常光顾 give ones custom to 经常光顾Habit is a second nature. 谚习惯是第二天性。 customs of war 战争惯例9. Disintegrate: v. 1. fall apart 瓦解；解体 2. (cause to) break into small parts or pieces （使）破碎；（使）碎裂disintegrate the enemy troops 瓦解敌军The rocks are disintegrated by frost and rain. 风霜雨露使岩石分化。The older strata gradually disintegrate. 较老的岩层渐渐风化。The plane would probably disintegrate at that high speed. 那架飞机如以那么快的速度飞行,可能会破碎解体。10. Sake: n. 1. purpose; motive 目的；缘故 2. advantage; good 利益；好处 3. personal benefit or interest; welfare 个人的利益，兴趣；好处It is really a shame to have a quarrel only for the sake of argument.仅仅为了争吵的缘故争吵实在不是什么光彩的事情。What we did is for the sake of his health. 我们所做得都是为他的健康着想。She decided to learn English for her own sake. 她决定为了自己学好英语。John did it for his own sake. 约翰为了自身的利益而做这事情。 He moved his family to a warmer state for the sake of his wifes health. 为了妻子的健康,他把家搬到一个更暖和的州。11. Athletic: a. of or concerning athletes or athletics 运动员的；运动的Chinese have won many gold medals in the international athletic events. 中国人在国际体育赛事中赢得了许多金牌。The school athletic meet is to be held next Tuesday. 校运动会定于下星期二举行。 John is an athletic boy. He is good at running. 约翰体魄健壮。他擅长跑步。12. Security: n. safety; sth. that provides or assures safety 安全；保卫措施，安全措施e.g. live in peace and security 过着平静安稳的生活safeguard the security of ones motherland 保卫祖国的安全a sense of security 安全感 public security 公安 security police 保安警察A good fire is a security against wild beasts. 生一大堆火可确保不受野兽的侵扰。Security is the greatest enemy. 疏忽是最大的敌人。Two guards looked after the security of the property. 两个警卫看管财产的安全。 They tightened security during the Presidents visit. 在总统访问期间加强防卫。习惯用法：as security 作为低押品 for security 为了确保安全; 为了安全起见give security against 保护, 使无.之忧in security 安全地, 安心地 in security for 作.的担保on good security 有可靠的抵押 social security 社会保险13. Emotion: n. 1. any of the strong feelings of the human spirit 情感；激情；感情 2. strength of feelings; excited state of the feelings 激动Readers will definitely experience the emotions of joy, sorrow, reverence, hate, and love in the great novels.读者会在伟大的小说中体会到快乐、痛苦、尊敬、痛恨和爱的冲动。The man spoke unsteadily in a voice that betrayed his emotion. 这人以情绪不正常的语气断断续续地说话。词汇扩展：emotionless: a. 没有感情的, 冷漠的14. Extend: vt. make (sth.) longer or larger 使延长，使延期；扩展，扩大They extended the legs of the folding table. 他们打开折叠桌的桌腿。We planned to extend our visit by a day. 我们计划把我们的拜访再延长一天。Influence of Chinese culture has extended to other continents. 中国文化的影响已经扩大到其它各洲。extend your hands 伸出你的手 extend ones business 扩大其营业extend financial help to sb. 给予某人资助 extend ones congratulations 向.致贺词汇扩展：extension: n. 1. the act of extending or being extended 延伸；扩展 2. 增加的部分15. Violate: vt. break or be contrary to (a rule, a principle, treaty, etc.) 违反，违背；违犯e.g. Their behavior violated our privacy. 他们的行为侵犯了我们的隐私。The soldiers violated the church by using it as a stable. 士兵把教堂当马厩用而亵渎它。The sound of guns violated the usual calm of Sunday morning. 炮声破坏了平常星期日早晨的宁静。16. Tentative: a. uncertain; hesitant 不确定的；迟疑不决的 a tentative smile 勉强的微笑 a tentative suggestion试探性建议a tentative agenda暂定议程 prices tentative价格不固定, 暂定价Each step he took was slightly tentative. 他每走一步都有些迟疑不决。1.3 Phrases and expressions 1. hang over: 1. remain in the air; be placed above or on top of sth 笼罩e.g. Smog used to hang over the city. 过去这座城市上空烟雾笼罩。2. be likely to happen soon; surround sth. as with fear, doubt, etc 即将发生；威胁 e.g. They felt some kind of disaster was hanging over them.他们感到某种灾难正逼近。2. at the top of ones voice/lungs: speak as loudly as one can放声（大叫）e.g. The fans screamed at the top of their voice at the sight of Michael Jackson. 歌迷们见到麦克尔杰克逊时放声尖叫。3. on abasis: (be done) in away; using amethod 地；在基础上e.g. These people donate their blood on a voluntary basis.人们自愿捐血。 She worked in the school on a part-time basis. 她在学校打工是临时性的。 Atheletes take part in the Olympics on a amateur basis. 运动员参加奥运比赛是业余性的。4. as a matter of fact: in fact; in reality 实际上e.g. He thought the room vacant, but as a matter of fact, it was already occupied. 他以为房间是空着的，可事实上已经被占用了。5. for sth.s/sb.s sake (for the sake of sth./sb.): for the purpose of sth.; for the benefit of sb为了的利e.g. For the sake of your safety, please fasten your seatbelt.为了安全请系好安全带。6. on hand: available; near and ready to help 现有，在手头；即将到来, 即将发生; 美在场, 到场e.g. He had no cash on hand to pay for the watch.他手头没钱买这块手表。at hand 在手边, 在附近, 即将来临, 在眼前，Soon school will end and the vacation will be at hand.学期快结束了, 假期即将到来。常用短语；on ones hands 由.照管; 由.负责out of hand 无法控制; 不受约束(常与动词be及get 连用)out of sb.s hands 不再由某人负责、控制under hand 受到控制，暗中, 私下 under ones hand (and seal) 经本人亲笔签名盖章put in hand 开始, 着手 turn / put ones hand to 着手去做某事put into sb.s hands 把.交到某人手里; 把.托付给某人short of hands 缺少人手wash ones hands (of)洗手不干; 不再负责; 完全退出with a bold hand 大胆地; 蛮横地with a firm hand 坚决地with a heavy hand 残酷地; 严厉地; 暴虐地; 专制地，笨拙地; 粗枝大叶(地)with a high hand 傲慢地, 专横地(通常为carry it 或carry things with a high hand)with a sparing hand 节约地; 吝惜地with a / the strong hand 以强硬手段 with a/ the strong arm 以强硬手段with an iron hand 以铁的手腕, 严苛地with an open hand 慷慨地with both hands 全力以赴地with clean hands 廉洁地hand in hand 手拉手地; 联合地; 形影不离地hand to hand 逼近地; 短兵相接地 常作hand-to-hand短兵相接的; 肉搏的hand on 依次传递, 传给后代 hand over 交出; 移交hand out 口交出; 分发7. make good: repay; make up for 偿付，支付（债务），成功；兑现诺言 e.g. She promised that she would make good the loss.她保证偿还损失的。As a dynamic young man, Mike is determined to make good and become somebody one day.( Make good：发奋图强)含“Good”和“bad”的惯用语for ones own good：对某人有利 = to ones advantage It is advisable for a person to learn a new language; it is for his own good.do someone good：对某人有好处 (反： do sb. Harm )After a long period of hard work, it will do you good if you take a short holiday.do someone a good turn：帮助某人= do sb a favorI can never forget the day when David did me a good turn out of sheer kindness.give someone a good talking-to：强烈批评某人= criticize sb seriously / severelyA woman customer complained to the manager and the manager gave the salesgirl a good talking-to.have a good time：享受一番 = enjoy onselfSome old friends met at the weekend and they had a good time at the club.hold good：继续有效 = continue to be effectiveCertain rules and regulations hold good at all times and places.while the going is good：当情况尚好时We can have some end-of -the-year bonus while the going is good.as good as done/ finished：几乎全部完成The whole project is as good as done. We can proceed with the next phase of work now.through someones good offices：透过某人的鼎力相助Through a senior officers good offices, John got the permission to extend his visit.the good old days：过去的好时光When old friends meet, they like to chat about the good old days.bad blood：感情恶劣There has been bad blood between the two e to a bad end：悲惨收场Some bad characters have been in and out of prison quite often. They will come to a bad end soon.give someone a bad/ hard time：虐待某人If your boss tends to give you a bad time without any reason, you had better change your job.give something up as a bad job：停止做不可能的事Janet started learning Mandarin but did not make good progress. Eventually, she gave it up as a bad job.go from bad to worse：越来越坏The relations between the two neighbouring countries seem to have gone from bad to worse.make the best of a bad job：在逆境中尽力而为Though Susie does not have good paper qualifications, she has made the best of a bad job and become a successful manager.in a bad way：情况不佳After repeated setbacks, he has been depressed and is in a bad way now.8. pay ones way: pay for what one wants without having to depend on anyone else 独立支付费用/花费 = make a living on ones owne.g. He paid his way by acting as a programmer for a big computer company during the summer vacation. 他靠暑假在一家电脑公司当编程员养活自己。9. more often than not: very frequently 往往，多半e.g. When they dined out, he paid more often than not. 出去吃饭时，多半是他付钱。More often than not the patient recovers. 病人多半能恢复健康。10. live by: live according to 遵循的原则; 以谋生, 靠生活 e.g. I always try to live by what I believe in.我总是努力遵循我自己的信仰。They live by honest labor. 他们靠正当劳动生活。live by ones hands 自食其力Text B Words & Expressions for checkup 1. Brainless: adj. foolish; silly; stupid 没有头脑的；愚蠢的；傻的e.g. That was a pretty brainless thing to do.那样做很愚蠢。词汇扩展：brainlessly adv.（副词） brainlessness n.（名词）2. Frustrate: vt. 1. prevent the fulfillment of; defeat (sb. or sbs effort) 挫败；使失败 2. cause (sb.) to feel of annoyed or disappointed 使烦恼；使沮丧A poor memory frustrated her efforts to become an actress. 糟糕的记忆力阻碍了她成为女演员。frustrate the plans of ones enemy 破坏敌人的计划(使不得逞)He was frustrated by his poverty. 他因贫穷而灰心丧气。The trouble is that he frustrates much easily. 他的毛病是他很容易泄气。The police frustrated the bandits attempt to rob the bank. 警察挫败了匪徒抢劫银行的企图。词汇扩展：frustrated adj. 失败的; 失意的; 失望的习惯用法：be frustrated in 在.方面归于失败3. uniqueadj. 1. 独一无二的；独特的2. unusual 异常的；少见的e.g. unique feature 特色点, 性 unique opportunity 极难得的机会 unique copy 珍本 The custom is unique to the region. 这种风俗是这一地区特有的。 Beethovens symphony is unique in music. 贝多芬的交响曲是无与伦比的。 Her style of writing is rather unique. 她的写作风格很不寻常。词汇扩展：uniquely adv. 习惯用法：unique to. 只有.才有的4. Superb: a. perfect in form, quality, etc; wonderful 高贵的；壮丽的；极好的a superb wine极好的酒 superb skill一流的技巧The cheetah is a superb animal. 猎豹是种威严的动物。a superb dinner 一顿丰盛的晚餐 Mountain scenery is superb. 山景是壮观的。The actor gave a superb performance. 这演员演得极好。词汇扩展：superbly. adv. superbness. n.5. Occur: vi. 1. (esp. of unplanned events) happen; take place发生 2. exist 存在；出现 3. sth occur to sb = it occurs to sb that = it strikes sb that = an idea suddenly come to ones mind 被想到，被想起Heavy rains occur during a summer monsoon. 暴雨出现在一个夏季季风期。Do giraffes occur in Africa only? 长颈鹿是不是只在非洲才有? It never occurred to me that he might be in trouble.没有想到他会遇上麻烦。 A brilliant idea occurred to me. 我想到一个极好的主意。 It didnt occur to him that she would refuse his invitation.没想到她拒绝他邀请。It did not strike us that things changed so soon. 我们没料到事情会变化得这样快。6. Veteran: n. a person with a lot of experience, esp. as a soldier 经验丰富的人，老手；老兵 He is a veteran of political campaigns. 他是个政治斗争的老手。He has rich experience as a veteran actor. 作为资深演员，他经验非常丰富。There are millions of American veterans from the Second World War. 有数百万参加过第二次世界大战的美国退伍军人。 The sewing machine is a real veteran. 那架缝纫机真是一件老古董了。We often asked the veteran workers for advice. 我们常常向经验丰富的工人求教。 This veteran cadre is looked up to by everybody. 这位老干部受到众人的尊敬。veteran model workers 老劳模 a veteran soldier 老兵 Endanger: vt. cause danger to (sb. or sth.); put (sb. or sth.) in danger 危及，使遭危险e.g. Stop driving like that. It endangers the passengers lives. 别那样开车。它危及乘客的生命。His health is endangered by overwork. 他的健康因劳累过多而受到损害。The oil spill endangered thousands of birds. 石油的溢泄危及成千上万的鸟儿。 7. Fist: n. a hand when it is closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm 拳头e.g. They had a fortune in their fists but let it go. 他们遇到发财的机会却放过了。He shook his fist at me in anger. 他怒气冲冲地向我挥动拳头。8. Sin: n. A transgression of a religious or moral law, especially when deliberate 违背习俗, 不合情理之事, 过失, 罪过e.g. Its a sin to waste food. 浪费食品是一种犯罪行为。Being late is an unforgivable sin round here. 迟到是一种不可原谅的失礼行为。9. Surrender: vt. To give up or give back (something that has been granted):放弃；交出You must surrender your old passport when applying for a new one.你申请新护照时, 必须交出旧护照。Surrender your arms, or well shoot! 缴枪不杀! He surrendered himself to despair. 他绝望已极。We advised the hijackers to surrender themselves to the police.我们劝那些劫持者向警察投案。We shall never surrender our liberty. 我们永不会舍弃自由。词汇扩展：surrenderee n. 受让与者surrenderor n. 让与者习惯用法：surrender oneself to 向.投降; 沉迷在, 听任.摆布10. Dictate: n. an order which should be obeyed 命令，指令vt. say or read aloud (words to be typed, written down or recorded on tape) 口授，口述，使听写。e.g. The teacher dictated to the whole class. 老师给全班同学作了听写。He obeyed the dictates of his conscience. 它凭良心做事。The union leaders are trying to dictate their demands to the employer.工会领导人正设法迫使雇主接受他们的要求。习惯用法：be dictated to 被任意指挥 dictate to 口述, 使听写follow the dictates of 听从.的命令支配11. Blink: vt/vi. to shine with intermittent gleams; flash on and off 闪烁, 有间断亮光的闪光 A little lantern blinked in the darkness. 一盏小灯笼在黑暗中微微闪光。blink at the harsh light 眯着眼看那刺目的光blink at the law 无视法律 blink ones eyes 眨眼You cant blink that fact. 你不能忽视那个事实。The girl blinked at the height of the basketball player. 这女孩对那个篮球运动员的身高感到惊讶。12. frank: a. open, honest and direct in speech or writing 坦白的，直率的，真诚的You can tell me what you think, and you may just as well be frank. 你心里想什么就告诉我吧，你还是坦率些好。Ill be frank with you. 坦白跟你说吧。 He offered a frank apology to her for hurting her feelings. 他因伤害了她的感情而真诚地向她道歉。13. originality创造性，独创能力e.g. He is a man of great originality. 他是一个很有创见的人。The clay figure is a work of great originality. 这尊泥人是颇具独创性的作品。 Here are a few stories which indicate the originality, not to say eccentricity, of his character. 这里有几个故事,表明了他奇特而并非怪僻的性格14. corrupt vt. 腐蚀；使堕落corrupt the child 惯坏了孩子 corrupt a policeman with money 贿赂警察You are corrupted at heart. 你心术不正。The text was corrupted by careless copyists. 原文因抄写员粗心而有讹误。One corrupt apple corrupts many sound ones. 一个烂苹果可以使许多好苹果腐烂。Corrupt friends led him ast