动词-ing形式小结.doc

动词-ing形式小结动词-ing形式概述v.-ing 形式包括传统语法的现在分词和动名词两部分，像动词不定式一样，它既具有动词时态和语态的特征，又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。动词-ing形式的时态、语态主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written否定式not writingv.-ing形式的一般式V.-ing形式的一般式的构成，表示动作发生在谓语动词动作的同时、之前或之后。用来泛指动作，没有时间的区分。Seeking after knowledge is human nature 求知是人的本性。Travelling abroad can widen ones outlook 出国旅游会扩大人们的视野。Eating too much chocolate is bad for your teeth 吃太多的巧克力对你的牙齿有害。My favourite sport is playing table tennis 我最喜欢的运动是打乒乓球。行为与主要动作同时发生，表示伴随。The students came into the classroom laughing and talking 学生们又说又笑地走进了教室。As she saw me，she came over smiling 她看到我时，笑容可掬地走过来。Doing the washing up，Connie was planning her holiday 康妮在洗碗的时刻盘算着怎样度假。行为在主要动作之前或之后。Antonio remembered sending his mother an email three times last month 安东尼记得上个月给他母亲发了三次电子邮件(在前)Mr. Lee went out shutting the door behind him 李先生出去后将门随手关上。(在后)v.-ing形式的完成式v.-ing形式的完成式由“having + v.-ed 形式”构成，表示动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Having finished his homework，he went to bed 做完了作业，他去睡觉了。(先“做作业”，后“去睡觉”)He doesnt remember having promised me that 他忘记了曾经答应过我那件事。She regretted having missed the film 她很后悔没看这部电影。I remember having heard you speak on that subject 我记得曾经听见你谈过这个问题。I could not recall having heard anyone say that before。 我不记得以前听过谁说这样的话。That weekend，having watched TV to a while，I went to the library to borrow some new novels 那个周末，我看了一会儿电视，便去了图书馆借了几本新小说。Having realized why he had failed in the exam，he has made up his mind to work harder from now on 他认识到考试失败的原因后，下决心从现在开始要更加努力地学习。The decision having been made，the next problem was how to make a good plan 决定已作出，下一个问题是如何制订一个好计划了。v.-ing形式完成式是表示在谓语动词动作以前完成的动作，而时态的表达主要靠谓语动词来加以确定。v.-ing形式的被动式一般时的被动式由“being + v.-ed形式”构成，表示主语是v.-ing形式的动作的承受者。Whats the subject being discussed at the meeting? 会上讨论了什么话题?Being asked to answer the question，she felt a little nervous 叫她回答问题时，她感到有些紧张。The large building being built(=which is being built) will be our school library 正在建造的那座大楼是我们学校的图书馆。The highway being built will lead to Tanggu port 正在修建的高速公路将直通塘沽码头。I still remember being taken to Hangzhou when I was a child 我还记得小时候曾被带到杭州去过。He did it without being asked 他没有被要求就干了这件事。This problem is far from being settled 这问题远远没有解决。The squirrel was luckyIt missed being caught 小松鼠很幸运，它没被抓住。He hated being laughed at 他不喜欢被人笑话。He narrowly missed being seriously injured 他差点受了重伤。Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere 你会发现到处都在讨论这个话题。完成时的被动式v.-ing形式的完成时被动式由“having been + v.-ed形式”构成，表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。Having been given such a good chance，how could you not cherish it at all? 别人给你这么好的机会，你怎么能一点儿不珍惜?Having been invited，he went to Japan to attend the conference 受到邀请，他去日本出席了这次会议。The decision having been made，the next problem was how to make a good plan决定已作出，下一个问题是如何制订一个好计划了。v.-ing形式的否定式v.-ing形式的否定形式由not加v.-ing形式构成。The boy made his father angry by not taking his medicine 那男孩没吃药，使他父亲生气了。I regret not being able to help you 没能帮助你我很遗憾。Not having received an answer，he decided to write again 由于没接到回信，他决定再写一封信。Not knowing his address and telephone number，we couldnt get in touch with him 由于不知道他的地址和电话号码，我们无法和他取得联系。Im sorry for not being present at your party in time 我很抱歉，没能按时参加你的聚会。I felt sorry for not having done the work well 我为没有把工作做好而感到很难过。Im sorry for not having telephoned you before 很抱歉，没有早给你打电话。She hated herself for not having worked hard 她悔恨自己没有用功。Trying without success is better than not trying at all 实验没有成功也比不实验好。动词-ing形式的应用v.-ing形式作主语Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见(眼见为实)。(谚语)Playing table tennis is his favourite sport. 打乒乓球是他最喜欢的体育运动。Crossing the Atlantic by plane takes only a few hours. 坐飞机横越大西洋只需要几个钟头。Talking is easier than doing. 说比做容易。下面句型中it是形式主语，v.-ing形式短语是真正主语。Its no use talking about it 谈论这件事是没有用的。I dont think its much good writing to him 我想写信给他不太好.Its no use crying over spilt milk 事已至此，难过也无益。(牛奶倒翻了哭也没用)(谚语)注：v.-ing形式作主语通常表示抽象动作或泛指一般情况。不定式作主语通常表示具体动作或某个特定的情况。拓展延伸v.-ing形式作主语的用法v.-ing形式作主语还可用于“There be no + v.-ing形式”结构中和布告形式的省略结构中Theres joking about such matters 这种事开不得玩笑。Theres no telling what hes going to do. 没有人能说出他将要干什么。No smoking禁止吸烟。No parking禁止停车。v.-ing形式作主语可以带有表示出来的逻辑主语。这种逻辑主语不论是名词还是代词通常用所有格。Toms marrying Jenny made his father angry 汤姆和珍妮结婚使他的父亲很生气。Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules 你假装不知道这些规定是没用的。Her going there wont do any harm 她去那里并不碍事。v.-ing形式作宾语v.-ing形式可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。作动词宾语。能带v.-ing形式作宾语的动词有两类：A只能带v.-ing形式作宾语；B. 既能带v.-ing形式又能带不定式作宾语。A类动词：avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，give up，cannot help，imagineincludekeep(on)，mind，miss，practise，put offsuggest等。He enjoys listening to light music 他喜欢听轻音乐。The young man is considering changing his job 这位年轻人在考虑调换工作。Im sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai 很遗憾在上海时我没看到你。Would you mind filling out this form? 请你填一下这张表好吗?My father gave up smoking last year 我父亲去年戒烟了。Mother suggested going to Beijing by air 妈妈建议乘飞机去北京。B类动词：begin，cannot bear，cease，continue，forget，hate，like，love，mean，plan，prefer，propose，regret，remember，start，stop，try等。在begin，start，continue，cease，cannot bear，hate，like，love，prefer，propose等动词后，用v.-ing形式或不定式在意义上没有什么差别。The students began writing / to write compositions. 学生们开始写作文。She cannot bear to be laughed at. /being laughed at. 她不能容忍别人嘲笑她。The boys love to play/ playing football.那些男孩喜欢踢足球。但是在下列情况下，通常使用不定式：在would likelovepreferhate后表示一个特定的新动作时：Id like to buy a motor car 我想买一辆汽车。Id prefer to walk this morning 今天早晨我喜欢走着去。Id hate to disappoint her 我不想使她失望。谓语动词用进行时态时：Hes beginning to learn Japanese 他刚开始学日语。Were proposing to start at seven 我们建议7点出发。begin后跟see，understand，know，believe等状态动词时：She began to understand she was wrong 她开始明白她自己错了。I began to believe what he said 我开始相信他说的话了。begin前面的主语是物时：Suddenly it began to rain 天突然下雨了。在need，want，require后面可用v.-ing形式的主动形式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动语态，它们在意义上没有差别，但用v.-ing形式较普遍些。My recorder needswantsrequires mending./ to be mended.我的录音机需要修理了。His letter requires answering / to be answered immediately.他的信需要马上回复。在remember，forget，regret后用v.-ing形式或不定式结构在意义上有明显差别。v.-ing形式结构指动作先于谓语动词的动作发生，不定式结构指后于谓语动词的动作发生。I remember posting the letter我记得把信寄了。(“寄信”发生在“记得”之前，即已寄过信)I must remember to post the letter我必须记住要去寄信。(“寄信”发生在“记得之后，即尚未寄信)Ive forgotten returning the book to the library我忘记了曾经把那本书还给图书馆了。(“归还”的动作在前)Ive forgotten to return the book to the library我忘记了要把那本书归还给图书馆。(“忘记”的动作在前)在try，cannot help, mean, stop，go on后用v.-ing形式还是用不定式结构，取决于它们本身的含义和用法。They stopped to talk.他们(停止原来做的事)开始谈话。(不定式作目的状语)They stopped talking他们停止了谈话。(v.-ing形式作宾语，即停止谈话这个动作)He tried to do the work better. 他设法把那项工作做得更好。He tried doing the work in another way. 他试着用另外的方法做那项工作。Do you mean to tell me that? 你打算把那件事告诉我吗?Thatll mean waiting for some more time 那将意味着再等些时候。I couldnt help to finish that job. 我不能帮助完成那项工作。I couldnt help laughing when I heard the news.听到那个消息，我情不自禁地笑了。He went on to point out mistakes in the paper.他接着开始指出论文中的错误。(指放下原来做的事，转而指出论文中错误)He went on pointing out mistakes in the paper.他继续指出论文中的错误。(指同一动作的继续)注意：(1)在少数句型中，可用it代表v.-ing形式，把v.-ing形式短语放到句子后部去。She found it no use arguing with him。 她发现和他争辩没有用。Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一试会有好处吗?(2)其v.-ing形式可作动词宾语的大多数动词(除finish，practise等外)都可以根据需要在v.-ing形式前加上逻辑主语。逻辑主语(尤其在口语中)通常用名词或代词的宾格表示，也可用所有格表示。Do you mind me(my) smoking? 我抽烟你介意吗?We are considering him(his) going there 我们正在考虑他去那里的事。v.-ing形式作介词宾语。After winning the competition，she was ranked first in the world in womens figure skating赢了这场比赛后，她在世界女子花样滑冰界名列第一。At last he succeeded in performing his task 最后他成功地执行了他的任务。His Job consists of gathering information and writing articles 他的任务包括收集资料和写文章。Im surprised at finding the house empty 发现房子里空无一人，我感到惊讶。Im sorry for giving you so much trouble 对不起，给你添了这么多麻烦。HowWhat about going to the cinema? 去看电影怎么样?Nothing can stop them from falling in love with each other 什么也无法阻止他们相爱。Tom is angry about not being invited to the party 汤姆因未被邀请参加晚会而生气。We had no trouble in finding his house 我们毫不费力地找到了他的家。Im glad to have this opportunity of coming to visit your country 我很高兴能有这个机会访问贵国。Everyone thinks of changing the world，but no one thinks of changing himself 人人都想改变世界，却没有人想改变自己。v.-ing形式作宾语补足语I heard him singing a popular song in the next room 我听到他在隔壁房间里唱流行歌曲。We can see steam rising from the wet clothes 我们可以看到水蒸气从湿衣服中冒出来。注意：1可以带这种复合宾语的动词主要有fee，find，get，hear，keep，see，watch，notice等。上述句子若变为被动语态，v.-ing形式短语就成了主语补足语。He was heard singing a popular song in the next roomSteam can be seen rising from the wet clothes2复合宾语中用v.-ing形式和用不定式在意义上稍有不同。不定式表示动作发生了，指动作的全过程；v.-ing形式则表示动作正在进行。试比较：I saw her come in。我看见她进来了。(说明“进来了”这件事)I saw her coming in。我看见她走进来。(说明“她进来时的情景”)v.-ing形式作表语My favourite sport is playing table tennis. 我最喜欢的运动是打乒乓球。What interests me is living and dying for what one loves 我所感兴趣的是：为所爱而生，为所爱而死。Reading is learning 读书就是学习。注意：v.-inlg形式和不定式都可以作表语。一般说来，在表示比较抽象的一般行为时，多用v.-ing形式；在表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式(这一点，与v.-ing形式或不定式作主语在意义上的差别相同)。Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。Our task now is to build a house我们现在的任务是盖一幢房子。v.-ing形式作定语Theres a swimming pool in our school 我们学校有游泳池。(a swimming pool相当于a pool for swimming)He is in the reading room. 他在阅览室里。(the reading room相当于the room for reading)拓展延伸v.-ing形式作定语的两种情况v.-ing形式作定语置于名词前时，有两种情况。一种是表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的状态、动作，朗读时主重音落在后面的名词上。a sleepingbaby = a baby who is sleeping 一个正在熟睡的婴儿这里sleeping是v.-ing形式作定语，修饰baby。类似的有：a runningriver = a river that is running 一条奔流的小河a waitingcar 等待的汽车a flyingfish 飞鱼a barkingdog 一条爱叫的狗又如：a cleaningwoman 女清洁工a sleepingvolcano 沉睡的火山a firingsquad 行刑队an astonishingspeed 惊人的速度a touchingstory 动人的故事a shiningexample 光辉的待样an everlastingfriendship 永恒的友谊v.-ing形式作定语，表示所处的状态或正在进行的动作，常用短语还有：rolling waves 翻滚的浪头 falling leaves 落叶galloping horses 奔马 coming week 下周touching story 动人的故事 rising sun 朝阳ruling clique 统治集团 striking contrast 鲜明对照raging flames 熊熊烈火 biting wind 刺骨寒风作前置修饰语用的v.-ing形式有时还可在其前加上副词、形容词或名词，或用连字符连接，或合成一个词，朗读时主重音放在名词上。a hard-working Chinese people 勤劳的中华民族far-reaching significance 深远的意义high-sounding words 夸大的词语an ocean-going destroyer远洋驱逐舰an easy-going man 好说话的人the theatre-going public经常看戏的观众earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的变化epoch-making event划时代的事件上述用作前置修饰语的v.-ing形式，在现代英语中有不断增加的趋势，而且将不断转化为纯粹的形容词。另一种v.-ing形式表示的不是被修饰名词的动作，而是被修饰名词的性能、用途，朗读时，重音放在v.-ing形式上。Asleeping car = a car for sleeping 卧车aswimming pool = a pool for swimming 游泳池areading room = a room for reading 阅览室aliving room = a room for living 卧室atyping paper = a paper for typing 复印纸awriting desk = a desk for writing 写字桌上述作前置修饰语的v.-ing形式，在现代英语中不断增长，并已逐渐形容词化。v.-ing形式作定语表示被修饰名词的性能、用途时，常用短语还有：running shoes 跑鞋studying method 学习方法waiting room候车室driving permit驾驶证reading materials 阅读材料smoking room吸烟室dancing hall舞厅working hours 工作时间作定语用的v.-ing形式如果是单个的词，一般放在名词的前面；如果是v.-ing形式短语，则放在名词的后面。此时，它的功能相当于一个定语从句。Caring mothers know that brain needs extra nutrition 爱心妈妈知道大脑需要补充营养。A diet lacking in nutritional value wont keep a person healthy 缺乏营养价值的饮食不能维持人的健康。There were a lot of boy students playing football on the football field 有许多男生在足球场上踢足球。v.-ing形式作状语He sat there smoking 他坐在那里抽着烟。(表示伴随情况或方式)She stood on the beach，gazing at the ocean 她伫立海滩上，凝视着大海。(表示伴随情况)Watching ( = When he watched) an apple falling down from the tree Newton had an inspiration 看见一个苹果从树上落下来，牛顿突然得到一个启示。(表示时间)Looking down from the top of a cliff，you will feel dizzy 从悬崖上往下看你会觉得头晕。(表示条件)Not having received an answer，he decided to write again 由于没接到回信，他决定再写一封信。(表示原因)In 1492，Columbus commanded a small fleet across the Atlanlic Ocean searching for a sea route to Asia 1492年，哥伦布率领一个小型舰队横跨大西洋寻找通往亚洲的海上路线。(表示目的)Water can absorb and release a lot of heat without big changes in its tem-perature，thus creating a stable environment 水能吸收并释放很多的热量而温度变化不大，因此创造了稳定的环境。(表示结果)名词化的口v.-ing形式有些v.-ing形式可以进一步名词化，即具有更多的名词的特点，可以有自己的冠词，可以有定语，甚至在某些情况下可以有复数形式。The room should be given a good cleaning 房间应该好好打扫一下。Who did the recording? 谁录的音?Ill do some shoppingreading this afternoon 今天下午我要买(读)点儿东西。Please send our greetings to them 请代我们向他们致意。拓展延伸应用v.-ing形式的几个注意点v.-ing形式结构能用于连系动词后作主语补语。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(谚语)My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜爱的运动是游泳。This is not saying very much. 这所言甚少。I think thats putting it rather mildly. 我觉得那是很温和的做法。上述v.-ing形式结构都起名词作用。要把起形容词作用的v.-ing 形式与起名词作用的v.-ing形式区别开来。不少来自分词的形容词也能作主语补语，常见的有：amusing, annoying, boring, charming, comforting, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, disturbing, embarrassing, encouraging, exciting, fascinating, interesting, inviting, missing, misleading, obliging, pleasing, pressing, promising, puzzling, refreshing, shocking, striking, surprising, vexing等。这些词已具有形容词的各种特征，如可以由副词修饰，也可以有比较级形式，这要与起名词作用的v.-ing形式区别开来。Prices are stable and the market is flourishing. 价格稳定，市场繁荣。Its boring sitting at home with nobody to talk to. 坐在家里，无人可聊天是无趣的。I suppose its a bit embarrassing. 我猜想那有点儿尴尬。The flowers look even more charming after the rain. 雨后花儿更显动人。要把作主语补语用的v.-ing形式结构与构成谓语动词进行时的v.-ing形式区别开来试比较：His hobby is collecting stamps.他的嗜好是集邮。He is collecting stamps. 他在收集邮票。The present situation is encouraging.现在的形势鼓舞人心。The present situation is encouraging the people all over the world in their fight against hegemonism.目前的形势鼓舞着全世界的人民反对霸权主义。在go fishing之类结构中的v.-ing形式在go, come以及sit, stand等动词后也能接v.-ing形式作主语补语(此类结构可以理解为主语补语，也可以理解为状语。)Jims gone fishing. 吉姆去钓鱼了。She came running to meet me. 她跑过来见我。We sat telling stories to the children. 我们坐着给孩子们讲故事。He stood watching the soccer match. 他站着看足球赛。v.-ing形式结构作动词宾语能带有v.-ing形式结构作宾语的动词有两类：一类是只能带v.-ing形式结构作宾语，另一类是既能带v.-ing形式结构作宾语，又能带不定式结构作宾语。在用作动词宾语的v.-ing形式结构后面跟有补语时，和用v.-ing形式结构作主语一样，也能有两种形式。We consider meeting her foolish.we consider it foolish meeting her.我们认为跟她见面是愚蠢的做法。We consider it foolish to meet her.只能带v.-ing形式结构作宾语的动词。有一类动词只能带v.-ing形式结构作宾语，不能带不定式结构作宾语。这类动词常见的有：acknowledge, avoid, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, evade，facilitate, fancy，favour，finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep(on), dont mind, miss，postpone，practise，put off, resent, resist, risk, cannot stand, suggest等。成果测评1Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon Asaid B says Csaying D. to say2. Come on，please give me some ideas about the project. SorryWith so much work _ my mind，I almost break down. Afilled B filling Cto fill D being filled3. Do you think that housing price will keep _ in the years to come? Sorry，I have no idea A. lifting up Bgoing up Cbringing up Dgrowing up4As the light turned green，I stood for a moment，not _, and asked myself what I was going to do Amoved B moving Cto move Dbeing moved5. We often provide our children with toys，footballs or basketballs，_ that all children like these things Athinking Bthink Cto think Dthought6The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket _ the desert Acovering Bcovered Ccover Dto cover7If you think that treating a woman well means always _ her permission for things，think again Agets Bgot Cto get Dgetting8After he became conscious，he remembered _ and _ on the head with a rod Ato attack；hit Bto be attacked；to be hitCattacking；be hitDhaving been attacked；hit9Dont sit there _ nothingCome and help me with this table Ado Bto do Cdoing D. and doing10My cousin came to see me from the country，_ me a full basket of fresh fruits Abrought Bbringing Cto bring Dhad brought11Whenever he was asked why he was late for class，he would answer carelessly，always _ the same thing Asaying Bsaid Cto say Dhaving said12There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old manMy goodness! I cant imagine _ that old Ato be Bto have been Cbeing Dhaving been13It is difficult to imagine his _ the decision without any consideration Aaccept Baccepting Cto accept Daccepted14I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _ Chinese in the school，most were from Germany Astudy；of whom Bstudy；of themCstudying；of themDst