浅谈奥迪轿车废气涡轮增压器故障的诊断与排除.doc

to clean and repair, it is strictly forbidden to head reaches into the mechanical stroke range. 17th article: in overhead transmission line following work should blackout, cannot blackout Shi, due isolation protection measures, crane shall not in overhead transmission line following work, through overhead transmission line should will lifting arm falls, in overhead line side work Shi, regardless of in any situation Xia, lifting arm, and rope or weights, and overhead transmission line of recently distance should not is less than Xia table provides: transmission line voltage 1000 v following 1-15 kV 20-40 kV 60-110 kV 220,000 v Allow minimum distances with the transmission line (m) vertical 1.5 level 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 4 6 18th: lamp voltage may not exceed 36 volts, when working in a damp place or metal containers, lamp voltage may not exceed 12 volts. 19th: pressure vessel should have a safety valve, pressure gauge, and avoid sun exposure, collisions, oxygen cylinders to prevent contaminated oil; of acetylene gas, LPG, must have a safety device to prevent tempering. 20th: x-ray and gamma-ray flaw detector operation area, non-operator, not allowed to enter. Article 21st: corrosion, dust and radioactive and toxic work, protective measures are required, and to carry out regular inspection. Spider-man 22nd section III: Spider-man to regular medical examinations of the medical diagnosis, who suffer from high blood pressure, heart disease, anemia, epilepsy and other discomfort in the Spider-man shall not engage in aerial work. 23rd: Spider-man dressed spirit, banned the wearing of hard bottom and easy slip-on shoe nail. 24th: Spider-man material stack stationary, tools should turn into a tool bag, transfer prohibited throwing of objects. 25th: in case of bad weather (such as wind in the above grade) construction safety, prohibition of the open air, lifting and piling. 26th article: ladder shall not deficiency document, no padded using, ladder cross document spacing to 30 cm suitable, using Shi top to tied prison, bottom should take anti-sliding measures, single ladder and ground angle to 60 degrees suitable, ban II people while in ladder Shang job, as needed received long using, should lashing firm, people Word ladder in end of feet pulled prison, in channel at using ladder, due guardianship or set fence. 27th: no security measures, prohibited in hip joints, supports, trusses of the roof truss cantilever beams, and choose the frame and half fixed widget or job to walk on, Spider-man and the ground . Nine, ten basic security to prevent vehicle damage claim 1, without legal training of qualified certified personnel not familiar with vehicle performance is not driving a car. 2, should insist on doing defense work, vehicle brake, Horn, steering systems, lighting and other safety components such as poor are not allowed out of the car. 3, dump truck, dump truck car hop is strictly prohibited, prohibited goods mixing, loading of vehicles should not overload,stavebn tm vdce mst een. een by mlo zahrnovat analzu rizik, monost nehod charakteristik a nouzovch postup, nouzov zpracovn a obsah opaten. 4, integrovan pohotovostn plny, speciln havarijn plny a mst een by mly bt mezi sebou a s ostatnmi jednotky zapojeny v nouzi, kter jsou vzjemn propojeny. 5, havarijn pln by ml zahrnovat havarijn personl a organizace kontakt, nouzov rezervn seznam a dal informace. Informace by mly bt pravideln aktualizovny a zajist, e informace jsou pesn a platn. tyi, havarijn pln revize 1, Recenze pohotovostn plny pezkoumn formul a prvky pezkumu a opaten pijatch dvma zpsoby. Kdy host slou pedevm pro havarijn plny pro zznam v podob Recenze, prvek hodnocen pro nouzov hodnocen. . Kd pro porn ochranu konstrukce budov a nsk republice ny exploze nebezpen oblasti elektrick bezpenostnch pedpis a pedpis o porn ochranu design rafinaci ropy a chemickch podnik, napklad poadavky na pedpisech a nazench. 2. pi provdn instalace me zpsobit por, exploze, kter sti by mly bt pln nastaven peht, petlaku, micch pstroj, alarm (zvuk a svtla). 3. kde je holav plyn (pra) me unikat , holav plyn koncentrac detekce, alarm by mla bt nastavena. 4. vechny komunikoval s holav, vbun zazen s inertnm plynem, plynov penosov potrub, by mla bt nastavena zabrnit holavch a vbunch ltek do zazen, ale nemla bt samostatn zptn ventil. 5. holav plyn (pra) nastavit plamen svodi odvzduovac vvod, snadno pracovat, kde se zastavit ventily, aby pi vstupn vtrac potrub je v plamenech, peruil por plynu odvzduovac potrub ml bt nainstalovn v nejni hasicho zazen. 6. kdy dopravu holavch materil by mla odpovdat prmru potrub a stedn mrn odpor, sprvn zen prtoku, co nejvce se vyhnout statick elektiny. Antistatick opaten, jako jsou zazen, potrub, by mlo bt v souladu s technickmi pedpisy pro uzemnn design pro chemick podniky pslunch ustanoven. 7. nhl vbun petlaku nebo rychlho rozkladu vrobnch zazen nebo skladovacch zazen by mly bt vybaveny vbuchu (nevbun membrna), vvoz nonel trubice smrem k bezpenosti a aby prevence sekundrnch exploz, protiporn opaten. 8. vrobnthe principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges, into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax, financial and other resources, and construct Government credit + business credit credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to raise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central eight rules and opposing the four winds and practicing three Suns, and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the partys political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the partys political disciplines. Conscientiously abide by the partys political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, ideological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the partys political discipline problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are less grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strictly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs further浅谈奥迪轿车废气涡轮增压器故障的诊断与排除余英强珠海市珠光汽车有限公司摘 要：本文主要介绍奥迪轿车废气涡轮增压器的工作原理，分析了废气涡轮增压器产生故障的原因，诊断方法，结合自己的实际工作总结了废气涡轮增压器检查、诊断和排除法。关键词：奥迪轿车 废气涡轮增压器 故障诊断与排除废气涡轮增压器（Tubro）实际上就是一个气体压缩机。它是利用发动机排出的废气作为动力来推动涡轮室内的涡轮，涡轮又带动同轴的叶轮，叶轮就压缩由空气滤清器管道送来的新鲜空气，再送入气缸。当发动机转速加快，废气排出速度与涡轮转速也同步加快，空气压缩程度就得以加大，发动机的进气量就相应地得到增加，发动机充气系数得到提高，从而增加发动机了输出功率。一、废气涡轮增压器的常见故障废气涡轮增压器是保证发动机动力性的关键部件。由于废气涡轮增压器故障会直接引起发动机产生动力下降、机油消耗量增大、发动机冒黑烟、工作不稳定以及产生噪音等。增压器的常见故障有如下： 1.压气机的喘振。由于进气系统堵塞（例如空气滤清器芯堵塞、进气管道由于灰尘沉积使增压器的吸气阻力增大），从而引起发动机的增压压力下降且波动，使发动机动力下降、工作不平衡同时产生黑烟。 2.增压器在运转中强烈振动且产生噪音。 增压器运转中产生强烈振动的主要原因是由于转子轴严重磨损，使轴承间隙加大产生振动。涡轮与泵轮由于损坏或者由于灰尘油泥使转子动平衡遭到破坏产生振动及噪音。如果噪音明显表现出来的是金属摩擦的声音，则显然是由于轴承松旷，使涡轮或泵轮与壳体相摩擦，或是由于涡轮、泵轮叶片变形而与壳体摩擦。如果是周期性的噪音，则可能是涡轮、泵轮叶片变形或局部灰尘油污沉积所致。 3.增压压力下降。增压压力下降是一项综合性的故障，其中增压器转子的转速下降是主要原因。一般来讲，发动机在额定转速运转（2500转/分以上）时，增压器转子转速高达1520万转/分，使增压压力达额定值。当轴承与轴磨损、涡轮或泵轮的叶片变形、损坏或是由于转子与壳产生摩擦等种种原因使转子转速下降时，增压压力即随之下降。增压压力下降会直接影响发动机动力。 4.涡轮端或泵轮端排油。涡轮增压器转子轴上采用的是全浮式滑动轴承，为了确保其润滑，从发动机主轴道上直接引出一根机油管线通向增压器轴承腔给转子轴提供润滑。为了不使机油进入涡轮壳与泵轮壳，在轴承两端分别设置有活塞环式的密封环。当转子轴磨损、转子轴向特别是径向间隙超差较大时，该密封环将失去作用。有时由于作不当造成润滑条件恶劣，使密封环磨损、拉伤都会使密封失效而产生向涡轮端或泵轮端“排油”的故障。严重时会使排气管、消音器造成大量油污和积炭，增大了排气阻力，降低了增压器的转速，使发动机动力下降。向泵轮端“排油”严重时，会使增压器至中冷器的管道中存有大量机油，中冷器被油污部分堵塞，增大了进气阻力，也会使发动机动力下降。因此，当发动机的机油消耗量增大时，如果不是发动机本身的问题，就应检查增压器是否“排油”严重。5.增压器转子轴被卡死或烧损严重而停止运转。增压器的轴承烧死、外界异物将涡轮、泵轮叶片打坏而卡死都可使增压器停止运转。烧损严重时甚至会使轴折断。二、废气涡轮增压控制系统故障的诊断废气涡轮增压器发生故障之后，应对其进行全面的检查。1在车上进行故障检查。在车上进行故障检查。首先检查发动机基本工作条件、压缩和泄漏，及点火系和燃油供给系。如果供油量和压力都正常，则再检查点火系的穿透电压是否足以点燃由涡轮增压产生的高度压缩的混合气，点火时刻是否正确。2目测软管、垫片和管道。目测全部软管、垫片和管道，看装配是否正确，有无损伤、磨蚀。如破损或变质，；将使涡轮装置不能正常工作，导致增压过高或过低。3检查进气管真空泄漏。用真空接在空气流量计至增压器之间, 检查位置进气管真空泄漏情况。AUDI A6发动机在怠速时的真空度为0.50.6bar。不符合要求,则检查进气管、曲轴箱通风管等有无破裂。发动机机油和滤清器必须保持清洁，防止杂质进入，否则机油润滑能力下降，从而造成废气涡轮增压器的过早报废。4拆检涡轮增压器。如果以上各项检查合格，下一步检查涡轮增压器。如果必须从车上拆下涡轮增压器，则在检修时务必保持清洁，任何脏物或污染都会导致严重后果。在拆卸涡轮机前，应将壳体和零件的相对位置加上标志，以保证重新装配时正确无误。拆开涡轮装置，仔细观察增压涡轮和动力涡轮，检查是否存在弯曲、破裂或过度磨损现象。检查涡轮壳体内部是否存在由于轴的摆动范围过量、进入脏物或润滑不当而造成的磨损或冲击损伤。用手旋转涡轮，手感阻力应是均匀的，不应过大，转动应无粘滞感，即应无擦伤或任何接触。由于对轴承间隙有严格要求，应按生产厂规定的程序检查轴向和径向间隙，以大众奥迪汽车的涡轮增压器为例。可将百分表插入涡轮机壳的孔中，使其接触轴端，沿轴向移动涡轮机轴，测量轴的轴向间隙不应大于011mm，如图4a所示。将百分表从机油排出孔插过轴承隔圈的孔，使其接触涡轮机轴的中心，上下移动涡轮机轴，测量轴的径向间隙不应大于015mm，如图4b所示。若轴向间隙或径向间隙不符合要求，则更换涡轮增压器。图4涡轮增压器轴承间隙的检查 (2)增压压力控制电磁阀和膜片式控制阀的测试， 4增压控制电磁阀的检测。 下面以一汽大众奥迪A61.8T为例介绍增压控制电磁阀的检测。1）基本检查： 连接故障诊断仪VAGl55l，选择读取测量数据块(功能08)。 从增压控制电磁阀(N75)上拆下软管。接上辅助软管。起动执行元件诊断，并触发增压控制电磁阀(N75)。 显示屏显示如图5所示(图下部为翻译后的内容)。图5检测增压控制电磁阀(N75)的显示内容 电磁阀将发出“咔嚓”声响并打开和关闭(通过向辅助软管吹气来检查)。 如果电磁阀无“咔嚓”声，对增压压力控制电磁阀进行电气检查，见“增压控制电磁阀(N75)的电气检测”。 当没有电信号时，电磁阀常闭。 如电磁阀有“咔嚓”声但不正常地打开和关闭，更新增压控制电磁阀(N75)。 2）增压控制电磁阀(N75)的电气检测。 拔下电磁阀的供电插头。用万用表测量其电阻值应该是2535。 如果没有达到规范值，更换增压压力控制电磁阀(N75)。 如果达到了规范值，检查增压压力控制电磁阀的供电。 3）增压压力控制电磁阀(N75)的供电检测。 使起动机短时工作(允许发动机短时起动)，用万用表(电压测量档)测量端子1、2处的电压应该是蓄电池电压。 如果没有达到规范值，检测增压控制电磁阀的触发情况。 4)检查增压控制电磁阀(N75)的触发情况。 拔下电磁阀(N75)的供电插头并把二极管检测灯串接在线束侧端子1和2之间。 起动执行元件诊断并触发增压控制电磁阀，二极管检测灯应闪亮。 如果二极管检测灯不闪亮或常亮，检测线束的插接。 把检测盒VAGl59822接到发动机电控装置的线束上，检测端子2与检测盒VAGl59822触点64间的导线是否断路或对正极、对负极短路。三、废气涡轮增压器故障案例废气涡轮增压器压力控制阀门损坏导致高速动力不良1、故障现象：有一辆奥迪车，怠速时发动机有轻微的异响，在市区跑没有那么明显动力不足现象，在高速公路上行驶动力明显不足，油耗也大。2、排除方法：涡轮增压器本身及进气管路系统的故障都会使增压压力降低，从而导致增压发动机功率下降。其故障原因及排除方法如下： 空气进口阻力是否过大？。 检查清洁空气滤清器及管道，无阻塞现象。 检查增压涡轮出口管路是否漏气？。主要检查软管接头、管子焊接处、锁紧机构等。未发现异常。 检查发动机排气管连接处是否漏气？。主要查看是发动机的排气歧管、排气管垫片或排气管与涡轮壳之间的连接，涡轮壳有无裂纹等。未发现漏气现象。 查看废气涡轮增压器。发现废气涡轮增压器有异响，这说明增压器系统的故障，拆下废气涡轮增压器发现压力控制阀门的调整螺丝有松动，如图6所示。紧固调整螺丝，异响也随之消失。经过试车，高速动力正常故障排除。 图6压力控制阀调整不当3、分析说明：判断发动机异响是这次检测的关键，发现废气涡轮增压器异响，明显就有问题，此时把增压器拆下检查发现压力控制阀门调整螺丝松动。四、结束语经过上述废气涡轮增压器的维修，最终使我认识到，在现代汽车维修中，要想正确地、完整地排除一个故障，不懂得汽车理论知识，不了解汽车各系统的工作原理，是修不好车的。所示，我们广大汽车维修人员要不断学习，努力提高自己的业务水平和操作技能。我们的企业，应重视维修技术人员的培训，特别是培养维修技术人员的发散思维。增强维修人员和车主的沟通能力，通过车主的描述最快的找故障。参 考 文 献1、龚金员编著最新国.内外汽车电控系统专修手册.北京2、全国汽车维修专项技能认证技术支持中心编写组编写发动机性能教育科学出版社出版2003年3、奥迪信息电子维修手册to clean and repair, it is strictly forbidden to head reaches into the mechanical stroke range. 17th article: in overhead transmission line following work should blackout, cannot blackout Shi, due isolation protection measures, crane shall not in overhead transmission line following work, through overhead transmission line should will lifting arm falls, in overhead line side work Shi, regardless of in any situation Xia, lifting arm, and rope or weights, and overhead transmission line of recently distance should not is less than Xia table provides: transmission line voltage 1000 v following 1-15 kV 20-40 kV 60-110 kV 220,000 v Allow minimum distances with the transmission line (m) vertical 1.5 level 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 4 6 18th: lamp voltage may not exceed 36 volts, when working in a damp place or metal containers, lamp voltage may not exceed 12 volts. 19th: pressure vessel should have a safety valve, pressure gauge, and avoid sun exposure, collisions, oxygen cylinders to prevent contaminated oil; of acetylene gas, LPG, must have a safety device to prevent tempering. 20th: x-ray and gamma-ray flaw detector operation area, non-operator, not allowed to enter. Article 21st: corrosion, dust and radioactive and toxic work, protective measures are required, and to carry out regular inspection. Spider-man 22nd section III: Spider-man to regular medical examinations of the medical diagnosis, who suffer from high blood pressure, heart disease, anemia, epilepsy and other discomfort in the Spider-man shall not engage in aerial work. 23rd: Spider-man dressed spirit, banned the wearing of hard bottom and easy slip-on shoe nail. 24th: Spider-man material stack stationary, tools should turn into a tool bag, transfer prohibited throwing of objects. 25th: in case of bad weather (such as wind in the above grade) construction safety, prohibition of the open air, lifting and piling. 26th article: ladder shall not deficiency document, no padded using, ladder cross document spacing to 30 cm suitable, using Shi top to tied prison, bottom should take anti-sliding measures, single ladder and ground angle to 60 degrees suitable, ban II people while in ladder Shang job, as needed received long using, should lashing firm, people Word ladder in end of feet pulled prison, in channel at using ladder, due guardianship or set fence. 27th: no security measures, prohibited in hip joints, supports, trusses of the roof truss cantilever beams, and choose the frame and half fixed widget or job to walk on, Spider-man and the ground . Nine, ten basic security to prevent vehicle damage claim 1, without legal training of qualified certified personnel not familiar with vehicle performance is not driving a car. 2, should insist on doing defense work, vehicle brake, Horn, steering systems, lighting and other safety components such as poor are not allowed out of the car. 3, dump truck, dump truck car hop is strictly prohibited, prohibited goods mixing, loading of vehicles should not overload,ch zazen, budov a konstrukc, tanky a jin zsuvky prmyslov vody, krom ustanoven vodu tak, by mlo bt instalovno v oblasti s vodou k utsnn vrtu, uzavrac ventil, aby se zabrnilo velk mnostv holavch a vbunch materil do kanalizace. 9. pouit v holavch, vbunch plyn pojistn ventil a vtrac potrub, je nutn export trubice je umstn mimo a vy ne 2 metry nad budovou. (B) pouvn ohn, ohe (viz systm sprvy prce) (c) porn zazen a organizac 1. realizace prevence prvn a integrovan prevence ohe politiku, pijmout modern technologie poru a vbuchu prevence a pomoci, provdn zen podle cl. 2. zzen veden spolenosti a vedouc jednotlivch oddlen Porn bezpenost vboru, workshop zaloena porn ochrany, vedouc skupiny a nastavit dobrovolnch hasi. 3. spolenost tvaru ochrany spotebitele na pln vazek hasii, hasii formulovat pln protiporn prevence a akn pln, provdn zen podle cl, pravideln proveden publicitu porn prevence a vzdlvn a kolen, v kombinaci s oekvan porn cvien. 4. soubor stacionrn ohn uvnit spolenosti zazen, protiporn zazen mus bt v Sprva slueb, rozvoj provozn postupy a systmy zen. 5. porn zazen na serveru nastavit jasn, pstup k pohodln a bezpen msto, pravideln kontroly drby, ti (to je, pevn, fixn typ a mnostv, podle odbornk), a nem nikdo nenapadal, pachatel dle systmu ke zpracovn. 6. vechny holav a vbun ltky ve spolenosti a potenciln ped porem a vbuchem nebezpen vroby, skladovn, prodej a pouvn procesu a jeho souvisejc vybaven, psn zen. 7. kdy je ohe, pole tby okamit uspodejte do boje s ohnm, a ohledn vroby, plnovn, alarmy a ohn a adresu urit sti ohn a pinastreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to improve news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to the regulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda and ideological work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the four winds some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didnt, with less close contact. Theoretical study of consciousness is not high enough, system performance is not strong enough; more passive learning, active learning few generalities and learn more, delving into less. Especially based on rat