浅谈概念图在高中英语教学中的作用.doc

to clean and repair, it is strictly forbidden to head reaches into the mechanical stroke range. 17th article: in overhead transmission line following work should blackout, cannot blackout Shi, due isolation protection measures, crane shall not in overhead transmission line following work, through overhead transmission line should will lifting arm falls, in overhead line side work Shi, regardless of in any situation Xia, lifting arm, and rope or weights, and overhead transmission line of recently distance should not is less than Xia table provides: transmission line voltage 1000 v following 1-15 kV 20-40 kV 60-110 kV 220,000 v Allow minimum distances with the transmission line (m) vertical 1.5 level 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 4 6 18th: lamp voltage may not exceed 36 volts, when working in a damp place or metal containers, lamp voltage may not exceed 12 volts. 19th: pressure vessel should have a safety valve, pressure gauge, and avoid sun exposure, collisions, oxygen cylinders to prevent contaminated oil; of acetylene gas, LPG, must have a safety device to prevent tempering. 20th: x-ray and gamma-ray flaw detector operation area, non-operator, not allowed to enter. Article 21st: corrosion, dust and radioactive and toxic work, protective measures are required, and to carry out regular inspection. Spider-man 22nd section III: Spider-man to regular medical examinations of the medical diagnosis, who suffer from high blood pressure, heart disease, anemia, epilepsy and other discomfort in the Spider-man shall not engage in aerial work. 23rd: Spider-man dressed spirit, banned the wearing of hard bottom and easy slip-on shoe nail. 24th: Spider-man material stack stationary, tools should turn into a tool bag, transfer prohibited throwing of objects. 25th: in case of bad weather (such as wind in the above grade) construction safety, prohibition of the open air, lifting and piling. 26th article: ladder shall not deficiency document, no padded using, ladder cross document spacing to 30 cm suitable, using Shi top to tied prison, bottom should take anti-sliding measures, single ladder and ground angle to 60 degrees suitable, ban II people while in ladder Shang job, as needed received long using, should lashing firm, people Word ladder in end of feet pulled prison, in channel at using ladder, due guardianship or set fence. 27th: no security measures, prohibited in hip joints, supports, trusses of the roof truss cantilever beams, and choose the frame and half fixed widget or job to walk on, Spider-man and the ground . Nine, ten basic security to prevent vehicle damage claim 1, without legal training of qualified certified personnel not familiar with vehicle performance is not driving a car. 2, should insist on doing defense work, vehicle brake, Horn, steering systems, lighting and other safety components such as poor are not allowed out of the car. 3, dump truck, dump truck car hop is strictly prohibited, prohibited goods mixing, loading of vehicles should not overload,stavebn tm vdce mst een. een by mlo zahrnovat analzu rizik, monost nehod charakteristik a nouzovch postup, nouzov zpracovn a obsah opaten. 4, integrovan pohotovostn plny, speciln havarijn plny a mst een by mly bt mezi sebou a s ostatnmi jednotky zapojeny v nouzi, kter jsou vzjemn propojeny. 5, havarijn pln by ml zahrnovat havarijn personl a organizace kontakt, nouzov rezervn seznam a dal informace. Informace by mly bt pravideln aktualizovny a zajist, e informace jsou pesn a platn. tyi, havarijn pln revize 1, Recenze pohotovostn plny pezkoumn formul a prvky pezkumu a opaten pijatch dvma zpsoby. Kdy host slou pedevm pro havarijn plny pro zznam v podob Recenze, prvek hodnocen pro nouzov hodnocen. . Kd pro porn ochranu konstrukce budov a nsk republice ny exploze nebezpen oblasti elektrick bezpenostnch pedpis a pedpis o porn ochranu design rafinaci ropy a chemickch podnik, napklad poadavky na pedpisech a nazench. 2. pi provdn instalace me zpsobit por, exploze, kter sti by mly bt pln nastaven peht, petlaku, micch pstroj, alarm (zvuk a svtla). 3. kde je holav plyn (pra) me unikat , holav plyn koncentrac detekce, alarm by mla bt nastavena. 4. vechny komunikoval s holav, vbun zazen s inertnm plynem, plynov penosov potrub, by mla bt nastavena zabrnit holavch a vbunch ltek do zazen, ale nemla bt samostatn zptn ventil. 5. holav plyn (pra) nastavit plamen svodi odvzduovac vvod, snadno pracovat, kde se zastavit ventily, aby pi vstupn vtrac potrub je v plamenech, peruil por plynu odvzduovac potrub ml bt nainstalovn v nejni hasicho zazen. 6. kdy dopravu holavch materil by mla odpovdat prmru potrub a stedn mrn odpor, sprvn zen prtoku, co nejvce se vyhnout statick elektiny. Antistatick opaten, jako jsou zazen, potrub, by mlo bt v souladu s technickmi pedpisy pro uzemnn design pro chemick podniky pslunch ustanoven. 7. nhl vbun petlaku nebo rychlho rozkladu vrobnch zazen nebo skladovacch zazen by mly bt vybaveny vbuchu (nevbun membrna), vvoz nonel trubice smrem k bezpenosti a aby prevence sekundrnch exploz, protiporn opaten. 8. vrobnthe principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges, into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax, financial and other resources, and construct Government credit + business credit credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to raise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central eight rules and opposing the four winds and practicing three Suns, and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the partys political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the partys political disciplines. Conscientiously abide by the partys political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, ideological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the partys political discipline problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are less grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strictly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs further浅谈概念图在高中英语教学中的作用摘要：本文阐述了应用概念图在高中英语课堂教学的各个环节中的可行性，并结合高中英语教学实践具体探讨了概念图在巩固单词记忆，激活背景知识，加深对课文的理解，提高写作能力以及巩固语法知识等方面的作用。关键词：概念图 英语教学 记忆一天在上课时为了解释 lie on， lie in， lie to 的区别，我随手在黑板上画了几个圈来表示两个地点之间的位置关系。没想到在随后的练习中，即使是平时英语比较差的学生也能正确地运用这几个介词了，这个意外的结果令我对“画”刮目相看了。于是，在以后的教学过程中，我总是尽量使用一些图表来帮助学生理解或者记忆某些概念和知识。这种图表即概念图（concept map）也称为心智/思维图（mind map）或心智/思维工具（mind tool）。概念图将某一领域内的知识元素按其内在关联性建立起一种可视化语义网络。它是用来组织与表征知识的工具。因此，它也是图式表征中最常用的一种方式，其作用在于构建对于某个事件、某个客体或某种情形的解释。在教学实践中，我逐渐发现概念图对高中英语教学具有极大的促进作用。它能够帮助学生加深对知识的理解，有效提高教学质量。而且，概念图可行性比较强，它可以应用在教学的各个环节中，有效地激发学生的学习兴趣，训练发散思维。一、用概念图来加速学生对单词的记忆单词一直是学生最难啃的一块骨头，尤其是进入高中阶段以后，很多单词都比较长。而学生则对此望而却步，从心理上就打了败仗。为了解除学生的胆怯心理，我着重强调词与词之间的密切联系。根据从短到长，先易后难的原则，从词根开始，按照构词法的规则指导学生记忆单词。用图示的形式把同根词列举出来，那么，学生就可以通过图形轻松、全面地把握单词之间的关系，迅速而准确地理解和掌握单词，并获得清晰而深刻的记忆。如：此外，在词汇教学中，我还尽量把同一单元中互相有联系的词组织在一起，用概念图表示出来，引导学生进行组块记忆，以激发他们的创造性思维和发散性思维，提高单词记忆效率，快速地扩展他们的词汇量。如 SEFC Book 1B Unit13 Healthy eating 中的单词图示为：二、用概念图来巩固学生的语法知识中学英语教学要不要教语法，应该如何教语法，一直是外语教学界争论的焦点之一。笔者认为中国学生缺乏运用英语的学习环境，难以获得足够的英语语言刺激，难以自然习得英语。他们的英语学习主要通过有意识的主动的学习，而掌握基础英语语法规则可以帮助学生较快地掌握语言形式，有助于培养学生正确理解英语和准确运用英语的能力。由于语法规则比较烦琐，而且容易相互干扰，为了帮助学生理清思路，便于记忆，我也在语法教学中运用了图示。如：三、用概念图来激活学生对背景知识的了解背景知识是指学习者业已习得的知识（Carrell Eisterhold， 1983）。它通常包括人们所学的语言知识、对语言材料的体裁、写作手法和修辞手法等的理解以及与所掌握的所学语言材料内容相关的社会文化背景方面的知识等。激活学生的背景知识可以使其对阅读材料的理解更加透彻，从而获取更多的知识。这种知识的积累又为其以后阅读活动中背景知识的激活奠定更加坚实的基础。因此我们有必要重视 Warming Up 的教学方法。使用概念图激发学生的背景知识类似于我们通常所说的“brainstorm”如教学 SEFC Book 2A Unit 7 Reading Born Dying 前，我绘制了如下概念图：通过绘制上述概念图，学生可以较为全面地了解有关爱滋病的知识。四、用概念图来加深学生对课文的理解利用概念图进行课文教学可以帮助学生了解课文的整体轮廓，并在头脑中创造有关课文内容的全景图，建立系统和完整的知识框架体系进而对课文信息进行有效整理和组合，加深对课文的理解。例如，NSEFC Book1 B Unit 13 Healthy eating 阅读课文We are what we eat，因为科普性比较强，而且文章中的单词比较长，学生们不易理解，我把文章用概念图表示为：NSEFC Book1 B Unit 21 Body language Body Talk 可以概括为以下图示：Para.2para.3para.4&5在教学过程中，我首先构建出基本的知识框架，具体的构建工作就由学生来完成，可以让学生独立完成或小组合作完成，逐步丰富其中的细节。最后构建出一幅完整的概念图，反映教学内容的整体性。而且，还可以利用这个概念图让学生来复述课文。在整个过程中，学生都表现出较高的积极性和主动性，并能提供机会让学生大胆地开口交流。五、用概念图来提高学生的写作能力中学英语教学大纲指出：写是书面表达和传递信息的交际能力。英语写作是一门综合性很强的实践课，通过写作训练，能促进学生更准确地掌握语音、词汇、语法等知识，增加学习兴趣，建立学习信心，并培养丰富的想象力，逻辑思维能力和语言组织能力。然而，书面表达也是学生最头疼的问题之一。在平时的写作训练中，我也使用了概念图来帮助学生理清思路，把自己的想法具体化和明确化，形成清晰的写作提纲。比如要写一份邀请书，在写作之前，先让大家一起讨论一下 invitation 的要素，如图：又如，要写一篇有关教育话题的文章，经过小组讨论之后，学生列出了以下提纲，如图：通过绘制概念图，学生学会了提炼观点，撰写提纲，缩短了写作前的“预写”时间，写作思路日趋清晰，文章布局也更为合理了。可谓做到了“胸有成竹”，学生们也就不再视写作为虎豹了。作为一种元知策略（meta-cognitive strategy），概念图可以提高学生的自学能力、创造性思维能力和自我反思能力。对学生而言，制作概念图能促使他们整合新旧知识，建构知识网络，勾勒文章结构，从而从整体上把握作者思路和梳理关键信息，更好地理解和学习英语。在小组合作制作概念图的活动中，还可以促进学生之间的交流与沟通，提高合作意识。在教学过程中有意识地把概念图运用到各个环节中，能够有效地帮助学生梳理知识要点，在一定程度上提高记忆效果，有效地减少遗忘的发生。也正因为如此，发现了概念图有如此魅力，我不禁一“画”而不可收了。to clean and repair, it is strictly forbidden to head reaches into the mechanical stroke range. 17th article: in overhead transmission line following work should blackout, cannot blackout Shi, due isolation protection measures, crane shall not in overhead transmission line following work, through overhead transmission line should will lifting arm falls, in overhead line side work Shi, regardless of in any situation Xia, lifting arm, and rope or weights, and overhead transmission line of recently distance should not is less than Xia table provides: transmission line voltage 1000 v following 1-15 kV 20-40 kV 60-110 kV 220,000 v Allow minimum distances with the transmission line (m) vertical 1.5 level 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 4 6 18th: lamp voltage may not exceed 36 volts, when working in a damp place or metal containers, lamp voltage may not exceed 12 volts. 19th: pressure vessel should have a safety valve, pressure gauge, and avoid sun exposure, collisions, oxygen cylinders to prevent contaminated oil; of acetylene gas, LPG, must have a safety device to prevent tempering. 20th: x-ray and gamma-ray flaw detector operation area, non-operator, not allowed to enter. Article 21st: corrosion, dust and radioactive and toxic work, protective measures are required, and to carry out regular inspection. Spider-man 22nd section III: Spider-man to regular medical examinations of the medical diagnosis, who suffer from high blood pressure, heart disease, anemia, epilepsy and other discomfort in the Spider-man shall not engage in aerial work. 23rd: Spider-man dressed spirit, banned the wearing of hard bottom and easy slip-on shoe nail. 24th: Spider-man material stack stationary, tools should turn into a tool bag, transfer prohibited throwing of objects. 25th: in case of bad weather (such as wind in the above grade) construction safety, prohibition of the open air, lifting and piling. 26th article: ladder shall not deficiency document, no padded using, ladder cross document spacing to 30 cm suitable, using Shi top to tied prison, bottom should take anti-sliding measures, single ladder and ground angle to 60 degrees suitable, ban II people while in ladder Shang job, as needed received long using, should lashing firm, people Word ladder in end of feet pulled prison, in channel at using ladder, due guardianship or set fence. 27th: no security measures, prohibited in hip joints, supports, trusses of the roof truss cantilever beams, and choose the frame and half fixed widget or job to walk on, Spider-man and the ground . Nine, ten basic security to prevent vehicle damage claim 1, without legal training of qualified certified personnel not familiar with vehicle performance is not driving a car. 2, should insist on doing defense work, vehicle brake, Horn, steering systems, lighting and other safety components such as poor are not allowed out of the car. 3, dump truck, dump truck car hop is strictly prohibited, prohibited goods mixing, loading of vehicles should not overload,ch zazen, budov a konstrukc, tanky a jin zsuvky prmyslov vody, krom ustanoven vodu tak, by mlo bt instalovno v oblasti s vodou k utsnn vrtu, uzavrac ventil, aby se zabrnilo velk mnostv holavch a vbunch materil do kanalizace. 9. pouit v holavch, vbunch plyn pojistn ventil a vtrac potrub, je nutn export trubice je umstn mimo a vy ne 2 metry nad budovou. (B) pouvn ohn, ohe (viz systm sprvy prce) (c) porn zazen a organizac 1. realizace prevence prvn a integrovan prevence ohe politiku, pijmout modern technologie poru a vbuchu prevence a pomoci, provdn zen podle cl. 2. zzen veden spolenosti a vedouc jednotlivch oddlen Porn bezpenost vboru, workshop zaloena porn ochrany, vedouc skupiny a nastavit dobrovolnch hasi. 3. spolenost tvaru ochrany spotebitele na pln vazek hasii, hasii formulovat pln protiporn prevence a akn pln, provdn zen podle cl, pravideln proveden publicitu porn prevence a vzdlvn a kolen, v kombinaci s oekvan porn cvien. 4. soubor stacionrn ohn uvnit spolenosti zazen, protiporn zazen mus bt v Sprva slueb, rozvoj provozn postupy a systmy zen. 5. porn zazen na serveru nastavit jasn, pstup k pohodln a bezpen msto, pravideln kontroly drby, ti (to je, pevn, fixn typ a mnostv, podle odbornk), a nem nikdo nenapadal, pachatel dle systmu ke zpracovn. 6. vechny holav a vbun ltky ve spolenosti a potenciln ped porem a vbuchem nebezpen vroby, skladovn, prodej a pouvn procesu a jeho souvisejc vybaven, psn zen. 7. kdy je ohe, pole tby okamit uspodejte do boje s ohnm, a ohledn vroby, plnovn, alarmy a ohn a adresu urit sti ohn a pinastreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to improve news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to the regulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda and ideological work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the four winds some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didnt, with less close contact. Theoretical study of consciousness is not high enough, system performance is not strong enough; more passive learning, active learning few generalities and learn more, delving into less. Especially based on rational thinking on major issues, applying theory to guide the work done is not good enough, not really understand and grasp the spirit and essence of the scientific Outlook on development, did not truly achieve mastery, to apply, to a certain extent, affect the development and impleme