浅谈如何做好化学中考复习.doc

temporary construction organization design requires the implementation of the overall layout. 2 site near the high voltage line protection near power lines to have a reliable protective measures protective closely, to meet safety requirements. 3 branch set up distribution box into outlet sleeve and a cross arm to be used; Access to wires neatly, reasonable matching; Prohibited the use of insulation is poor, aging skin, broken wires, to prevent leakage; Should be fixed by insulators, and overhead laying; Line the hallway to have a reliable protection; Direct buried lines, laying depth of not less than 0.6m, leads to the ground from the 2m height to the ground at 0.2m, you must set up protective casing. 4 spot lights hand-held lamp 36V safe voltage should be used; 36V safety at hazardous voltages, particularly in hazardous areas using 12V; Lighting wires should be fixed on the insulators; Insulated rubber sheathed cable for field lights, lighting the use of sheathed wires; Lighting circuits and lighting from the ground not less than the prescribed distance, prohibited the use of electric arc furnace; To prevent the wire insulation is poor, aged, broken skin and leakage, with tungsten heating is strictly prohibited. 5 to set up low-voltage lines are not allowed to use bamboo poles, pole cross arm should be established and insulators; Fine wires can not be mounted on scaffolding or tree branch; Overhead lines required high enough off the ground. 6 electric . Project name: 5-5-2 sequential order of the subsidence observation observation point number support (supporting) and diagrams year month day year month day year month Day, the distance (m) deformation (mm) the relative distance (m) deformation (mm) the relative distance (m) deformation (mm) today this this this this cumulation Engineering formwork supporting system self-test State observer records form template project name: construction site: construction: support materials: Ann 5-6 serial number check project check requirements behave records results 1 construction programme programme full, support system design calculation, and approval procedures complete, job Qian should for security low-down, low-down material full 2 support material support column material: wood Rod application pine or FIR, shall not used easy deformation, and decay, and split crack, and dry section of wood; as used pipe, pipe od shall not is less than 48x3.5 of pipe, no serious rust, and crack, and deformation 3 column stable column bottom of pad material, Shall conform to the construction design requirement, do not use bricks blocked up by construction organization design requirements, support height () when m, between columns of the level of support set () road horizontal support, vertical scissors spacing (), m, spacing for horizontal scissors () m. Column spacing in accordance with design requirements, portrait () mm, transverse () mm pole joints should be staggered, long barstavebn tm vdce mst een. een by mlo zahrnovat analzu rizik, monost nehod charakteristik a nouzovch postup, nouzov zpracovn a obsah opaten. 4, integrovan pohotovostn plny, speciln havarijn plny a mst een by mly bt mezi sebou a s ostatnmi jednotky zapojeny v nouzi, kter jsou vzjemn propojeny. 5, havarijn pln by ml zahrnovat havarijn personl a organizace kontakt, nouzov rezervn seznam a dal informace. Informace by mly bt pravideln aktualizovny a zajist, e informace jsou pesn a platn. tyi, havarijn pln revize 1, Recenze pohotovostn plny pezkoumn formul a prvky pezkumu a opaten pijatch dvma zpsoby. Kdy host slou pedevm pro havarijn plny pro zznam v podob Recenze, prvek hodnocen pro nouzov hodnocen. . Kd pro porn ochranu konstrukce budov a nsk republice ny exploze nebezpen oblasti elektrick bezpenostnch pedpis a pedpis o porn ochranu design rafinaci ropy a chemickch podnik, napklad poadavky na pedpisech a nazench. 2. pi provdn instalace me zpsobit por, exploze, kter sti by mly bt pln nastaven peht, petlaku, micch pstroj, alarm (zvuk a svtla). 3. kde je holav plyn (pra) me unikat , holav plyn koncentrac detekce, alarm by mla bt nastavena. 4. vechny komunikoval s holav, vbun zazen s inertnm plynem, plynov penosov potrub, by mla bt nastavena zabrnit holavch a vbunch ltek do zazen, ale nemla bt samostatn zptn ventil. 5. holav plyn (pra) nastavit plamen svodi odvzduovac vvod, snadno pracovat, kde se zastavit ventily, aby pi vstupn vtrac potrub je v plamenech, peruil por plynu odvzduovac potrub ml bt nainstalovn v nejni hasicho zazen. 6. kdy dopravu holavch materil by mla odpovdat prmru potrub a stedn mrn odpor, sprvn zen prtoku, co nejvce se vyhnout statick elektiny. Antistatick opaten, jako jsou zazen, potrub, by mlo bt v souladu s technickmi pedpisy pro uzemnn design pro chemick podniky pslunch ustanoven. 7. nhl vbun petlaku nebo rychlho rozkladu vrobnch zazen nebo skladovacch zazen by mly bt vybaveny vbuchu (nevbun membrna), vvoz nonel trubice smrem k bezpenosti a aby prevence sekundrnch exploz, protiporn opaten. 8. vrobnthe principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges, into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax, financial and other resources, and construct Government credit + business credit credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to raise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central eight rules and opposing the four winds and practicing three Suns, and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the partys political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the partys political disciplines. Conscientiously abide by the partys political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, ideological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the partys political discipline problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are less grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strictly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs further浅谈如何做好化学中考复习 中考复习是帮助学生对所学知识进行归纳、整理、记忆、加深理解，是一个再学习的过程，不但要巩固过去所学的知识，而且要通过复习让学生加深、扩展知识，并进一步掌握学习知识的方法。在提高熟练程度基础上能灵活运用所学知识来分析、解决新的问题。有效的复习方法不应是简单、机械地重复所学知识，也决不是把原来的教学活动再重现一次。如何进行中考复习并提高复习课的质量呢？通过多年的化学教学，我一路摸爬走来，积累了一点体会。在此我谈点关于化学中考复习的点滴看法及做法与各位同仁共同探讨。一. 考点分析以“纲”为纲，以“本”为本，以考试说明为依据，不超纲，注意紧扣课本。客观分析把握中考命题的重点、难点、热点1考查的重点基本概念。这一块包括物质组成和分类，性质变化，化学用语，分散系统，化学量等五条知识线。 基础理论。(理论是化学的灵魂。)这块包括原子结构，分子和元素周期律，周期表，溶解质溶液，化学反应速度和质量守恒理论。元素及其化合物知识。(这是化学的基石)分为金属和非金属。计算。这一块纵贯化学各部分，要掌握基本类型、解题规律和解题技巧。基本实验。这一块充分体现了化学学科的特点。含仪器、基本操作、制备、鉴别（定）、提纯、定量实验、试剂存放、事故处理等。2考查的难点.从考点的内容上看： 多种物质间可能发生反应的判断； 物质的鉴别、提纯和除杂； 用规律或原理解释或说明问题； 综合实验； 溶质的质量分数、化学方程式的综合计算。.从题型上看：有注重能力的讨论题、推断题、实验设计题、开放性问答题、探究性的综合题、综合计算题，以及一些理论联系实际问题的求解。二、中考复习的具体做法 1强化基础知识，全面归纳整理。以教材为根本，使学生认真掌握各章的基本内容和要点，全面梳理知识，形成完整的化学知识体系。将基础知识通过点、线、面连成网络。基本概念这一块，我是把化学所有定义全部整理出来，自己总结一遍，虽然是要记忆的,但是除了记忆之外，还有就是要通过定义找出各种要点。例如：固体溶解度：在一定的温度下，某物质在100g溶剂里达到饱和状态是所溶解的质量。通过定义，我们可以先找到溶解度的四要素：一定温度（条件）、100g溶剂（标准）、饱和（状态）、质量（单位）。然后我还可以找到影响溶解的三个要点：温度、溶质本身性质、溶剂本身性质。这一步的整理对于学生们而言其实是一个很大的工程，做起来会非常辛苦，但决不可放弃。化学方程式的整理，在此之前我先整理出一份，然后让学生自己整理。自己整理好了之后，可以参照我的去对比修改。2了解命题方向，总结常见题型。金属活动性顺序是中考必考知识点，是初中化学的重点也是难点，为帮助同学们了解这一考点的命题方向及题型，走出解题误区，我结合各地中考试卷，总结了一下常见题型。1、 金属和酸的反应。考点、反应速率金属与酸的反应速率主要有金属活动性顺序，金属状态(粉末状、块状等)，温度，酸的浓度。其中选择题常考察金属活动性顺序，而探究题常探究酸的浓度对反应速率的影响。考点、生成氢气的质量这里要分为两种情况：a.金属不足酸过量。相同质量的金属生成氢气质量由多到少依次是：AlMgFeZn(同学们可以自己亲自算一下)b.酸不足金属过量。生成氢气质量：Al=Mg=Fe=Zn 常见的题型有：a.图像题 b.天平问题 c.判断金属组成、金属+盐溶液.活动性顺序的判断a.在金属活动性顺序中只有排在前面的金属才能把排在后面的金属从其盐溶液中置换出来，而与H的位置无关。但K、Ca、Na等金属例外。b.参加反应的盐，必须能够形成溶液，也就是说，盐不能是难溶于水的物质。如Cu和难溶于水的AgCl就不能发生反应，尽管铜的活动性强于银。c.如果某盐溶液中含有几种金属离子，向其中加入某一金属且加入的金属活动性最强，最先发生的反应，根据其规律，应认为金属和活动性最弱的那一种金属的阳离子最先发生反应。、反应后生成物的判断3、善于发现规律，灵活总结整理。 酸碱盐部分虽然题型众多，如：鉴别、推断、除杂，但是这些应用离不开最基础的知识点：即：对酸碱盐化学性质的熟练记忆。 通过复习归纳并整理出：酸的通性有五点、碱和盐的通性各有四点。对于这些化学性质，必须加以强化记忆和灵活记忆。我采用了图表记忆法以及变式记忆法等。 如：将酸碱盐的化学性质浓缩为下图记忆较好（图表记忆法） 金属 非金属 氧化物 氧化物 指示剂 碱酸盐 金属 盐 在此基础上，再做变式练习，增加对化学性质的多角度记忆（变式记忆法）。如：生成盐和水的规律，一定是中和反应吗？在酸碱盐的化学性质中，生成盐的规律有几条等。通过如上练习，就 可起到加强知识的同化和异化的作用。4、掌握规律条件，机智记忆知识。 在大量练习中同学们发现：以上练习中有很多是有规律、有条件的。因此在记住规律的前提下，还要记住规律应用的条件，这样才能做到有的放矢的应用。比如：可根据不同反应类型来灵活记忆有关反应的条件。归纳如下：例如：写出下列物质中两两之间能发生反应的化学方程式。 金属+酸置换反应 条件：金属活动顺序表 金属+盐 酸+碱 酸+盐复分解反应 酸+金属氧化物 条件：复分解反应发生条件 碱+盐 （酸碱盐溶解性表） 盐+盐（铁、氧化铁、烧碱溶液、稀硫酸、硫酸铜溶液、氯化钡溶液、二氧化碳） 此类题目是考察酸、碱、盐、氧化物之间反应规律和反应发生条件的较好范例。解题时，为防止产生丢落现象，我采用以铁为起点逐次向后延伸判断反应是否发生，再以氧化铁为新起点逐次顺推的方法。经判断共发生8个反应。由以上可以看出：在判断的过程中，自然强化了有关反应规律以及反应发生条件的记忆。这样的习题我就多找一些，随时加以练习，功到自然成。5、抓住重点题型，以点带面辐射 在复习中经常见到不少同学埋头于题海之中，耗时长收效甚微。酸碱盐部分的题型虽形式多样，但万变不离其宗。综合一下，可以说鉴别、除杂、推断这三类题型是很具代表性的，它们的正确理解和掌握，对于提高其他相关题型的应变能力，必将起到很好的辐射作用。例一：分别选用一种试剂鉴别以下各组溶液：A 、 NaOH、NaCl溶液、稀HCl （ ）B、Na2CO3、AgNO3溶液、KNO3溶液 （ ） C、K2CO3、BaCl2溶液、NaCl溶液 （ ） D、NaOH、Ca(OH)2溶液、稀HCl （ ） E、NH4NO3、(NH4)2SO4、Na2CO3、NaCl溶液 （ ） 鉴别题的原则是：抓住不同物质的主要特征，用最简单的方法，最少的试剂，以最明显的现象，达到鉴别的目的。所谓最简单的方法是指能用物理方法鉴别的就不要用化学方法鉴别；能一次鉴别的就不用多次鉴别。所谓最少试剂，就是能用一种试剂鉴别开来的就不要用多种试剂。最明显的现象，即是通过实验使各鉴别物质有明显不同的现象。如：产生变色、放出气体、生成沉淀等。 解析：A、通过物质分类，显然依次符合碱性、中性、酸性，当然加石蕊试液鉴别。B、通过观察发现：Na2CO3遇酸（H+）产生气体，而AgNO3遇CL-产生沉淀，而KNO3遇盐酸无现象，故加盐酸来鉴别。 C、由上可知：K2CO3遇酸（H+）产生气体，BaCl2溶液遇SO42-有沉淀，而NaCl溶液遇稀硫酸无现象，故加稀硫酸来鉴别。D、Ca(OH)2溶液遇CO32-有沉淀，稀HCl 遇CO32-有气体，而NaOH 遇CO32-无明显现象，故加Na2CO3或K2CO3鉴别。E、观察可知：NH4+遇OH-产生氨气，而Ba2+遇CO32-、SO42-均有沉淀产生，取样后分别滴加Ba（OH）2溶液，只有气体产生的是NH4NO3，同时有气体和沉淀产生的是(NH4)2SO4，只有沉淀产生的是Na2CO3，无现象的是NaCl。 在实际应用中，同学们还可以将鉴别题按一次性鉴别、多次性鉴别、不加其他试剂鉴别、两两混合鉴别等进行分类，根据各自独有的特点，总结解题技巧，从而达到全面掌握不同鉴别类型的目的。6 巧妙设计习题，迁移知识能力。化学计算在中考中约有10分，也是学生今后从事农业生产和继续学习及从事科学实验研究必须具备的技能之一，它能使学生从量的方面理解物质及其变化规律，把握化学计算的技能和培养一些能力，因此在化学复习中我就突出了计算习题的教学。在复习有关溶液中溶质的质量分数与有关反应前后溶液质量变化的计算时，我编了以下习题:100克20%的氢氧化钠溶液；、加100克水；、加10克氢氧化钠固体；、加100克10%的氢氧化钠溶液；、蒸发80克水,析出4克晶体；、降温析出2克晶体后；、取出50克溶液；、加6.2克的氧化钠；、加100克硫酸铜溶液恰好完全反应；、加100克稀盐酸恰好完全反应；、通入一定量二氧化碳得到碳酸钠溶液，求所得溶液中溶质的质量分数多少? 多变训练可以使学生的知识迁移能力和思维水平逐步提高，更有利于考查学生有效地运用知识,分析和解决问题的能力。同时，一题多解不仅有利于学生增进对事物多样性的认识，而且有利于学生的相关知识点的融汇贯通，更有利于学生发散思维能力的培养。多变训练也避免学生在复习中陷入题海。7注重实验分析，获取有用信息。（含仪器、基本操作、制备、鉴别、提纯、定量实验、试剂存放、事故处理等。）、重视实验基础知识和操作基本技能的复习，对气体制备、收集、除杂、鉴别及溶液的配制等基本实验要进行归纳总结。注重实验现象的分析，会从实验现象、图表以及各种数据中获取有用的化学信息。、要注意考试说明中重点的几个实验，课堂和学生实验，设计实验，探究类实验。在这些常见物质的性质实验中，学生要弄清楚它的原理及装置。比如测定空气中氧气的体积分数时，考生可以从它的原理、药品的选择、装置、实验现象、实验结论以及对装置的评价等方面进行复习。学生要特别重视实验的一些原理，这些原理重点包含在以上的哪几个实验中。不同类型的题目需要不同的技巧与套路，熟悉相关实验与操作是解答这一部分题目所必须的。8、注重反馈，精心讲评 初三复习以“知识升华”为能力，“提高成绩”为目的。一次考试或练习，实际上是一次信息反馈过程。试卷的讲评，是教师根据学生试卷反馈回来的信息，将知识清晰化、脉络化的过程。我必然要通过错题分析，揭示知识的内在联系，总结规律，举一反三，触类旁通；结合出现错误的性质，找出发生错误的根源，防止下次重犯。还要归纳每类试题的解题思路和方法，一题多解方法中的最佳方法，以便提高学生的解题速度和得分率。因此，学生本身要像对待中考一样，认真参加每次考评，专心听取老师对试卷的分析。老师的讲评课听好了，就可开拓思路，收到事半功倍的效果。三、 做好备考工作，提高应试能力 1、查漏补缺。考前要做的是查漏补缺，全面梳理，把书读“薄”。一模后首先要根据自己的考卷，分析问题所在，是知识存在漏洞、答题不规范、还是综合能力不足?然后针对自己存在的问题进行针对性的练习，切忌再做套题，把书读“薄”。最后，临近中考，拿出自己的错题本，考前再一次弥补漏洞，并配合一些中等难度题目的练习来提升自己的信心。2、加强审题训练。 在审题上下功夫，就能做到既快又准。通过审题训练，提高分析、判断、推理、联想的能力。特别是一些分步解决的问题，须得依次作答，才可取得较好成绩。审题是解好题的前奏。 3、提高表达能力。 不少学生会计算也知思路，就是说不清，逻辑混乱；书写潦草、丢三拉四。改变这些习惯，必须从解题规范和书写格式抓起。要求做到：字迹清晰，书写整齐，语言简练、准确、严密；计算准确，文字、符号、表达符合课本规范，养成严谨治学的好学风。 4、调整心态，适应中考。最后阶段，在学生综合能力已经具备的情况下，通过中考模拟试题让学生逐渐适应大型考试，这一阶段应特别注意题的套数不要太多，但关键是要让学生熟悉中考题的结构以及一些疑难问题的处理方法。再者，很多学生往往会出现平时掌握很好，一到考试就不知所措，而且这种情况可能会一直延续到以后的高考。因此，如何让学生以一颗平常心迎接考试是老师要做的非常重要的一件大事。考前要给学生减压，减轻思想压力和心理负担，使学生放下思想包袱，轻装上阵，考出水平。总之，我们在复习时必须善于抓住基础，理解基础，掌握基础。如果在复习中往高、难两方面延伸，做练习往难题、偏题、怪题等方面发展，就会使自己误入歧途、自找苦吃。以上是我在具体的复习教学中的点滴体会，不当之处还望各位同仁多提宝贵意见。 temporary construction organization design requires the implementation of the overall layout. 2 site near the high voltage line protection near power lines to have a reliable protective measures protective closely, to meet safety requirements. 3 branch set up distribution box into outlet sleeve and a cross arm to be used; Access to wires neatly, reasonable matching; Prohibited the use of insulation is poor, aging skin, broken wires, to prevent leakage; Should be fixed by insulators, and overhead laying; Line the hallway to have a reliable protection; Direct buried lines, laying depth of not less than 0.6m, leads to the ground from the 2m height to the ground at 0.2m, you must set up protective casing. 4 spot lights hand-held lamp 36V safe voltage should be used; 36V safety at hazardous voltages, particularly in hazardous areas using 12V; Lighting wires should be fixed on the insulators; Insulated rubber sheathed cable for field lights, lighting the use of sheathed wires; Lighting circuits and lighting from the ground not less than the prescribed distance, prohibited the use of electric arc furnace; To prevent the wire insulation is poor, aged, broken skin and leakage, with tungsten heating is strictly prohibited. 5 to set up low-voltage lines are not allowed to use bamboo poles, pole cross arm should be established and insulators; Fine wires can not be mounted on scaffolding or tree branch; Overhead lines required high enough off the ground. 6 electric . Project name: 5-5-2 sequential order of the subsidence observation observation point number support (supporting) and diagrams year month day year month day year month Day, the distance (m) deformation (mm) the relative distance (m) deformation (mm) the relative distance (m) deformation (mm) today this this this this cumulation Engineering formwork supporting system self-test State observer records form template project name: construction site: construction: support materials: Ann 5-6 serial number check project check requirements behave records results 1 construction programme programme full, support system design calculation, and approval procedures complete, job Qian should for security low-down, low-down material full 2 support material support column material: wood Rod application pine or FIR, shall not used easy deformation, and decay, and split crack, and dry section of wood; as used pipe, pipe od shall not is less than 48x3.5 of pipe, no serious rust, and crack, and deformation 3 column stable column bottom of pad material, Shall conform to the construction design requirement, do not use bricks blocked up by construction organization design requirements, support height () when m, between columns of the level of support set () road horizontal support, vertical scissors spacing (), m, spacing for horizontal scissors () m. Column spacing in accordance with design requirements, portrait () mm, transverse () mm pole joints should be staggered, long barch zazen, budov a konstrukc, tanky a jin zsuvky prmyslov vody, krom ustanoven vodu tak, by mlo bt instalovno v oblasti s vodou k utsnn vrtu, uzavrac ventil, aby se zabrnilo velk mnostv holavch a vbunch materil do kanalizace. 9. pouit v holavch, vbunch plyn pojistn ventil a vtrac potrub, je nutn export trubice je umstn mimo a vy ne 2 metry nad budovou. (B) pouvn ohn, ohe (viz systm sprvy prce) (c) porn zazen a organizac 1. realizace prevence prvn a integrovan prevence ohe politiku, pijmout modern tec