英语论文商务英语的语言特点及其翻译.doc

唐 山 学 院毕 业 论 文论文题目： 商务英语的语言特点及其翻译系 别： 外语系 班 级： 03英本1班 姓 名： 李 倩 指 导 教 师： 王 娜 2007年6月8 日Language Features and Translation of Business EnglishStudent: Li Qian Supervisor: Wang Na Foreign Languages DepartmentTangshan CollegeJune, 2007 唐山学院毕业论文 第IV页毕业设计（论文）任务书1 外语 系 英语 专业 03英本1 班 姓名： 李倩 毕业设计（论文）时间： 2007 年 3 月 5 日 至 2007 年 6 月 15 日毕业设计（论文）题目： Language Features and Translation of Business English 毕业设计（论文）任务一、论文各部分内容及时间分配：（共5周）第一部分： Introduction （1周）第二部分： The Language Features of Business English （1周） 第三部分： Specific Principles of and Strategies for the Translation of Business English. （1周）第四部分： Some Problems Existing in Business English Translation and the Requirements for Translators. （1周）第五部分： Conclusion （1周）二、论文要求：The thesis should contain at least 5000 words. The writing should be divided into 3 main parts: beginning, body and conclusion. The beginning is the introduction, the body is the development and discussion of the main points and the conclusion is the summary of the whole thesis. There must be clear points of view, logical and convincing discussion and natural conclusion. The thesis must be finished according to the requirements and within the set time.毕业设计（论文）进度计划安排阶段应完成的主要工作计划起止时间1确定论文方向15周到寒假前2广泛地查阅资料，做好卡片寒假期间3确定文章题目，再查阅资料1-3周4构思并撰写提纲 4-5周5完成初稿 6-9周6修改初稿，并完成二稿、三稿10-13周7定稿、打印、装订14周8答辩15-16周主要参考文献Bell, R. T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. 1st ed. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.Bell, R. T. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics. 1st ed. London: Batsford, 1981.Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. 1st ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1974.Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theory. London/New York: Routledge, 1993.Halliday, M. K. Explorations in the Functions of Language. 2st ed. London: Arnold, 1973.Hutchinson, T, Waters A. English for Specific Purpose. Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.Kempson, R. M. Semantic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1997.Loe, Gones, Richard Alexander. Cambridge Business English. Beijing: Beijing HuaXia Press , 2001.Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.Nida, Eugene A. Toward a Science of Translation. 7th ed. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.Nida, Eugene A. Language, Culture, and Translation. 7th ed. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.Nida, Eugene A. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: The Netherlands, 1964.陈宏薇. “从奈达现象看中国翻译走向成熟.” 中国翻译. 2001年第11期.陈苏东，陈建平. 商务英语翻译. 高等教育出版社, 2003.刘法公. 商贸汉英翻译专论 重庆出版社, 1999.申雨平. 西力一翻译理论精选 外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.谭载喜. 西方一翻译简史 商务印书馆, 2000.指导教师（签名）： 审批人（签名）：毕业设计（论文）指导教师评阅书指导教师（签名）： 年 月 日毕业设计（论文）评审教师评阅书评阅教师（签名）： 年 月 日毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会成绩评定书答辩人姓名： 设计（论文）答辩日期： 年 月 日 设计（论文）题目： 答辩委员会的评语：毕业设计（论文）成绩： 答辩委员会主任（签名）： 唐山学院毕业论文 第VII页摘 要近年来，随着经济全球化的发展，商务翻译在国际贸易中的重要性日益突显。它不同于文学翻译等其他形式，具有自身的特点。本文通过对商务英语语言特点进行分析，提出一些翻译的原则和策略，对解决商务翻译的一些问题有一定的指导意义。文章先从三个语言学角度分析商务英语的语言特点：词汇角度、句法角度、语篇功能角度，其次针对其特点提出几点翻译原则与策略，并在此基础上对大量的商务英语实例进行了翻译，对常见错误进行修正。事实证明，掌握好一定的技巧及方法后翻译出好的商务译本是完全可能的。本文旨在提高商务英语的翻译质量，促进贸易双方的沟通及交流。正文将分为五个章节来阐述论题。第一章为引文。第二章系统地介绍商务英语的语言特点,其中从三个语言学层次上进行分析研究。第三章由其特点引出对商务英语进行翻译时应掌握的一些原则和策略,其中包括真实性原则、对等性原则、精确性原则、连贯性原则。第四章主要分析一些翻译中的常见错误并提出对译者的一些要求。最后一部分为结论。关键词：商务英语; 语言特点; 翻译AbstractIn recent years, with the development of economic globalization, business translation has become more and more important. Business translation is different from the literary translation and other forms since it has its own characteristics. This thesis analyses the language features of business English from three linguistic levels: the lexical level, the syntactic level and the textual level, according to which several translation principles and strategies are proposed. On basis of the principles and strategies, some examples are analyzed and some common mistakes are corrected. The thesis aims at improving the quality of business English translation and promoting the understanding and exchange between two trading parties.The thesis will be divided into five parts. Part One introduces the topic. Part Two analyses the linguistic features of business English from three linguistic levels. Part Three presents some translation principles and strategies based on the above language features including faithfulness, equivalence, exactness and consistency. Part Four deals with an analysis of some common mistakes and then makes some requirements for translators. Last part comes to the conclusion.Key words: business English; language features; translationContents. Introduction1. The Language Features of Business English.3A. Language features from the perspective of function.3B. Language features from the perspective of style.41. Elementary view of the features of business English.42. Detailed feature analysis of business English.6a. Lexical level. .6b. Syntactic level.8c. Textual level.10. Specific Principles of and Strategies for the Translation of Business English.13A. Faithfulness principle in the translation of business English.131. Faithfulness is the fundamental requirement for business English translation.132. Equivalence of the concept can assure the fidelity to the original text14B. Exactness principle in the translation of business English.15C. Consistency principle in the translation of business English.15. Some Problems Existing in Business English Translation and the Requirements for Translators.17. Conclusion.20. Notes.21. Bibliography.22. Acknowledgements.24唐山学院毕业论文. IntroductionSince the economic reform and opening up to the outside world in China, our business communication with other countries has become more and more frequent. The scope of economic exchange has also extended and more people are engaged in the work of business English translation. From ancient times to the present, abundant fruits have emerged in translation research in China, for instance, Yan Fus “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”, which gained popular influence in China, Lu Xuns “rather be faithful than smooth”, or Xu Yuanchongs “notion of rivalry”, “the notion of transcendence”. However, what almost all the fruits focus on is literary translation and all the efforts are made to render perfect literary translation and achieve the harmony between the form and the content of literary translation. Eugene A. Nida once made comments on the current situation of translation in China: But unfortunately too many Chinese theorists and practitioners have focused primarily on elegance and quite naturally they concentrated their efforts on literary texts.1Though translation gets its appropriate treatment as an academic pursuit in China for a long history, it is not true of business translation. The traditional Chinese translation theories lay too much emphasis on literary translation, which results in great limitation. Particularly for business translation, whose features are greatly different from those of literary translation, traditional translation theory is not so suitable. However, business translation has for a long time remained only a business translation in a functional view and been ignored by Chinese academic field. It is only recently that it has become the focus of attention. The input from academic endeavor will certainly give an impetus to the theoretical development of business translation practice by selecting from among many frameworks of translation theories the most suitable one for business translation.Up to now, there are not as many books or theses studying business translation as those that concern other kinds of translations in China, though there is rapid development in this area. But there are still many famous scholars who have made tremendous contributions to business translation in recent years. Professor Jia Wenbo published a book named Pragmatic Translation with a Functional Few and one of its chapters is contributed to business translation; there is also one chapter in Professor Fang Mengzhis A Coursebook on Pragmatic Translation discussing business translation; Professor Liao Ying also published several books centered on many aspects of business translation. And there are a number of papers and discussions in many periodicals concerning business translations in recent years. However, there are few books that offer systematic researches and concentrate on business translation and few theories are applied in business translation; consequently, the systematic research on business translation and its suitable theories is urgent in China.Therefore, in the following parts of this thesis, the author will discuss the translation of business English on the basis of its own language features. The Language Features of Business EnglishA. Language features from the perspective of functionFunctions of language are closely related to translation, and so are the language features of business English. Translation is the art of language. People use different words for different purposes and effects, which are exactly the functions of language. A translator therefore should first of all be able to recognize the functions of language in different texts or contexts and then tries his utmost to choose an equivalent sentence or discourse in the translation, which has the same language function as the sentence or discourse of the original. Thus functional equivalence is achieved.As Nida said in his book Language, Culture and Translating, language has two types of functions, one is psychological function, the other is sociological function. The psychological functions may be described as the means by which people negotiate with reality, and the sociological functions can be said to be those ways by which people negotiate with other persons. And the sociological functions may be regarded as external and interpersonal. Business English is a kind of pragmatic English, whose main features are external and interpersonal. Therefore the analysis of the language features of business English can be started from the angle of sociological functions.The primary sociological functions of language, according to Nida, contain the following types: interpersonal, informative, imperative, performative, and emotive. However, in view of the purpose of business English, the language in this special register may have the following two main functions, that is, interpersonal and informative functions. The reason why the rest of the functions (the imperative, the performative, and the emotive) are not listed here in business English is not that they are unimportant, but that they can be involved in the two functions emphasized: the interpersonal function and the informative function.The interpersonal function of language primarily involves the ways in which people negotiate and/or maintain social status, in other words, how they make use of language to help establish themselves in the social “pecking order” and how they maintain these relations with other persons. In most languages there are quite distinct levels or registers, including ritual, formal, informal, casual, and intimate speech.2 In business English, the interpersonal relationship is essential to the success of a business transaction. If you negotiate with your counterpart, you should know how and when to use polite language, vague language or logical language, which are used according to different registers. The use of these various registers depends primarily upon the purposes of power and solidarity.3 Just as Mark Ellis said in his book Teaching Business English, the most important characteristic of exchanges in the context of business meetings, telephone calls, and discussions is a sense of purpose. Even used in phatic manner, business English can obtain interpersonal function. But unlike in EGP registers, in business English the speaker is often pressed time at business meetings, so it is impossible to keep on chattering cleverly about inconsequential matters.The most obvious function of language is informative, the use of speech or writing to influence the cognitive content or state of other people. In business English, this function is especially obvious. Information has to be conveyed with minimum risk of misunderstanding, and the time for processing needs to be short. Therefore there is a preference for clear, logical thought emphasized by the kinds of words that indicate the logical process (for example: “as a result”, “for this reason”, “in order to”).4“Those who employ performative language are often authority figures, or they are credited with possessing esoteric knowledge about the power of words, and in most instances, performative Functional Equivalence and Business English Translation language is highly ritualized and fixed in form”.5According to Gillian and George, language has “transactional” and “interpersonal” functions. The distinction between “transactional” and “interpersonal” stands in general correspondence to the distinction between “informative” and “interpersonal”. Relatively few discourses are restricted to a single function. In fact, most speaking and writing involve several different functions and often in quite different proportions. But business English involves most obviously the interpersonal and informative functions in almost the same proportions. The features of the informative function and the interpersonal function are the language features of business English from the perspective of function. In the following section, the language features will be discussed from the perspective of style.B. Language features from the perspective of style1. Elementary view of the features of business EnglishBusiness translation does not have essential differences from literary translation, nor from other special translations. But each special area of translation must have its special considerations, which mainly concern jargons, techniques of ambiguity resolution, methods of transfer of style, and selection of information that needs translation, etc. In this section, the main considerations of business translation in stylistic aspect will be analyzed, which have tremendous influence on business translation in practice.The major function of business English is to offer all kinds of information to businessmen and help them to communicate better with each other. And business English is used to propaganda various kinds of information of products to the outside world to make people know more about them. Example (1): Extra privacy could be obtained by engaging a “drawing-room” at the end of the car, which would accommodate up to three, but at a higher supplement. In these cars it was also necessary to use common wash-rooms at the car end. 车厢尽头有一个特等卧室，具有很好的私密性内可容纳三人， 但要额外收较高的费用。这类车厢的两头还设有公用洗手间，供旅客使用。In this paragraph, the information of extra privacy and common wash-rooms are introduced to passengers.What is closely related to its informativeness is the succinct language of business English. Business English especially business documents or files seek for succinctness and try to avoid ambiguity and to reduce redundancy to the minimum, even at the cost of other language features. Here succinctness does not mean the messages are little. Actually, it means using fewer words and sentences to convey more messages and at the same time avoiding ambiguity. Relatively speaking, sentences or words or paragraphs are much less complicated in business English than those of literary works except those articles of contracts. In business context, language ambiguity usually would be eliminated by specific business context. For business English, conveying the information is its most important function. The misunderstanding of information should be limited into minimum and less time should be spent on business documents or files so as to achieve high efficiency; consequently, most business texts are concise and succinct. Example (2):(a) Documents against payment付款交单(b) Freight forward运费到付(c) In your favor以你方为受益人(d) Backlog of orders尚未交付的订单In example (a)，there is only one noun phrase in English to convey the meaning that must be expressed by two verb phrases in Chinese. In example (b) one noun phrase is enough to express the meaning while in Chinese a sentence is necessary. And the English expressions of example (