译林牛津模块五非谓语动词语法教学绝好材料(学生讲义版)1.doc

非谓语动词讲练（学生讲义）（一）非谓语动词的句法功能：充当除谓语动词以外的各种句子成分成分类别主语宾语表语定语状语宾补不定式(to)+ v动名词-ing现在分词-ing过去分词-ed什么叫状语：状语是句子的重要修饰成分。从情况，时间，处所，方式，条件，对象，肯定，否定，范围和程度等方面对对动词，形容词或整个句子进行修饰或限制。什么叫宾补：就是对宾语的动作或状态进行补充说明。（二）非谓语动词的分类，意义，构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to doto have done to be doing to have been doingto be doneto have been done在非谓语前加not或never特别注意： not having done;ones not doing / ones not having donefor sb. to do sth. of sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用; 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语动名词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesb. / sbs doing作主语仅用sbs doing具有名词的作用;在句中做主、宾、定和表语分词现在分词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副词和形容词的作用; 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done（三）非谓语动词的考点：、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别高考题点击：1. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. A. angrily pointingB. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. A. seizing, disappeared B. seized, disappeared C. seizing, disappearing D. seized, disappearing 、非谓语动词作主语，注意以下两个重要问题：第一 是并行结构问题 ，即主表一致性如：Seeing is believing. 第二 需要注意一些结构：A) Its no use (no good) doing sth. 如：Its no use quarrelling with such a fellow .B) 在 Its + adj. 结构中都用不定式作主语。注意两种句型：Its easy (difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary) + for sb. to doIts kind (nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate (考虑周到的),mean(卑鄙的), silly, selfish (自私的) )后加 of sb. to do、非谓语动词作表语The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make注意两个问题: 一是并行结构问题 To see is to believe二是时间问题：一般来说，不定式作表语都表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的、愿望、梦想、需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式。动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份、职业”等。My job is teaching.My dream of life is to become a scientist.另外要特别注意现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。 现在分词说明主语所具有的特征；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。、非谓语动词作定语 Do you know the student seated/sitting at the back of the classroom?Have you read the news referring to house prices? 你读到有关房价的新闻了吗？the concerned parents 忧心的家长the parents concerned 相关的家长高考题点击: 1.The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 2. A man is being questioned in relation to the _ murder last night. A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted 3. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung非谓语动词作定语时要注意以下区别：A) 分词作定语时与其所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系；B) 动名词作定语时只表示用途、场所等意义；C) 不定式作定语时要注意以下一些固定结构：在 ability, attempt, chance, courage, decision, effort, power, right , time 等名词后；由序数词,only, last, next 或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语；I dont think he is the best man _(do)the job.He is always the first / the last one _ (leave) the office. D) 表示被动意义的非谓语动词作定语时的用法： done 表示已经完成的动作 to be done 表示尚未开始的动作 being done 表示正在进行之中的动作 、非谓语动词作宾语 1. How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden? A. to take B. takeC. taking D. to be taking2. I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded 3. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects注意不定式和动名词都可以做及物动词或介词的宾语。下列动词只能用不定式做宾语，这个口诀可以帮助大家记忆： 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法试图装，主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。仅带不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, refuse, offer, promise, decide, determine, intend, manage, fail, hope, expect, long, wish, tend, desire, plan, pretend, 等；动词 know, show 等常带疑问词加 to do 作宾语。在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。即：consider / feel / think / find / make it n./adj. to do sth. 例如：I found it impossible to finish the work on time.4. I really appreciate _ to relax with you on this nice island. A. to have had time B. having time C. to have timeD. to having time下列动词只能接动名词做宾语， 记住下面的口诀避免错过欣赏，禁止推迟完成，继续忍受否认，承认盼望原谅，允许想像冒险，介意不禁空想，建议考虑逃亡。仅带动名词作宾语的动词为：admit advocate(提倡) appreciate，avoid，delay，enjoy，escape，excuse， prevent，finish，imagine，mind，miss，practise，resist，risk，suggest，stand，forgive，keep，allow permit，forbid，advise等。 此外还有 be used to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to(反对)，get down to, feel like 等动词或短语，也要用动词作宾语, 要特别注意to 的词性。 但如果在 allow permit forbid advise后提到有关的人，就只能用不定式作宾补。在动词 want, need, require, deserve 等词后加动名词作宾语时表示被动意义，相当于 to be done。在动词 want, need, require, deserve 等词后加动名词作宾语时表示被动意义，相当于 to be done。特别注意：带不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同的动词： remember, forget, regret, try, go on, mean, stopstop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事remember/forget/regret to do （指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）try to do （设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing （试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing （意识是，意味着）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）cant help (to) do （不能帮忙做） cant help doing （忍不住要做）5. - You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. - Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done6. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _ at the party, but not_A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave7. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting要特别注意 to 的词性，分析其为介词还是不定式。如：be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to，stick to， turn to ，devote oneself to，be devoted to，look forward to，pay attention to, get down to，contribute to, lead to 等 to 为介词。 8. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _some schools for poor children. A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up9. - How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? - The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. A. to solving making B. to solving made C. to solve making D. to solve made 、非谓语动词作宾补宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的动作或状态的。 被动结构中常常成为主语补足语。如：You can depend on him to help you. An English song was heard sung yesterday evening. (主语补足语)Have you noticed him cheating when you passed by?不定式和分词都可以做宾语补足语，请仔细研究下面的表格：常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage sb.to do sth.主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成。The teacher encouraged me to work hard.have(让), notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make sb. do sth.I heard him call me several times.Who would you like to have do the experiment?现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, have(让), feel, keep, leave sb/sth doing/done 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.He has the machine running all the time.I wont have my students cheating in the exam. (否定句中表“容忍”)过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.She was surprised that the washing machine she had had repaired went wrong again.1. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning2. A computer does only what thinking people _. A. have it doB. have it done C. have done it D. having it done3. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out4. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play特别注意： hope, agree, demand, refuse 等没有宾补。5. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not to it D. do not to、非谓语动词作状语高考题点击： 1. - Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?- _ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting2. _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept3. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose4. He sent me an E-mail, _ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope5. He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told6. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching7. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun8. Finding her car stolen, _. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searching thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help注意点一、不定式可作目的状语、结果状语等, 还可以用早某些作表语的形容词后面作原因状语。 I stayed there to see what would happen. 他待在那里，想看看会发生什么。（目的） He hurried to the station only to find the train gone.他匆忙赶到火车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。（结果） I am very glad to see you. 我很高兴见到你。（原因） She is too tired to do the job. 她太累了，做不了那项工作。（结果）二、分词在句中可以作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、伴随状语等。如： Being sick, I stayed at home. 我因为生病待在家中。（原因）Having been shown around the school , the experts gave our headmaster some advice. 带专家们转了我们的学校后，他们给我们的校长提出了一些建议。（时间）United, we stand; divided, we fell. 团结则存，分裂则亡。（条件）The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it . 那孩子跌倒了，头碰在门上碰破了。（结果）The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. 老师走进实验室，后面跟着一些学生。(伴随)Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 告诉他多次，他还是犯同样的错误。（让步）注1：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。 9. In order to improve English, . A. Jennys father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jennys father10. Having been attacked by terrorists, _. A. doctors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists注2： 表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。11. When _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared注3：有时，“with或without + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 分词”的结构表示伴随状况。12. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _. A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on注4: 当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词须有自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。 例如：Weather permitting, we will go out. = If weather permits , we will go out. It being Sunday today, the library doesnt open. =Because it is Sunday today, the library doesnt open.13. _, the concert began.(A) A. The listeners having taken their seats B. Having taken their seats C. Having taken their places D. Taking their seats14. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest_ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 15. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given某些固定结构中，分词的逻辑主语不受句子主语的限制，可独立使用，称为独立分词结构或悬垂分词。 这些结构有：adv. (generally/frankly/personally/honestly/strictly ) + speaking, judging from / by 从 判断considering / takinginto consideration supposing /providing / provided that 假如given sth./ that 假如，考虑到 例如：Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family. Frankly speaking, I dont like him at all. 某些动词不定式常用作独立副词成分To make things/matters even worse To begin with To tell you the truthTo be honest/ exact / strict / frank Believe it or not 例如：To be frank (= Frankly speaking), I dont like your attitude.Believe it or not, he left me standing in the rain for nearly half an hour.、非谓语动词的时态语态 使用非谓语动词的时候务必注意非谓语动词和主句的谓语动词的先后关系以及它和主句的主语之间的逻辑关系（是主动关系还是被动关系）。如：1. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. (99 N) A. to have studiedB. to study C. to be studyingD. to have been studying本题的关键是“what country he studied in”，由此可知（非谓语的）事情发生在过去。2. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (02 N) A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seenremain 后接 to do，此处 it 指代的是后面的主语从句。他们是否喜欢有待于观察，此处应为被动。高考题点击： 1.I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. having goneC. goingD. to have gone2. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studiedB. to study C. to be studyingD. to have been studying3. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen5. _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed6. _ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. A. Having been shown B. To be shown C. Having shown D. To show、非谓语动词否定形式: 在非谓语前加not(1) The teacher asked us_ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make(2) _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having complete D. Having not completed(3) Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan. A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able 、动名词的复合结构: sb. / sbs doing (作主语仅用sbs doing)如：It is difficult to imagine his _the decision without any consideration. A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted1）It is difficult to imagine his _the decision without any consideration. A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted（2）I really cant understand _ her like that. A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating（3） _the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. A. The president attending B. The president to attend C. The president attended D. The presidents attending下次课内容、不定式的复合结构1. for sb. to do sth. 前面的sb. 一般是不定式的逻辑主语，要 特别注意他们是主动关系还是被动关系。 It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday. There are a lot of difficulties for us to overcome. In order for the patient to be treated at once,they took him to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible.或：In order to be treated at once, the patient was taken to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible. His idea is for us to travel in different cars. of sb. to do sth. Its brave _ into the burning building to save the baby! A. for him to go B. for him going C. of him going D. of him to go、there be 的非谓语形式1) 动词+there to be / there being （作宾语） 如：I dont want there to be any misunderstanding between them. 我不希望之间有什么误会。They deny there being any misunderstanding between them. 他们否认他们之间有误解。 I cant imagine there being so few people in the library. 我无法想象图书馆里人这么少。2) 介词+there being （作宾语） He was surprised at there being so many people waiting there. 他对很多人等在那里感到吃惊。 I have never dreamed of there being a chance of being sent abroad so soon. 我做梦也没想到这么快就有一个被派往国外的机会。 注意：for there to be 常用在It be + adj. for.的结构中 It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。 （作主语） Its too early for there to be anybody up 太早了，还不会有人起床。(作状语) 3）there being 结构作状语 There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语) There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry 因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语) -We didnt find the Blacks _ the lecture. -No one had told him about _a lecture the following day. A. to attend; there to be B. attending; there being C. attended; there be D. attend; there was不带to 的动词不定式(1)在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch等；但改为被动语态后，应加上to例：老师常常让我把作文重写。 The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition.I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition.(2)在except, but, other than 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but, other than 后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to 的动词不定式。即 前有do(“做”) 后无to 熟记： cannot but /cannot choose but / cannot help but do sth. can do nothing but do sth. have no choice/alternative but to do sth.例：我只好接受他的建议。 I can not but accept his advice. I can do nothing but accept his advice. I have no choice but to