口译与听力三作业.doc

口译与听力三作业Listen to This 3, L. 12, Special Report Earthquake and New Economic Structure in Mexico 全文听译墨西哥地震和新经济结构的特别报道 One year ago this month, a powerful earthquake in Mexico City killed more than nine thousand people. 一年前的这个月，在墨西哥一场强大的地震夺去了超过9千人的生命。 造成超过9千人丧生。Tens of thousands of people lost their jobs because of the massive damage. 数以万计的人因为这场大规模的损害而失业Among those hardest hit by the quake were women garment workers, who worked in sweatshops concentrated in the heart of Mexico City.在这些失业者中受地震打击最大的是妇女服装工人，她们工作在集中于墨西哥市中心的血汗工厂。One year after the earthquake, Lucie Conger reports that some of the forty thousand seamstresses who lost their jobs are changing their attitudes about work. 地震一年后，露西康恩报道了在失业的4万纺织女工中有一部分正改变着对工作的态度。On the fifth floor of a small office building in the heart of downtown, some thirty garment workers are back at work. 在市中心一家小型办公楼的第五楼，有三十个工人返回工作。Just as before the earthquake theyre working on an assembly line. 就像地震前他们在生产线工作一样。Each woman is specialized in one operation, like sewing cuffs or putting buttonholes on a fancy cocktail dress. 每个妇女都精通于每项操作流程，如缝纫袖口或给华丽的礼服打上纽扣孔。But there the similarities with their past work end. 但这和他们过去的工作相似之处结束。The women here on Uruguay Street are running their own cooperative with machines they got from their former employer in a settlement when he closed his factory which was damaged by the earthquake. 在乌拉圭街的妇女正运营着自己的合作社，当雇主关闭了被地震损坏的工厂时她们从先前的雇主结算时得到的机器。About fifteen groups of women have former cooperatives, setting up shop with equipment they received instead of an indemnification when factory owners shut down their former places of work. 大概有15组合作社，当厂方倒闭停工后，她们接受用工厂设备来代替赔偿金，从而建立了自己的小作坊。Running their own business has meant big changes for these women. 运营自己的生意对这些妇女来说意味着重要改变。All thirty-five women in this cooperative agree that they prefer working without a boss looking over their shoulder.这35个合作社的妇女都认为她们比较喜欢没有老板盯着监督她们工作的方式。For Juana Arias, who used to cut patterns for dresses, not having a boss has given her the chance to develop new skills. 对简娜阿瑞儿来说，她过去是剪裁样板，老板一直没有给她机会去发展新的技能。Well, sometimes its my job to solve some problems. I decide when to buy things. For example, when we run out of thread and needles, thats my job to decide on things that are needed. 有时候我需要解决一些问题，我可以决定什么时候买东西。比如，当我们用完针线时，我的工作就是确定针线所需用的数量。At the same time, since they set up the cooperative five months ago, the women have had the chance to realize that the old system of working for the patron or boss man had its good points. 同时，自从5个月前她们建立合作社，这些妇女已有机会实现原来受雇于老板 的旧工作体系中的好处。At the cooperative, the women only get paid when they complete a factory order. 在合作社里，妇女只有完成了生产定单才能领到报酬。Last Friday came and went without a pay-check. 上周五就没有薪水。Their income is low now, because theyre assembling dresses instead of earning more by producing ready-made dresses of their own design. 她们现在的收入很低，因为她们正在加工服装而不是组装生产现成的她们自己设计的服装。There are other concerns as well. 这也有一些其它的顾虑。While the seamstresses are grateful for the loans and technical assistance that theyre getting from a Catholic church foundation, they worry about repaying the loans and keeping up with operation expenses like rent and phone bills. 纺织女工感激来自一个天主教基金会提供的贷款和技术支持，但同时她们担心偿还贷款和不断增加的运营费用如房租和电话费。And leaving behind the tradition of having a boss is a difficult transition for Mexican women who are accustomed from childhood to responding to male authority figures. 墨西哥妇女从小习惯对男性的权威，老板传统的背后有一个艰难的转型，Paula Socer, a leader at another seamstresses cooperative. 宝拉苏舍，在另一个纺织女工合作社的领导人。They dont like us to tell them what to do. Since we are all owners, they think that we each can do what we want. 他们不喜欢我们去告诉他们该做什么。即使我们都是物权人，他们认为我们每个人能够做我们想做的。Other garment workers are still working under the patron. 其它服装工人仍然在受雇于老板而工作。But after the earthquake, many of the women began to question their position at work when they saw some factory owners moving more quickly to salvage machinery and cash boxes than to rescue trapped workers. 但是地震之后，当她们看到一些工厂老板以更快的速度抢修机器和现金盒而不是去援救受困的工人时，许多妇女开始质疑她们的工作地位。Dramatic events like these moved some four thousand seamstresses to join the September 19th Garment Workers Union. 像这些引人注目的事件推动了大约四千名纺织女工参加九月十九日的服装工人联合会。The women blocked traffic and marched to the presidential palace before getting official recognition as an independent union not forced to affiliate with the ruling party. 这些妇女阻碍了交通并游行至总统府，作为一个无党派人士的工会而非被迫与执政党交往，她们还没有得到政府的承认。Through the union, the seamstresses are demanding that factory owners respect the law by giving overtime pay for extra work, allowing workers to take vacation, and providing standard benefits. 通过这个工会，纺织女工要求厂主尊重法律并给予她们额外劳动的加班费。So far, nine factory owners have signed agreements with the union to guarantee workers rights. But the union continues to face hurdles. 到目前为止，九个工厂老板已经和工会达成协议保证工人的合法权利。但是工会将继续面临阻碍。Maria Hernandez worked in an illegal, clandestine sweatshop before the earthquake and is now press chief for the union. 地震爆发前，玛丽亚埃尔南德斯在一家不合法的地下工厂工作，现在她正成为工会的首领。The bosses and the soldout unions are always pressuring the women who work here, threatening them, saying that theyre going to close down the business, but that if they continue to organize, one day something is going to happen to their family. And then they start firing people. They offer them money to turn in the ones who are organizing, to tell them who the leaders are. 老板们和工会总是对在这里工作的妇女施加压力，恐吓她们，并说他们正在濒临倒闭，但如果他们继续组织，有一天她们的家人将会出事。他们开始解雇工人。他们拿钱去贿赂组织者，并且告诉他们谁才是领导人。Manuela Purras is a seamstress who was fired in May for organizing the thirty-five women at the factory where she had worked for thirteen years. 曼纽尔普拉斯是一个纺织女工，她在五月份的时候被解雇了，因为在她工作了13年的工厂里组织35名女工入工会。Today shes operating a small business on the edge of the empty paved lot where the union has its offices in temporary quarters provided by the municipal government. 今天她正经营着一个小型企业在工会办公室的空水泥地上，办公室设立在市政府提供的临时住所。Here, alongside a busy thoroughfare, Manuela spends her days cooking tacos and selling them to passers-by to make a living until she can go back to work. 紧邻的则是一条繁华的街道，曼纽尔靠煎饼卖给过路人来谋生直到她能回去工作。The union is fighting to get Manuela and her co-workers reinstated in their jobs. 工会一直致于力帮助曼纽尔和她的同事回复工作。Manuela Purras: Weve joined the union mostly because we want to see improvements in our working conditions. I think that it will help us. Well, economically it is helping us, and legally too, because at least until now its not one of those soldout unions. 曼纽尔普拉斯说：“我们加入这个工会主要是因为我们想要看到我们工作条件的改善。我想它会帮到我们。它在经济上帮助了我们，在法律上也给我们援助，因为至少到现在为止它并不是那些不为工人说话，背叛工人利益的工会之一。The garment workers still have an uphill battle to fight, to secure a decent living for themselves and their children. 服装工人仍需艰难斗争以为他们自己和孩子获得较好的生活。In the year since the earthquake, theyve made important strides in assuring that they get a fair shake. 地震以来的一年，她们在保证她们能得到公平待遇方面取得重要进展。University students, lawyers and feminists have joined the seamstresses in their fight to set new terms at the work place. 大学生，律师和女权主义者已经加入了纺织女工去帮她们争取在工作场所设置新条款。The creation of new organizations, like cooperatives and unions, and the forging of new alliances between educated elites and popular groups may be the most lasting legacy wrought from the devastation left by the earthquake. 新的组织机构的产生，像合作社和工会，受过良好教育的领导者和普通大众组成的新同盟之间的磨合可能是地震残留下来的最持久的缔造。For National Public Radio, this is Lucie Conger in Mexico City.此报道来自国家公共广播电台，我是墨西哥的露西康德。Listen to This 3, L. 16, Special Report Maternity Leave and Job Guarantee 全文听译 产假与工作保障的特别报道Today in the Supreme Court of the United States, a case involving maternity leave: at issue whether states may require employers to guarantee that pregnant workers are able to return to their jobs after a limited period of unpaid disability leave.今天在美国最高法院有一起涉及产假问题的案件：国家须要求雇主保证怀孕职工能够在一个停薪留职的有限期后回到她们的工作中，案件审理中。NPRs Nina Totenberg reports. 国内公用无线电台尼娜特藤博格报道。Nice states already have laws or regulations that require all employers to protect the jobs of workers who are disabled by pregnancy or childbirth. 国家已经制定法律法规要求所有的雇主保护那些因怀孕或分娩的工人的工作权力。Depending on what the Supreme Court rules in the case it heard today, those laws will either die or flourish.今天最高法院对这起案件所做出的裁决将决定这些法律是留是废。The test case is from California. It began with Lillian Garland, the receptionist at California Federal Savings and Loan. 这个判例案件是来自加利福尼亚州。原告方叫莉莲加兰，她在加利福尼亚联邦储蓄和贷款部门做接待员工作。In 1982, she returned to work after having a child and found she had no job. 在1982年，她生完孩子后返回工作中却发现他失去工作了。After working for California Federal for over three and a half years, I was told at that time they no longer had a position available for me. My question was, Well, what about the job that Ive had for so many years? And they said, We hired the person that you trained in your place. I was in shock. 在加利福尼亚联邦信贷部工作超过三年半了，那时我被告知没有适合我的职位了。我的问题是：“那我已经工作这么多年的职位怎么办？”他们回答，“我们聘用人接替你以前的职位。”我很震惊。Officials at California Federal say Garland should not have been surprised, that shed been told at the time she took pregnancy leave that her job was not guaranteed. 在加利福尼亚的联邦官员称加兰不应该感到吃惊，因为在她办理分娩假的同时已被告知她的工作将不能保障。But the fact is that California law requires all employers in the state to provide up to four months disability leave for pregnant workers. 但事实是美国加州法律规定所有的雇主须提供给怀孕的员工四个月的产假。The leave time is unpaid, and it is only a available to women who, because of pregnancy or childbirth, are physically unable to work. 产假期间是无报酬的，这样的假期只能是那些怀孕产子而无法正常工作的妇女享受。The law does require that such workers get back the same job unless business necessity makes that impossible. 法律规定这样的职员可以回到原来的工作岗位除非业务需要的变化。So when Lillian Garland was told she couldnt have her old job back, she filed discrimination charges against the bank. 所以当莉莲加兰被告知他不能重回原来的工作时，她向银行提出歧视的法律诉讼。The bank then challenged the California pregnancy disability law in court, claiming that the state law amounted to illegal sex discrimination. 银行在法庭上对加利福尼亚妊娠残疾法提出质疑，声称加州这项法律意味着不合法的性别歧视。The banks reasoning went like this: Federal law bans discrimination in employment based on pregnancy, but the state law mandates disability leave to women for pregnancy while denying the same leave time to men who are disabled by other ailments, such as heart attacks and strokes. 银行的辩词是这样说的：联邦法禁止在雇佣中歧视怀孕，但是加州法律对怀孕妇女强制执行无能力假期，却拒绝给那些诸如心脏病和中风而无工作能力的男员工以相同的假期。California counters that the state law does not discriminate between men and women, that it treats them both the same as to all ailments, but grants disability leave only to pregnant workers. 加州法院反驳说，加州的法律没有歧视男性和女性，对于所有的疾病同等对待，但只准许怀孕女员工有无能力工作的假期。Moreover, California argues that the state law in fact equalizes the situation between man and woman, allowing them both to have children without losing their jobs. 而且，加州法院辩驳说事实上加州的法律平等对待每个人，不区分男女，允许他们在拥有孩子的同时不会失去工作。The pregnancy disability case has produced some strange bedfellows. 怀孕案件产生了一些奇怪的现象。The Reagan Administration is siding with the California business community in arguing that federal law requires no special treatment for pregnancy. 里根政府支持加州商业界主张联邦法律要求对怀孕员工无特殊对待。Many of the major national womens organizations agree, but argue that the way to cure the problem is to give everybody unpaid disability leave in case of illness. 许多主要的全国妇女组织同意，但认为，解决问题的方法是在患病的情况下，让每个人都无薪产假。Other womens organizations, particularly in California, argue that singling out pregnancy for special treatment is not sex discrimination. 其它妇女组织，特别是在加州，认为挑出适合特殊处理怀孕是没有性别歧视。Feminist Betty Friedan defends the California law. 女权主义者贝蒂弗里达为加州法律进行辩护。Its not discrimination against men to do something about the fact that women give birth to children. Its a fact of life. If men could carry the baby, if men could go through the nine months, if men could have the labor pain, you know, they also should have coverage for pregnancy. Youre not discriminating against men; youre recognizing a fact of life: that women are different than men. 法律并没有歧视男性，而事实是女人才生孩子。这个无可争辩的事实。如果男人能带小孩，如果男人能体验九个月的怀孕之苦，如果男人能有分娩阵痛，他们也能享受产假。你们没有歧视男性，你们得承认一个事实：那就是男女有别。On the other side, the lawyer for the bank, Ted Olson, argues that special treatment for pregnancy is obviously discrimination, and that California companies risk being sued by one group of people if they follow federal law and by another group of people if they follow state law. 在反方看来，银行的律师，特德奥尔森，坚决认为对怀孕的特殊待遇很显然是歧视，加州公司如果遵守联邦法律的将冒着被一组人起诉的危险而如果是遵守国家法律的将被另一组人所起诉。The California law requires special treatment of pregnancy; the federal law requires equal treatment of pregnancy. An employer is entitled to know which law it must follow. 加州法律要求对怀孕特殊对待；联邦法律要求对怀孕平等对待。雇主有权知道他必须遵守哪个法律。The fact is, though, that much of the California business community objects, most of all, to being told that it has to provide any disability leave. 事实是，虽然，很多加利福尼亚企业界的对象，最重要的是，被告知它必须提供任何的无能力工作的假期。Here is Don Butler, President of the Merchants and Manufacturers Association, which is a party to this law suit. 工商协会主席，唐巴特勒，这起法律诉讼的当事人。What we have to get back to, though, is whos going to set the disability leave policies. Is the federal government, is the state of California, or are we, the employers, going to set? You, the employee, have the choice of working for our company under the following conditions or working for another company under other conditions. And I believe that that was what built this country to be a great free enterprise system. And if were going to legislate it, then were going to destroy a lot of the incent