研究生英语应用教程第二册翻译5-8单元.doc

第五单元 英译中： A Time was when work-study meant taking shifts at the campus commons, wearing a paper hat and serving mystery meat and creamed spinach as your classmates shuffled through. But with dining services mostly out sourced, and everything about college life more complex, work-study jobs have come to fill a variety of needs- beyond the obvious one of putting cash in the pockets of undergraduate and graduate students. Some want to develop a skill, or beef up a resume. Some seek an “in” with a certain professor. Ms. Rices goal was to make as small a dent in study time as possible. Work-study lies somewhere between a grant and a loan in the college-aid universe- the institution promises to make a job available, at a rate of pay that is at or slightly above minimum wage, up to a maximum that depends on other ingredients of your financial aid package. The government pays 75 percent of those wages, and the college pays 25 percent. You dont get the money unless you put in the hours. 在过去，半工半读就是在学校的公共食堂里轮流值班，头戴纸帽，在同班同学拖着脚步走进食堂的时候，端上叫不上名字的肉和奶油菠菜。然而随着大部分餐饮服务的外包，大生活的方方面面也越来越复杂，半工半读的目的变得更加多元化-决不仅仅是让本科生和研究生挣点钱那么简单。半工半读的学生，有得是为了学习一技之长有的是为了给自己的简历锦上添花，还有的是为了和某位教授套近乎。奈斯女士的目标是尽可能使工作少占用学习时间。 在大学助学的范畴中，半工半读介于资助和贷款之间-学校承诺向学生提供一份工作，工作报酬等于或略高于最低工资，报酬的上限取决于财政援助项目的其他因素。发个学生的工资中，75%由政府承担，25%由学校支付。你只花了时间打工才能领取工资。 B.(考的概率不大) All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the Untied States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. 本宪法正式通过前订立的一切债务和承担的一切义务，对于实行本宪法的合众国仍然有效，一如联邦时期。本宪法和将依本宪法所指定的合众国法律，以及根据合众国的权力缔结或将缔结的一切条约，均为全国最高法律；每个州的法官都应受其约束，即使州宪法和法律中有与之相抵触的内容。 上述参议院和众议员，各州州议会议员，以及合众国和各州所有行政和司法官员，应宣誓或作代誓宣言表示拥护本宪法；但决不得以宗教宣誓作为担任合众国属下任何官职公职之条件。 第六单元 英译中： A. (考的概率不大) The enactment of the water Framework Directive (WFD) in the European Union(EU) triggers intense activity among Member States and raises some criticism. The good status of waters may include an ecological dream that is difficult to achieve. Moreover, criteria for derogation requires strong economic arguments. This challenge raises the debate on whether the WFD is part of an incremental process, embedded in prior debate on whether the WFD is part of an incremental process, embedded in prior European water law, with feasible goals, or whether it is a dramatic change of policy towards an ecological dream that emerged during late negotiations, and therefore was hardly achievable. I will state that although the high ecological ambition of the WFD is unprecedented within the EUs water law, it has several precedents in other arenas, notably long enforced in the United States of America. I will argue that the major challenge of the directive is the combination of the ecological dream with an economic ideal which has no equivalent in the United States. 欧洲水资源框架协指令（WFD）的实施在成员国中引起了强烈的反响并引发了一些批评。保持水体的良好状况可能是一个难以实现的生态梦想。此外，衡量水质恶化的标准需要强有力的经济论证。这一挑战引发了争。一种观点认为，这一指令是以前欧洲水资源法的延伸，具有可行性，而另一种观点认为，它是各国最近以来谈判协商的结果，是政策上的一项巨大转变，是一种几乎无法实现的生态梦想。我认为，尽管WFD设定了很高的生态目标，在欧盟的水资源法中是史无前例的，但在其他区域却不乏先例，特别是在美国，已经实施了很长时间。我认为，这一指令的挑战，主要在于把生态梦想和经济理想结合起来，而这一点美国也没有做到。 B (考的概率不大) Substantive ecological input for goal-setting was adopted in the European Community legislation earlier in the sector of nature conservation. For 20 naturally occurring birds in the wild state. It sets environmental objectives. It requires the assessment of the biological states of the species listed in its annexes. I argue that this directive was the first European legislation protecting the environment for its own sake. It was limited to threatened species and was based on an organismic vision of ecological communities. Then the Habitats Directive expanded the scope of protection to functional biodiversity throughout an open network of sites. I therefore conclude that an ecological dream can be traced back in the European legislation as early as 1979 with the Birds Directive. Ecologists may have influenced the content of the WFD much more than the content of former directives, yet they have promoted the dream of a better ecological status in the European Community for long. 在自然环境保护方面，欧洲共同体以前的法令已令已利用的大量信息设定了相关生态目标。制定前二十年，鸟类保护指令已要求保护野生鸟类。它制定了一些环境目标，要求对附录中列出的种群的生态状况进行评估。我认为，这一指令是欧洲第一次为了环境本身而制定的环境保护法令。它只局限于受到威胁的物种，并建立在生态群落的生物学视角上。随后栖地指令将保护的范围扩大，保护整个开放地域网络的生物功能多样性。因此，我的结论是，早在1979年鸟类保护指令颁布时，欧洲立法中就已体现对生态保护的追求。或许同以前的指令相比，生态学家们对WFD内容的影响要大得多，然而为了欧洲共同体能够拥有一个更好的生态环境这一梦想，他们已经努力了很久。 C (考的概率不大) The survey, conducted on a county-by-county basis by USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, indicates that farmers in Iowa, Illinois, South Dakota, Kansas, and Indiana contributed the most to the increase in acres grown with environmentally friendly farming systems known as conservation tillage systems. These states accounted for 5million of the 6million acre increase in mulch-till, ridge-till, strip-till, and zone-till, rely on less tillage or less soil disturbance to plant and manage crops. Famers who use these systems have leave plant materials-stems, stalks and leaves- on surface of fields after harvest. The plant materials, also called crop residues, serve as a blanket to protect the soil from erosion. The crop residues slowly decompose to add organic matter to the soil much like mulching or composting add organic matter to a garden. The survey results indicate that conservation tillage systems now account for 109.8 million acres or fully 37 percent of the 294.6 million annual cropland acres in the United States. In the meantime, traditional systems that rely on the plow or intensive tillage fell to 107.6 acres this year. Farmers have focused increased attention on conservation tillage systems. These system not only replenish and build organic matter in the soil for improved future food productivity but they will also protect water quality and enhance wild life and the environment for future generations. 这一调查是由美国农业部自然资源保护局以郡为单位进行的。调查指出，采用环保方式耕作的土地面积增加，主要集中在艾奥瓦州，伊利诺伊州，南达科他州，堪萨斯州，和印第安纳州。这种保耕作方式被称为保育耕作法。今年，采用保育耕作法的土地面积增加了六百万英亩，其中五百万都来自上述各州。各种保育耕作法，例如免耕法，敷盖法，垄行耕作法，条耕，带状耕作法，都采用减少耕耘或者减少翻土的方式来进行耕种和田间管理。采用这些耕作方式的农民，在收获后把农作物的茎、杆、叶留在农田表面。这些留下来的材料，也叫做作物残渣，可以像毯子一样保护土壤免受侵蚀。这些作物残渣缓慢分解，增加了土壤中的有机物质，这就非常像在花园中用敷盖料或堆肥来施有机肥料一样。这一调查结果表明，美国在每年两亿九千四百六十万英亩的耕作面积中，有一亿零九百八十万英亩采用了保育耕作法，占到了整整37%。同时，今年采用传统的犁耕或密集耕作方式的土地面积，下降到了一亿零七百六十万英亩。农民开始更加关注保育耕作法。这种方法不仅在土壤中补充和制造了有机物质，从而提高今后的粮食产量，还可以保护水质，增加野生动物数量，改善环境，造福子孙后代。 第七单元 英译中： A. Although the current generation of students may have never known life without the Internet they are not necessarily “Net savvy. ” Exposed to huge quantities of information on the web in text, audio, image and video formats sorting valid information from misinformation is a constant challenge. Beyond the quantity and variety of information, students are now creating information, not just consuming it. This white paper explores the challenges of functioning in an information-rich environment where students must blend skills in finding information, using technology, and thinking critically. 虽然当今这代学生或许从未体验过没有因特网的生活，但他们未必都精通网络。面对网上大量的信息（无论是文本，音频，图像还是视频格式），如何区分有效信息与错误信息始终是他们面临的挑战。学生们在接受大量的各类信息之外，也在创造信息。该份白皮书探究信息爆炸环境中应该如何应对挑战，并指出学生们必须将信息查找，技术运用与批判思维等各项技术能结合起来。 B（有可能考） Abstract To determine the understandability of individual income tax booklets, a Reading East score was calculated for the 1977 Federal income tax return form 1040 and tax forms of nine southeastern states. The instruction booklets of all states except Virginia were found to be at a reading level higher than the median educational level of the average citizen-taxpayer in those states. The South Carolina booklet was three grade levels above the median education level for the state. The Federal instruction booklet was easiest to read, falling four grade levels below the median education level of the U.S. citizens. If an equitable state income tax system is to be maintained, actions must be taken to reduce the disparity between median education levels and the readability of state income tax instruction booklets. 摘要 为测定个人所得税申报表说明的可读性，特为1977年开始实施的联邦所得税1040号申报表说明及东南部9个州的所得税申报表说明设计了一个阅读难度度量衡。研究结果发现，除了弗吉尼亚州，其他诸州的所得税申报表说明的阅读难度均高于这些州的纳税公民平均教育水平。南卡罗来纳州的所得税申报表说明的阅读难度比该州平均教育水平高三个等级。联邦所得税申报表说明最易读懂，比美国公民的平均教育水平低四个等级。如要维持一个公正的州所得税申报体制，必须采取行动，以缩小公民平均教育水平与州所得税申报表说明的可读性之间的差距。 第八单元 英译中： A.前面一部分缺失） The standard is still relatively new ,so there arent many ExpressCard modules on the market today; however, most current laptops include an ExpressCard slot for future use. 由于这种标准相对较新，目前市场上Express卡模块还不多见，但是大多数新上市的笔记本都装有Express卡插口，以供今后使用。 B (考的概率不大) The K20D inherits the K10Ds body. This is no bad thing, given how much we liked the K10Ds design. It inherits a remarkably pro-level of exterior controls. This, combined with an excellent level of customization over the behavior of the dials puts almost everything you might need to change at your fingertips. This is a very sturdy-feeling camera. The dense rubber coating that cavers all the key contact points, combined with a solid, weighty-feeling plastic makes the K20Dfeel durable in exactly the way that less expensive DSLRs just dont. One of the best things about Pentax retaining the K10Ds body is that it retains some of the best ergonomics in its class. Its a camera that sits comfortably in the hand and puts the key photographic controls exactly where you want them, making it pleasant to use for long periods of time. K20D沿用了k10D的机身。考虑到我们对K10D外观设计的喜爱，这并非坏事。它沿用K10D很棒的专业级操控设计。再加上拨盘的操控设计非常人性化，几乎所有功能变化只要动动指尖就可以完成。这款相机拿在手里感觉非常结实。所有关键接触部位都包裹了厚厚的橡胶，再加上坚固的，沉甸甸的塑料外壳K20D看起来确实比那些相对便宜的单反相机更结实耐用。在本级别产品中，K10D拥有一些最佳的人体工程学方面的设计，K20D沿用K10D机身的最大好处，就是保留了这些最佳设计。这款相机拿在手中非常舒服，摄影时的关键操作得心应手，长时间使用也不会难受。 C (考的概率不大) The study concludes that on a mass emission per travel mile basis, the use of corn ethanol in the form of either E85 blend of 85% ethanol and 15% unleaded gasoline, or E10 10% ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline, outperforms conventional and reformulated gasoline in respect of both fossil energy use and greenhouse gas production. This study clearly documents t