斯仑贝谢钻井视频教材(word版).doc

OILWELL DRILLING -SCHLUMBERGER石油钻井概述 Finished on July 12, 2006, EgyptCONTENTS目录VOLUME ONE卷1AN INTRODUCTION TO RIG TYPES AND BASIC D RILLING STRING COMPONENTS钻机类型介绍和基本的钻具组合Rig types钻机类型10 Overview概述Land Rigs陆地钻机Mobilizing Land Rigs装载钻机Jack-Up Rigs自升式平台Mobilizing Jack-Up RigsPlatform RigsSubmersibles座底式平台Semi-submersibles半潜式平台Semi-submersible MobilizationDrill ships钻井船Kelly & Top Drives方钻杆和顶驱.11Making Hole钻进Overview概述Top Drive System顶驱系统Top Drive Operation顶驱操作Kelly Systems方钻杆系统Kelly Operation方钻杆操作Drilling String Components钻具组合.12Overview概述Drill Pipe钻杆Drill Pipe Specs钻杆规格Box & Pin公母接头Drill Pipe Make Up接钻杆Heavy Walled Drill Pipe加重钻杆Spiral Heavy Walled Drill Pipe旋转加重钻杆Drill Collars钻铤Slick & Spiral Drill Collars平滑&螺旋钻铤Crossover Subs 转换接头Reamers & Stabilizers扩孔器&扶正器Bottom Hole Assembly底部钻具组合Pipe Rack排管架Drill Bits钻头.15Overview概述Roller Cone BitsSteel Tooth Bit铣齿钻头Tungsten Carbide BitFixed Cutter Bit固定切削齿钻头PDC Bit PDC钻头PDC CompactDiamond Bit金刚石钻头Core Bit and Barrel取芯钻头和取芯筒Special Drill String Tools特殊钻柱工具.16Overview概述Drilling Jars震击解卡器Drilling Jar Operation震击解卡器操作MWD随钻测量仪Mud Motor井下动力钻具Directional Wells定向井Horizontal Wells水平井VOLUME TWO 卷二BASIC BLOWOUT PREVENTION EQUIPMENT基本防喷器设备Pressure Control压力控制.17Overview概述Blowout井喷Taking a Kick 井涌Blowout Preventers防喷器18Basic Concepts基本概念BOP Operation 防喷器操作Basic BOP Equipment基本防喷器装备20Overview概述Drillers BOP Control司钻防喷器控制Accumulator储能器Hydraulic Lines 液压管线Operating Lever on Accumulator储能器操控杆Choke Manifold / Chokes节流管汇/节流Choke Operation节流操作Choke Control Panel节流控制面板Mud-Gas Separator泥气分离器Separator Operation泥气分离器操作Flare Line & Flare PitTrip TankTrip Tank OperationSubsea BOP Equipment22OverviewMarine Riser SystemRiser & Guideline TensionerDrill String Valves & IBOPs.23OverviewUpper / Lower Kelly CocksFull-Opening Safety ValveSafety Valve UsageFloat ValvesVOLUME THREEINTRODUCTION TO DRILLING FLUIDSMud Types.24OverviewWater Based MudOil MudDrilling with AirFoam DrillingAerated DrillingDrilling Fluid Function.25OverviewCleaning the HoleCooling / LubricationProtecting Wellbore WallsControlling Formation PressureObtaining Downhole InformationMud Properties & Additives.26BentoniteBaritePHCaustic SodaGelled MudMud Tests.27OverviewMud BalanceMarsh FunnelRotational ViscometerFilter PressChloride TestVOLUME FOURMUD CIRCULATION & TREATING EQUIPMENTMud System Overview.29OverviewMud TanksMud PumpsStandpipe & Rotary HoseBit & AnnulusReturn Line, Shaker & Mud TanksMud Storage, Tanks & Reserve Pit.30OverviewMud HouseBulk TanksActive TanksSand TrapSettling TanksReserve TanksSlug TankSuction TankChemical TankReserve PitMud Pumps.31OverviewTriplex PumpTriplex Pump OperationDuplex PumpPump ComponentsBladder-Type Pulsation DampenerNonbladder-Type Pulsation DampenerSuction DampenerDischarge Line Relief ValveSuction Line Relief ValvePump Discharge LineMud Conditioning34OverviewShale ShakerDegasserVacuum Degasser OperationHydrocyclone OperationCentrifuge AgitatorPit Volume TotalizerCentrifugal PumpHopperJet HopperVOLUME FIVEHOISTING EQUIPMENTOverview37Function of Hoisting EquipmentHoisting System ComponentsHoisting System OperationCrown Block.38Crown Block OperationTraveling Block & HookOverviewMotion (Heave) CompensatorMotion Compensator OperationCombination Hook-BlockSeparate Hook & Traveling BlockHook, Links & ElevatorElevatorTypes of ElevatorsHook Positioner & Swivel Lock AssemblyHydraulic SnubberDrilling Line.40Drilling LineReeving Drilling LineSupply (Storage) ReelWear Points on LineSlipping and Cutting Drilling LineDeadline AnchorDrawworks41OverviewBraking SystemDisk Brake SystemElectrodynamic BrakeLatest DrawworksCrown SaverVOLUME SIXROTATING EQUIPMENT, MAST & SUBSTRUCTURERotating Equipment43OverviewKelly & Rotary Table.43Kelly AssemblyKelly DetailRotary Table Operation Setting SlipsSwivel & Rotary HoseSwivel OperationTop Drive (Power Swivel) .45OverviewTop Drive Advantages & DisadvantagesTop Drive AssemblyMast & Derricks.46OverviewMastHeight & CapacityStandsCrown Walkaround (Water Table)MonkeyboardStabbing BoardSubstructure47OverviewV-Door, Pipe Ramp & Catwalk VOLUME SEVENPIPE HANDLING EQUIPMENTPipe Handling.48OverviewPipe Handling Operation.48Making a Connection with KellyMaking a Connection with a Top DriveTripping out with KellyTripping in with KellyTripping with Top Drive, 1Tripping with a Top Drive, 2Tripping with a Top Drive, 3Slips & Elevator Systems.50SlipsSafety Clamp on Drill CollarSlips & SpidersElevatorLifting SubElevator on Top DriveSpinning & Torquing Devices.52TongsMakeup CatheadBreakout CatheadHydraulic CatheadPower TongsSpinning WrenchKelly SpinnerIron RoughneckPipe Transfer54Pipe Racking SystemRatholeMouseholeAir HoistPipe Transfer SystemControls for Equipment.54Drillers consoleWeight Indicator, Gauges, ControlsVOLUME EIGHTCASING & CEMENTINGCasing & Cement55OverviewCasing SpecificationsRunning CasingCasing String55OverviewProgressive Casing Strings.56Conductor CasingSurface CasingIntermediate Casing StringsProduction Casing StringsLiner StringsCasing Accessories57OverviewGuide ShoeFloat Collar & ShoeCentralizersScratcherCementing.59OverviewCasing PointConditioning the HoleRunning the CasingMixing the CementFinishing the JobVOLUME NINEWELL LOGGING, MUD LOGGING & DRILL STEM DESTINGWell Evaluation60OverviewMud Logging / Testing, 1.60Mud Logging & TestingMud Logging UnitRig MonitorsChromatographCore Plugging ApparatusFluoroscopeMicroscopeComputersVacuum OvenMud Logging / Testing, 2.62Core Heat SealerAnalytical BalancePorosimeterGas AnalyzerX-Ray DiffractometerCentrifugeDry Sample TrayHCL TestingMud LogsWell Logging63OverviewBasic Logging OperationLogging UnitLogging Unit DetailsLogging ToolsElectric LogNuclear LogSonic LogOther LogsDrill Stem Testing64OverviewDST Tool ComponentsLowering DST ToolSealing the HoleWater CushionFluid FlowPressure ChartsReverse CirculatingRemoving DST ToolVOLUME TENPOWER SYSTEM & INSTRUMENTATIONPower System.67OverviewPrime MoversAC to DC Power SystemDC to DC Power SystemMechanical Power SystemAC to DC Power System67OverviewDiesel & AC GeneratorSCR Switch & Control GearDC MotorsAC MotorsDC to DC Power System69OverviewDC MotorsAC Generator (Alternator)Mechanical Drive Power70OverviewCompound DriveHydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems70OverviewHydraulic ForceHydraulic Power PackPneumatically Powered EquipmentRig Air CompressorRig Instruments.73OverviewDrillers ConsoleWeight IndicatorPump Rate GaugePump Pressure GaugeRotary TachometerRotary Torque GaugeTong Torque GaugeMud Return Flow Rate IndicatorMud Tank Level IndicatorTrip Tank Volume IndicatorDrilling RecorderH2S Instrumentation VOLUME ONE AN INTRODUCTION TO RIG TYPES AND BASIC DRILLING STRING COMPONENTS钻机类型介绍及基本钻具组合RIG TYPES钻机类型Overview:概述Drilling rigs like these bore or drill holes into the earth. Usually they drill to find oil or gas. They work both on land and offshore. Some are big and some are relatively small. Big rigs drill very deep holes, 20000 feet (ft), 3000 meters (m) or more; small rigs may only drill to a few thousand ft or meters. People in the oil land describe groups of rigs into 6 basic types: Land, Jack up, Platform, Submersible, Semi-Submersible and Drill Ship.钻机就像这些，在地上钻孔。通常是为了找油或者找气。既在陆上也在海上作业。一些钻机挺大，一些也挺小。大钻机钻的很深，能钻20000英尺，3000米或者更深。小钻机可能只能钻几千英尺或米。A land rig drills on dry land. There is the most common rig. Light duty rigs drill holes from 3000-5000ft, or 1000-1500m; Medium duty rigs drill to depth ranging from about 4000-10000ft or 1200-3000m; Heavy duty rigs drill holes from about 12000-16000ft deep or 3500-5000m; Ultra-heavy duty rigs drill holes from about 18000-25000ft or more (5500-7500m or more).陆地钻机在干地上钻进。这是一些最普通的钻机。小钻机作业深度3000-5000英尺，或者1000-1500米，中型钻机作业深度4000-10000英尺，或者1200-3000米，大型钻机作业深度12000-16000英尺，或者35000-5000米，超大型钻机作业深度18000-25000英尺或者更深，或者5500-7500米或者更深。Crew members can move land rigs on trucks, tractors, trailers, barges, helicopters, heavy rolling gear, skids and in rare cases, on specialized air-pressurized equipment.Small light duty rigs are pretty simple to move. Ultra-heavy land rigs can be difficult to move. 井队人员用卡车、拖拉机、拖车、驳船、重型盘车装置、爬犁，有时还用特殊的气压装置。小钻机比较好搬迁，大型钻机就比较难以移动。Jack-UpA Jack up rig, drills offshore wells. It has legs that support deck and hole. When positioned over the drilling site, the bottom of the legs rest on the sea floor. Jack up rigs can drill in water depth ranging from a few feet or meters up to more than 400ft, over 120 meters. Boats to a Jack Up rig to a location with its legs up. Once the rig up crew gets the legs firmly positioned on the bottom of the ocean, they can adjust the level of the deck and the hole-height.自升式平台自升式钻机钻海上油井。有桩腿来支撑甲板和井口。当定位于井位之后，桩腿底部插入海底。自升式平台作业水深从几英尺或者米到超过400英尺（120米）。一旦井队人员把桩腿牢固定位在海床，就可以开始调整加班和井口高度。PlatformA platform rig is a non-mobile offshore structure, that is once built, it never moves from the drill site. Companies drill several wells from the platform. Platform rigs can be Tender-Assisted Rig. The tender floats next to the rigid platform, which is firmly pent to the sea floor. Many platform rigs do not have a tender; theyre so large that theyre self-contained. Big platform rigs include the Steel-Jacket Platform, the Caisson Type, and the Concrete Gravity Type.In deep water, rig builders have to make platforms that yield to water and wind movements. Two Compliant Platform Rigs are the Guyed-Tower and the Tension-Leg.平台平台钻机是一种不可移动的海上钻井装置，一旦建造，就不能移动井位了。油公司要在平台钻好几口井。平台钻机也可以是辅助钻机供应船。辅助平台靠在牢牢固定在海底的平台旁边。许多平台没有辅助平台，它们很大，可以自持。大型平台钻机包括导管架平台、箱式平台，混凝土重力平台。Submersible RigA submersible rig rests on the sea floor when it is drilling. Workers flood compartments that cause the rig to submerge and rest on the bottom. When ready to move, workers remove the water from the compartments, this makes the rig float. Boats can then tow the rig to the next site. Rig builders design submersibles to drill in shallow water and in water up to about 175 ft deep, a little lower 50 meters.Submersible drilling rigs include the Posted Barge Submersible, Bottle-Type Submersible, and the Arctic Submersible.坐底式平台坐底式平台钻井时坐在海平面。工人注水隔舱使钻机坐底。当准备搬迁时，工人把隔舱里的水排出来，平台上升。然后可以拖往下一个作业地。平台生产商设计坐底式平台是为50米左右浅水区域。坐底式平台包括瓶式和北极坐底平台。Semi-SubmersibleA Semi-Submersible rig is a floating offshore drilling rig. It has Pontoons and Columns. When flooded with water, the Pontoons cause the unit to partially submerge to a predetermined depth. The working equipment is assembled on deck. On the drill site, workers can either anchor the rig to the sea floor or use a system of thrusters and positioners to keep the rig over the hole. Here, they have it anchored. Crew members mount the wellhead and blow-out preventers on the ocean floor. Special hollow pipe called riser pipe connects the top of the blowout preventer to the rig.In some cases, the crew uses thrusters to keep the rig over the hole, called Dynamic Positioning. The thrusters, which are connected to an onboard computer, keep the rig in position. Some Dynamically Positioned Semi-Submersibles can drill in water depths of more than 7500ft, or over 2200 meters. When keeping a rig over the hole, drilling crews use the term “On-Station”. Here is a semi-submersible rig loaded on a special carrier. The carrier thus allows moving the rig far distance over the ocean. For shorter moves, the rig owner tows the rig to the drill site, or, some semi-submersibles are self-propelled.半潜式平台半潜式平台是一种浮动式移动钻井装置。有沉箱和立柱。沉箱里面充水后可以半潜于预定水深。甲板上装配工作设备。井场上工人可以 通过锚固定于海床，还可以通过由推进器和定位器组成的系统来使平台固定于井口上方。这里，他们固定它。船员在海底安装井口和防喷器。特殊的中空管叫做隔水管，连接防喷器和钻机。一些情况下，船员利用推进器来保持钻井在井口上方，叫做动力定位。推进器通过船上电脑连接控制，使平台位置固定。一些动力定位系统半潜平台能在超过7500英尺，即2200米的水深工作。当使平台保持在固定位置时，船员称之为就位。这里有一个半潜平台装载在一艘拖船上。这种拖船可以跨洋远距离移动平台。短距离移动，一般用拖轮或者依靠自身推进器。Drill ShipA drill ship is a self-propelled floating offshore drilling unit. It usually uses a sub sea blowout control system similar to the one on the semi-submersible.钻井船钻井船是自航的海上浮动钻井装置。它通常使用和半潜式平台相似的水下防喷器控制系统。KELLY & TOP DRIVES方钻杆和顶驱Making a Hole钻进Many pieces of equipment make up a rotary drilling rig. Part of it is on surface and part of it is underground, or subsurface. All the equipment has one main purpose: to put a bit at the bottom of the hole, or it can drill or make hole. To put the bit on the bottom, rig crew members screw it into a special pipe. The pipe is called the “Drill String”. Crew members lower the drill string and attach a bit into the hole. For the bit to drill, surface rig equipment has to rotate it, unless it is rotated by a mud motor. Equipment also has to put weight on it to force the bits teeth, or cutters into the formation. As the bit rotates, a circulating fluid has to take the drill cuttings away from the bit, otherwise, the hole will clog up. The fluid which circulates is called drilling mud.许多设备一起组成旋转钻机。部分在地面上，部分在井下。所有设备有一个主要目的，就是把钻头钻到地下，称作钻进或者打孔。为了把钻头钻至地底，井队把钻头拧到一种特殊的管子上，这种管子就叫钻柱。OverviewTo impart rotary motion to the drill string so that the bit can turn, either a top drive or a Kelly & rotary table system is used. Power is transferred from the surface down hole, via the drill string. Top Drive SystemsSome rigs rotate the drill string with a top drive unit. Top drives are expensive but very efficient. Crew members can add drill pipe and joints to the drill string very quickly and safely and they can drill the well more efficiently with less chance of sticking the drill string in the hole as compared with the Kelly & rotary table. A powerful motor turns the drive shaft which is connected to the top drive. Crew members make up or attach the drill string to the drive shaft. The drive shaft turns the drill string and bit. Notice that the drill string go through an opening in the rotary table, the table does not, however, rotate. Top Drive OperationA link system suspends the top drive unit from the rigs traveling block. Drill mud enters the unit through the gooseneck to the rotary hose, a flexible line that conducts drilling mud from the pump. A motor and a gear box power the main drive shaft; the crew makes up the drill string to the drive shaft. The built-in inside blowout preventers, IBOP or safety valve keeps fluids from back flowing up the drill string when the driller closes it. The crew uses the Torque Wrench assembly to make up and break out (connect & disconnect) the drill string. The elevator links suspend the elevator; the rig crew latches the elevator around the drill string to allow the top drive unit to lift it up or down.Kelly SystemsA Kelly, a Kelly Drive Bushing, a Master Bushing and a Rotary Table rotate the drill string and bit on some rigs. The Kelly is a heavy tubular device; it usually has either 4 or 6 sides, that is it either has a square or hexagonal cross section. Square kellys are less expensive than hexagonal ones, but the hex kellys are stronger. So rigs drilling deep holes often use them. Whether four or six-sided, crew members attach or make up the Kelly to the top joint of pipe in the drill string. Kelly OperationThe Kelly, four-sided or square as an example, moves through a square opening in the Kelly drive bushing. The Kelly drive bushing meets with the master bushing, which the rotary table turns. This rotates the entire drill string and attached bit. The Kelly moves down as the hole deepens.DRILL STRING COMPONENTSOverviewTherere many components which make up the drill string as shown in this graphic.Drill PipeDrill pipe is strong but relatively light weight pipe. Crew members attach it to a top drive or Kelly. Drill pipe forms the upper part of the drill string. Usually the drill pipe rotates, which also rotates the bit. Each section of pipe is called a joint. Crew members screw together or make up several joints and put them into the hole as the bit drills. Drill pipe as well as other tubulars can be specified according to these characteristics: Diameter, Grades or Strength, Weight of steel, Length. The diameter, weight and strength used depends on the size