新概念英语第三册笔记第38课.doc

Lesson 38 The first calendar 第一本日历New words and expression 生词和短语calendar klnd n.历法，日历 (年月日,确定四季并不是一件小事,尤其是节气,决定着耕种的时间.)chinese calendar 中国传统历法（比如天干地支纪年法） ; 阴历 ; 中国农历lunar calendar 阴历 ; 夏历 ; 来自日月星辰的力量 ; 太阴历solar calendar 太阳历 ; The Christian calendar 公历 它以耶稣诞生之年作为纪年的开始。A.D诞生之后 . B.C.诞生之前Julian calendar du:lin 儒略历 ; 罗马儒略历 ; 公历 （同中国一样，教会则要确定耶稣的纪念日）wall calendar 挂历solar spot 太阳黑子historian n.历史学家historic adj. 历史性的，有历史意义的 - This is a historic speech.eg.China and Portugal signed a historic pact on Macao. a historic event 具有重要历史意义的事件a historic spot 历史上著名的地点 a historic speech 历史性的演说historical adj.历史上的（belonging to histroy），与历史研究有关系的 - Historical research 历史研究historical events 历史事件 historical facts 史实 historical figures 历史人物historical research 历史研究 historical novel 历史小说prehistoric 史前的 It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment.History case history 病史 （注意，病例是case） unique adj.无与伦比的，独一无二, （2、独有的）=uneauqaled speech is a unique human ability本身具有比较意义，不能接受比较级，可以接受quite,nearly,surely,really ，不能接受rather,very等词的修饰be unique to 为独有的eg.Peking opera is unique to China. eg.Kangaroos are unique to Australia.副词不太常见 uniquely 独特地；珍奇地名词相对常见一些 uniqueness 独特性；独一无二；单值性special adj.特殊（特设的，专门的，着重指某事物具有自己特有的性质、性格或个性，与同类明显相异） specially 特意的especial adj.强调超过其它（含有优越或偏好的意义，暗含比较的语感） 全部 especially adv. 特别；尤其；格外（在意义、程度、重要性等某些方面超过其他事物）- This is a matter of especial importance. - This is a especially important matter.particular adj.特定的（特殊的，过于讲究的，强调同类中某一个体所具有的独特性质）-Pineapples have particular flavour.peculiar 独特的，独有的，强调某一个体或某一集团所独有的、与众不同的，exceptional adj.异常的，例外的，指不同于一般 - The warm weather is exceptional for January.extraordinary adj. adj. 非凡的；特别的；语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。在表示“唯一”时注意一下几个词only （注意不是“只有”） (just one of something available in a particular place at a particular time)eg. She was the only woman doctor in the hospital.sole adj. 唯一的，专有的（语气强于only） (one and only; restricted to one person)the sole cause of the accident 事故的唯一缘由eg. We have the sole right of selling the article. 我们有独家出售该物的权利。solely sll adv. 单独地；仅仅（标准只有一个，不是指程度）（not involving anything or anyone else; only）eg. Scholarships are given solely on the basis of the result of examinations. 奖学金的发放仅以考试成绩为依据。steadily adv.不断地 （本意是adv. 稳定地；稳固地；有规则地）steady 稳定的（状态），平稳的（不摇晃），镇定的（人），可靠地（人）（sensible and reliable. 可靠的）动词意：1、V-T/V-I If you steady something or if it steadies, it stops shaking or moving around. 使平稳; 平稳Eg：Two men were on the bridge-deck, steadying a ladder. 中国的扶稳，常翻译为hold it tight（多的是拿住了，拿紧了）2、V-T If you steady yourself, you control your voice or expression, so that people will think that you are calm and not nervous. 使镇定（宾语比较固定，oneself） Somehow she steadied herself Solely sll adv.唯一地 （单独地；仅仅）（it involves only this thing and no others.） 只牵涉到一件事video n.录像 （1、录像带（带子tape或CD） 2、录像(这一行为，内容也就是视频3、录像机 4、vt录制 英国英语）digital video 数字视频，数字录像video game 视频游戏；电视游戏videophone 电视电话video signal 视频信号video conference 视讯会议；电视会议video clip 视频剪辑；视讯片段music video 音乐录影带；音乐视频片；音乐视讯片video tape 录像磁带CD-ROM n.光盘驱动器 Compact Disc Read-Only Memory 紧凑型光盘只读储存器adj. 袖珍的；紧凑的；v紧密地装、连在一起; 压缩; 浓缩 disc 圆盘，唱盘 brake disc 刹车盘CD player CD播放机floppy disc软盘hard disc硬盘read 读取 write 写入 save 存储 drive 驱动 virus病毒CPU- central processing unit相较于书籍的纸张和电影的胶片，他在信息存储上是一个质的飞越，但是现在优盘USB flash disk (UFD) USB闪存盘Mobile Hard disk 移动硬盘Netdisk 云盘，网盘 Cloud Computing 云计算 icloud 苹果云空间（照片泄露）CD-RW (Rewritable) 可擦写光盘bewilder bwld v.令人眼花缭乱 （vt. 使迷惑，使不知所措）（If something bewilders you, it is so confusing or difficult that you cannot understand it）= confuse,especially by lots of different things at the same time（同时有许多不同事物而感到迷惑）- She was bewildered by so many beautiful dresses.Confuse v. （不清楚，不明白）迷惑，使糊涂 （mix up in mind; mistake one thing for another）eg. The directions only served to confuse me, for I had no sense of direction at all.puzzle 某问题因复杂、微妙而令人费解（绞尽脑汁，伤透脑筋），既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态。（bewilder语气最重）- I am puzzled by the problem.perplex ppleks v.使为难，困惑(puzzle sb because of being very complicated)（使杂乱，使疑虑，使不安）eg. His variable attitudes perplexed me.bewildered 困惑的；眩bewildering 使人困惑的；令人产生混乱的bewilderment n.in bewilderment 茫然不知所措deduce ddjus v 推断，推理（有充分的证据和准则而得出结论，即（从得知的信息中）推知）= determine or decied sth by given fact- I deduce the conclusion from the given facts. (deducefrom 从推断)conclude 指得出符合逻辑的结论。judge 多指经过仔细鉴定或评价之后作出决断。deduce 指有充分根据的推论，也指逻辑学上的演绎。infer 指从已提供的论据或从已接受的前提出发而推断出的结论infer v.推断（不表示过程, 也不表示结论是否有充足的理由）- What can you infer from the text? 反义词：- induce ndjus v.归纳 （本意是v.引诱，劝说；引起，导致。）scanty sknt a.不足的，（缺乏的），贫乏的= too few,not enough- scanty knowledge一知半解 - a scanty crop歉收be scanty of sth奇缺 / be short of 短缺- The village school is scanty of text books.这乡村学校奇缺教材。in need of 需要clue n.线索 （vt为.提供线索）glue胶水insignificant adj.不重要的significant 重大的；重要的，显著的；有意义的；（very improtant）shed ed (shed, shed) v.使流出，泻= pour out （之前遇到的，(用于存放园艺工具等的) 棚屋，(车站、港口、工厂等的) 棚式建筑（钢结构）shed light 发出光芒（发出光芒）eg. The candle shed warm light.shed light on 照亮（启发，启迪），提供线索，透露情况 dawn on sb 逐渐明白，心里脑里逐渐亮了（to make something easier to understand, by providing new or better information）eg. An anonymous letter shed light on the investigation. 一封匿名信给调查带来了一线希望。eg. The investigation shed new light on the mystery. 这项调查使人们对这个疑案有了新的了解。shed blood 流血 - shed ones blood for country为祖国而流血shed tears 流泪shed perfume 发出香味shed leaves 落叶shed skin 脱皮shed load 卸货sob：to cry with the breath drawn in sharply and irregularly from sorrow or pain 啜泣weep wip：哭泣的文学用语，正式用语 （wept wept）wail wel 嚎啕大哭 （哀号；悲叹；恸哭）advent dvnt:出现，到来（正式用词）,经常与the 搭配，主要指节气，重要发展的到来，来临。（六级）= coming or arrival（(重要人物或事件)）the advent of （the time when sth first begins to be widely used）with the advent of 随着的到来/出现at the advent of winter在冬天到来的时候since the advent of 自从的到来eg. with the advent of knowledge-based economyeg with the advent of computer-ageagriculture n.农业agricultural 农业的；农艺的ministry of agriculture 农业部modern agriculture 现代农业ecological agriculture 生态农业sustainable agriculture 可持续农业；永续农业 sustain 维持，保持（一个长时期）；支撑（抽象，给力量等）primary industry 第一产业（最基本，首要，最开始）（农林牧副渔）secondary industry 第二产业 （采矿业，制造业，电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业、建筑业。）tertiary industry tri（正式用语） 第三产业service industry（或就是service） manufacturing制造业 mining采矿业industry n.工业 heavy industry 重工业 light industry 轻工业assumption n.假定，设想make an aaumption that 紧跟同位语description 描述 类似变化 inscription题词；铭文；刻印dot n.小圆点spot n. 地点；斑点. a small mark on sth, esp. one that is made by a liquid.spots of ink 墨水痕迹on the spot 在现场 (in the very place where a happening occurs) murder spot 谋杀现场arrive on the spot 赶到现场mark 标志；符号；痕迹；分数 n. dirteg. There are finger marks smeared on the window. 玻璃上有很多的手指痕。stain 污点 （a mark that is difficult to remove esp. one made by a liquid）难以去掉blood stain血痕 ink stain 墨水痕 coffee stain 咖啡痕 symbol n.符号 （象征；符号；标志）symbolic象征的；符号的；使用符号的symbolically 象征性地；象征意义地“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：sign 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。symbol 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。token tk()n语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。（用以启动某些机器或用作支付方式的）代币，辅币；代价券；标志；（用于表达感情的）表示；（语言学）符号；标记；mark 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。 question mark问号signal 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。badge徽章；证章；标记（一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物）。engrave v.雕刻（刻上，比如名字或者是文字，在树上刻，到底一游，所以也引申出铭刻，刻在心里,carve雕出,雕在心里?） 刻的内容用with引出，在什么上面可以用onivory av()r n.象牙制品 （n. 象牙；乳白色； adj. 乳白色的；象牙制的）ivory coast 象牙海岸（非洲）ivory tower n. 象牙塔（指脱离现实生活的小天地）tower of ivory 象牙塔（逃避现实之处）mammoth mm n.长毛象（作为形容词可以引申出“巨大的; 艰巨的 强调”） Ice Agesaber-toothed tiger saber seb 军刀，佩剑sloth sl n. 怠惰，懒惰（尤指工作方面，正式用语）；脊椎 树懒tusk tsk n.獠牙，长牙 （n. 长牙；尖头，尖形物vt. 以牙刺戳；以长牙掘）nomad nmd n.游牧民（游牧人; 游牧部落）a nomadic people 游牧民族herdsman hdzmn 牧民 herd 兽群，畜群；放牧人（引申出量词“群”）tribe trab 部落；族；宗族；一伙city-state n.(古代)城邦empire 帝国correlate krlet; -r- v.使相互联系1) v. to be closely connected 相互关系（正式用语）不及物动词时，介词用with。及物动词“使相互关联 正式”eg. Crop yield correlates closely with annual rain-fall.农作物得收获量与一年的降雨量有密切的关系。2) n.有相关的人或物eg. Smoking and lung diseases are thought to be correlates.correlation n.相关性eg. a high correlation between unemployment and crime 失业与犯罪之间的相关性很大phase fez n.月相，天相1) 月相，天相the phase of the moon 月亮的盈亏new moon 新月crescent kresnt; kreznt 弯月 first quarter moon上玄月（不讲）half moon 半月2) a part of a process, development or growth (变化，发展的)阶段，局面，过程eg. The peace talk came into a new phase.stage n.阶段，进程 （point, period or step in development）at an early stage 在早期阶段at a later stage 在后期阶段stage by stage: gradually =/step by step=/little by little3) v. phase out 逐步淘汰 （to gradually stop using or providing sth）eg. Economic reform has phased out many of the welfare benefits people enjoyed in the iron-bowl period.primitive prmtv adj.原始的1)原始的primitive man 原始人类 primitive culture 原始文化 primitive tools 原始工具2) simple; roughly made简单的，粗糙的primitive machine 简单机器primeval pramiv()l adj. very ancient 远古的，初期的 prehistoric 史前的（有历史以前）primeval forests/virgin forestsvirgin landcrude oil 原油depict v.描绘，描画（描写或以绘画的形式描绘了） （to describe sth esp. in writing or pictures）eg. The song My Heart Will Go On depicts a love story.eg. The book Robinson Crusoe depicts life on a desert island.Picture v.用绘画，图画的方式描绘了，设想 （to show sth or sb in a photograph, painting or drawing）eg. The advertisement pictured a handsome man smoking a cigarette.Text 课文Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times.Future historians will be in a unique position whenbe in a unique position 处于一个前所未有的境地be in a good position/situation 处于一个良好的境地be in an enviable position 处于令人羡慕的境地put sb in a difficult position/situation 使某人陷入困难的境地 dont ever put me in this positionput sb in an awkward position/situation 使某人处在愚笨的境地eg. His sneer put me in an embarrassed position.They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates.Selectfrom从中进行选择Choose 挑选（凭个人意愿），它不仅强调做这个决定的行动，而且强调最后的决定。有三种情况二者不能互换：1 当在两者中选一个时只能用choose, 即choose between- We have to choose between leaving early and paying for taxi.2 choose 可带wh从句- Ill let you choose where we should go to eat.3 choose to do 只能用choose其二 select比choose更正式steadily accumulate 平稳增长，不断积累increasingly accumulate 持续增长a growing interest 越来越感兴趣dramatically increase 巨幅上升eg. College students will hardly know which subject to select from the great number of majors that increasingly accumulate. What is more they will not have to rely solely on the written word.what is more 更有甚者，起到承接上下文的作用,是furthermore,moreover的意思what is worse 更糟糕的是rely on = count on = depend on 依靠、指望- you cant rely on others. - He cant be relied on / depended on / counted on.solely adv.唯一地=only , just , nearly written adj.书面的spoken written English spoken Englishwritten word文字资料 written test笔试 written exam笔试 written language 书面语Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMs are just some of the bewildering amount of information. They will have.Besides the written word, they have films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMs.They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action.in action 行动中的，活动中的as it were 可以说，似乎，好象，是一个插入语，在语法上是一个独立成分，可以用于任何时态语句中。- He is as it were a walking dictionary. 他可以说是一本活字典。- Computers can never as it were lead independent lives. 电脑不能过独立的生活。as if it were so 可以说，好像，可谓eg. The sky was covered, as it were，with a black curtain. 天空好像被黑幕遮住似的。as it is/was （而）事实上（according to the situation that actually exists, esp. when it is different from what you expect or need）eg. I hoped to finish the kitchen by Friday, but, as it is, Ill have to finish it next week. As it is = in fact = in reality = actually = as a matter of fact 事实上- I thought things would get better,but as it is ,they are getting worse.in action （在作战的时候/在某件事情发生的过程当中/正在进行的时候）在本文的意思为：能身临其境的感知或感受eg. His son was killed in action. eg. I saw him play football in action.But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.The history of our own timesbut 语篇标识词is always faced with a difficult task.be faced with/by面对的困难 be faced with the difficult task be faced with an awful jobeg. I was faced with the awful job of breaking the mothers heart by telling her the death of her son.- A great many people are faced with losing their jobs. With后加的动词时doing，介宾face the challenge 主动形式face the fate 主动形式cant face sth/doing 主动形式（feel unable to do because it seems too unpleasant or difficult）eg. The mother cant face with fact that her son was killed in action.face the musicn.只好接受，面对某事 (to have to face or accept sth unpleasant whether you like it or not)eg. Your boss is sure to scold you for your stupid mistake, but you have to face the music.文中attempting to reconstruct the distant past现在分词修饰the historian，所以句子可转换为： But the historian who is attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.- The student attempting to learn Eghlish well in a year is faced with a difficult task.He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available.what 引导宾语从句，从句中省略了deduce。available adj.可利用的- I have a dictionary available for you .- is there a place available for us to have a chat?- I know you are in need of a help,but excuse me,I dont have any students available for you.Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.remains = ruins 遗迹，遗物insignificant = unimportant 不重要的shed light on = throw light on = cast light on解释，说明，揭示= make a matter clear or understood- This information shed light on the problem.- Can you shed light on the case of the fire? 你能够解释这次火灾吗？- She will shed light on the case of stolen jewels.Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.up to now = so far 到目前为止come into being = come into existence 产生，出现come into 的用法：- come into power 上台- come into use 开始使用be faced with a real need to do sth. 面临着做某事的真正需要- We are faced with a real need to learn English well.Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect.seem可用作连系动词或不及物动词，意为“似乎；好像”，其常见用法现归纳如下：一、“主语+ seem +（to be ）+表语”，表语多为名词或形容词，有时是其他的词或短语，以说明主语的特征或状态。“好像是，似乎是，看起来是”例如：Tom seems （to be ） a very clever boy. 汤姆看上去是一个非常聪明的男孩。The man over there seems to be a new teacher. 那边的那个人看上去像一个新老师。This small town seems changed a little. 这个小城镇似乎有点儿变化。二、“主语+ seem + 不定式”，此句型中的seem与不定式一起构成复合谓语。用以缓和语气时用，意思为感到好像，觉得似乎。（没有把握的推测，而不是主语的状态属性和形式）例如：Mrs Green doesnt seem （或seems not ） to like the idea. 格林夫人似乎不太喜欢这个主意。The children seemed to be eating something in the room. 孩子们好像正在房间里吃东西呢。The young man seemed to have changed much. 这个年轻人看起来变化很大。三、“It seems + that从句”，其中it 是形式主语，that引导主语从句。表示不确切或客气时用，意思为看来好像，似乎。例如：（本用法作用同第二条一致）It seems that no one knows what has happened in the park. 似乎没有人知道在公园里发生了什么事。It seems to me that Mr Brown will not come again. 在我看来布朗先生不会再来了。四、“There + seem to be +名词”，其中to be 可省略。seem 的单复数形式要根据后面作主语的名词的单复数形式而定。例如：There doesnt seem to be much hope of our beating that team. 看来我们战胜那个队没有多大希望。There seems no need to wait longer. 看来没有再等的必要了。Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusk of mammoths.注意副词long的应用自如dot 点line 线 surface 面 cube 体three-dimensional space三维立体空间present us with a question, then solve the problem, finally show us the resultdots, lines and symbols 点，线和形形色色的符号songs阵阵歌声flowers鲜花朵朵The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which began about 30,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.注意about的应用，因为是一个推测的时间，而不是具体的时间所以不能用atLive by 什么样的工作，live on 某人，某种事物By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code.read the codecodedots, lines, symbols, markingsread 读，可以引申出很多意思，识人，理解，its hard to read the smile on his face.read sb like a bookread between lines 体会言外之意,领会弦外之音 read from cover to cover从头到尾注意这里的现在完成时，发生在过去，但是具体的时间不需要提出，“已经”They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon.Passage 1、章节; 段落; 乐段（paragraph段落）2、过道; 走廊 3、(人体内的) 道 （air passages）4、通过; 经过（pass的名词形式）5、(法案等的) 通过（pass的名词形式） 6、过渡 7、(时间的) 推移（pass的名词）8、通行许可（pass的名词许可，pass作为名词是叫“通过”）the passage of days 日夜更迭，昼夜更迭 （固定短语）the passage of time 时光流逝 （固定短语）the phases of the moon 月亮圆缺It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar.the answer to historians puzzling, or rather their assumption注意in fact插入语的位置，同前面学的was really和really was一样，侧重在后面，而不是前面。如果是 it, in fact, is a primitive type of calendar，则是侧重于it.It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression.It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on（注意这种主语从句的形式，为了先突出一个概念，再加上一个较为复杂的主语，故事早被人知道，故事一个词作主语很简单，一个怎么怎么怎么样的故事，下文中会出现很多次类似的用法）it has long been known that人们早就知道historians have long been puzzled 历史学家长期以来一直困惑不已they have long assumed that 他们长期以来认为Depict dpkt vt. 描述；描画（描绘了一幅什么样的画面）（To depict someone