北京语言大学语言学第二学期参考试题2015(1)revision.doc

Final examination for Introduction to Linguistics (January, 2015)I. Translation (1 X 20 = 20 %): Chinese into English = 10 English into Chinese = 10II. Fill in the blanks (2 X 15 = 30 %): Fill in the blanks in sentences using linguistic termsIII. Definitions ( 4 X 5 = 20 %)IV. Short essays (15 X 2 = 30 %)RevisionI. Terms for sections I, II, and III.Chapter 7: 1) sociolinguistics 2) the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 3) linguistic determinism 4) linguistic relativity 5) the context of situation 6) communicative competence 7) woman register 8) linguistic sexism 9) cross-cultural communication Chapter 8: 1) the speech act theory This is the first major theory in the study of language in use. It originated with the Oxford philosopher Austin and presented in How to Do Things with Words.2) performatives 言语行为句Performatives do not describe things. They can not be said to be true or false. Uttering them is, or is a part of, doing an action, e.g. I apologize.3) constatives 表述句Constatives are descriptive statements, capable of being analyzed in terms of truth-values, e.g.John went to the zoo yesterday.4) locutionary act 表述性言语行为、言中行为: the act of producing speech sounds, words or sentences.5) Illocutionary act言外行为the act of making known the speakers purpose or the intended meaning: asking or answering a question, giving some information or an assurance or a warning, pronouncing sentence, making a request or an appointment or a criticism, making an identification or giving a description, and many others.6) perlocutionary act言后行为the consequential effect of a locution upon the hearer. By saying something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer, misleading him, surprising him, or induce him to do something. Whether these effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act performed by the speaker. This is what is called perlocutionary act.7) the cooperative principleThe CP has four categories of maxims: quantity, quality, relation and manner. These maxims are meant to describe what happens in conversations and can be compared to unwritten laws.8) maxim of quantity(1) make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange)(2) do not make your contribution more informative than is required.9) maxim of quality (1) do not say what you believe to be false.(2) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.10) maxim of relation Be relevant11) maxim of manner Be perspicuous(1) avoid obscurity of expression.(2) avoid ambiguity.(3) be brief(4) be orderly12) calculability 可计算性 13) cancellability 可删除性Also known as defeasibility. A conversational implicature relies on a number of factors as discussed in the part for calculability. If any of them changes, the implicature will also change. 14) non-detachability （非可分离性） A conversational implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form. Therefore it is possible to use a synonym and keep the implicature intact. For example, Johns a genius and Johns a mental prodigy said ironically both implicate that Johns an idiot.15) non-conventionality （非规约性）conversational implicature is by definition different from the conventional meaning of words. To show this more clearly, we can have a look at some examples of entailment (a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first necessarily follows from the falsity of the second: I saw a boy and I saw a child):16) contextual meaning 17) pragmatics语用学: the study of language use, meaning in context.18) relevance theoryRelevance theory was proposed by Sperber and Wilson in their book Relevance: Communication and Cognition in 1986. They argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself should be reduced to a single principle of relevance.Chapter 9: 1) literary stylistics 2) foregrounding 3) simile 4) metaphor 5) metonymy 6) synecdoche 7) rhyme 8) alliteration 9) assonance 10) consonance 11) reverse rhyme 12) pararhyme 13) repetition 14) metre 15) iamb 16) trochee 17) anapest 18) dactyl 19) spondee 20) couplet 21) quatrain 22) blank verse 23) narrator 24) schemata 25) new information 26) given information 27) direct speech 28) indirect speech 29) free direct speech 30) free indirect speech 31) narrators representation of speech acts 32) narrators representation of speech Chapter 12: 1) functional sentence perspective 2) systemic-functional grammar 3) American structuralism 4) generative-transformational grammar 5) the innateness hypothesis 6) theme 7) rheme 8) ideational function 9) interpersonal function 10) textual function 11) phrase structure rules 12) transformational rules 13) deep structure 14) surface structure 15) transitivityII. Essay questions.1) What would you say about and for or against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?2) How would you summarize the concept of situation as proposed by Firth?3) Does woman register differ from linguistic sexism?4) How would you describe and evaluated the theory of illocutionary acts?5) How would you discuss the maxims of the cooperative principle and illustrate with your own example the violation of the maxim? 6) How is poetry analyzed at the phonological level?7) How would you illustrate the differences between different methods of speech presentation?8) How would the innateness hypothesis influence your understanding of child first language acquisition? 9) How woul