研究生第二学期英语复习.doc

Unit One 课后汉译英TranslationWhen I first came into contact with online teaching, I had questions about the validity of this instructional medium. I would not know whether the student submitting the work was the same person who registered for the course. Online teaching also required rethinking how I deliver the subject matter. Without face-to-face communication, can I, via computer, make the students feel the same kind of enthusiasm and appreciate my sense of humor?My shy daughters experience proved to be very inspiring. She never spoke in class, but in the two online courses she took, she dived into discussions and posted her opinions.The online course began and things ran better than I had expected. The students all followed the directions well, and the discussion board was lively. Ive never met any of my students but I got to know them by their work and I saw their learning attitudes develop before my eyes. I found that online education worked best with students who were very comfortable with the computer and willing to become part of a community built around the subject matter. And it required teachers to be willing to help build that sense of community and make the students feel the teacher was always there. 英译汉-课文选段Since I was scheduled to teach environmental science in summer school, it seemed like the perfect time to write the lectures for the online course in the fall. My plan: On the day I had to deliver a traditional lecture, Id just type it up in the morning, cut the grass, then teach the class in the evening. 8.因为要在暑期学校讲授环境科学课，趁这机会为秋季的网络课程备课看来再合适不过了。我的计划是这样的；在上传统可那天，早上备课，修整草坪，然后晚上去教课。I never got to the lawn. Each lecture required about eight hours of typing and illustrating to make it clear for online students. I also made the lectures available to my classroom students and they enjoyed critiquing them. 9.我一直没去成草坪。每一堂课都需要花八个小时左右的时间打字解释，好让在线学生能看明白，我也让教室里的学生能看到这些课件，他们很高兴提些意见。Some students fell behind, tried to catch up, then drifted away. I sent them e-mail notes to prod them to participate or to improve their work, but I have concluded that some students need the discipline of the classroom to stay involved. Online courses provide too much flexibility for some. About 20 percent of my students were in this category. 13.有些学生落后了，尝试着跟上进度，然后不来了。我给他们发电子邮件，督促他们参与或改善表现，但我断定有些学生需要教室的约束才能保持参与度。对有些学生而言，网络课程提供了太多的灵活性，大约有20%的学生属于这一范畴。Unit Two课后汉译英TranslationSloppy people are not really sloppy. It is just that the plan they carry in their minds eye is too precise, too stupendous and too perfect to be achieved in this world or the next. They aim too high and wide. They save everything, planning someday to file ad order. When they finally set about handling things, sloppy people just cant bear to part with anything. After hours of work, the place looks exactly the same. So sloppy people never get neat. Neat people place neatness above everything else. They like results and dont care about process. They have cavalier attitudes toward possessions. If anything collects dust, its got to go. The are incredibly wasteful. Anything that is not of immediate use goes into the trash. They are insensitive and there is no sentimental salvaging of birthday cards or the last letter a dying ever wrote. Neat nepole operate on two unvarying principles: Never handle any item twice, and throw everything away. So the only thing messy in a neat persons house is the trash can. So neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people. The distinction between them is moral. 英译汉-课文选段Neat people are bums and clods at heart. They have cavalier attitudes toward possessions, including family heirlooms. Everything is just another dust-catcher to them. If anything collects dust, its got to go and thats that. Neat people will toy with the idea of throwing the children out of the house just to cut down on the clutter. 6. 整洁的人实际上都是写懒汉和笨蛋，他们对财务漫不经心，哪怕是传家宝也毫不在意，对他们而言，任何东西都只是会沾灰，什么东西只要是会沾灰，就得弄走，没什么好说的，整洁人甚至还会考虑把孩子扔出去，只是为了让家里少几分凌乱。Neat people dont care about process. They like results. What they want to do is get the whole thing over with so they can sit down and watch the rasslin on TV. Neat people operate on two unvarying principles: Never handle any item twice, and throw everything away. 7. 整洁人不在乎过程，他们喜欢的是结果。他们想做的，就是把什么事情做完，好坐下来看电视里的摔跤比赛。整洁人有条雷打不动的原则：任何东西绝不处理第二次，把东西扔掉。Neat people are no good to borrow from. Neat people buy everything in expensive little single portions. They get their flour and sugar in two-pound bags. They wouldnt consider clipping a coupon, saving a leftover, reusing plastic nondairy whipped cream containers, or rinsing off tin foil and draping it over the unmoldy dish drainer. You can never borrow a neat persons newspaper to see whats playing at the movies. Neat people have the paper all wadded up and in the trash by 7:05 AM. 11.整洁人可不是出借东西的好主，他们买任何东西都要昂贵的单份小包装，面粉和糖要两磅一袋的。他们从来不屑剪下优惠券，用剩下的东西绝不留着，盛装非乳制奶油用的塑料盒是从不重复使用的，也不会把锡纸冲洗干净，搭在没有发霉的餐具滤干器上，你别指望向整洁人借张报纸看看电影院在放映什么电影，早晨七点零五分，整洁人就已经把报纸卷起来，扔进了垃圾箱。Neat people cut a clean swath through the organic as well as the inorganic world. People, animals, and things are all one to them. They are so insensitive. After theyve finished with the pantry, the medicine cabinet, and the attic, they will throw out the red geranium (too many leaves), sell the dog (too many fleas), and send the children off to boarding school (too many scuff-marks on the hardwood floors). 12.有机物也好，无机物也罢，整洁人都夷平了事。人，动物，东西对他们来说都没什么区别，他们太麻木不仁了，他们清理完食品室，药柜和阁楼之后，就会扔掉红花天竺葵（嫌叶子太多），卖掉狗（嫌跳骚太多），把孩子打发到寄宿学校（嫌他们在硬木地板上留下了太多的瘢痕）。Unit Three课后汉译英Translation Her daughter smoked and she felt a deep hurt as her mother. She remembered how as a child she sat by, through the yards, and watched her father, who smoked like a chimney, wheeze through most of his life feeling half his strength, and she remembered how carefully she ate when she was pregnant, how patiently she taught her daughter how to cross a street safely. She had a feeling of futility when she saw her daughter repeating the mistake of her grandfather. She did not want to see in the family another victory for the tobacco companies, but she was faced with powerful rivals: the tobacco industry and Hollywood. The two collaborated to win over completely people like her father and made them hopelessly addicted to cigarettes. It is not easy to quit smoking, but things may become easier if smokers realize that smoking is a form of self-battering that also batters those who must sit by, and if we can really make “every home a smoke-free zone.”英译汉-课文选段But, finally, one must feel empathy for the tobacco plant itself. For thousands of years, it has been venerated by Native Americans as a sacred medicine. They have used it extensively its juice, its leaves, its roots, its (holy) smoke to heal wounds and cure diseases, and in ceremonies of prayer and peace. And though the plant as most of us know it has been poisoned by chemicals and denatured by intensive mono-cropping and is therefore hardly the plant it was, still, to some modern Indians it remains a plant of positive power. I learned this when my Native American friends, Bill Wahpepah and his family, visited with me for a few days and the first thing he did was sow a few tobacco seeds in my garden. 17.但话又说回来，人们想必也会对烟草这种植物本身报以同情。几千年以来，它一直被美洲土著尊为圣药。他们将其广泛应用。它的汁，叶，根，（神圣的）烟可用于愈合伤口与治疗疾病，也用于祈福与和平的仪式上。虽然由于受化学物质的毒害以及广泛的单一种植而导致其性质改变，我们绝大多数人今天所知的烟草已不再是昔日的同一种植物了，但对一些现代的印第安人而言它依然是一种具有积极效用的植物。我之所以知道这一点，是因为我的美洲土著朋友，比尔瓦佩帕和他的家人，在我家呆了几天，到我家的第一件事就是在花园里播下几棵烟草种子。Perhaps we can liberate tobacco from those who have captured and abused it, enslaving the plant on large plantations, keeping it from freedom and its kin, and forcing it to enslave the world. Its true nature suppressed, no wonder it has become deadly. Maybe by sowing a few seeds of tobacco in our gardens and treating the plant with the reverence it deserves, we can redeem tobaccos soul and restore its self-respect.18.也许我们可以将烟草从那些俘获并滥用它的人们手中解救出来，那些人将这植物奴役于大型种植园里，剥夺了他的自由，使它与同类不得相见，并迫使它去奴役整个世界。它的本性被抑制了，难怪它变得如此致命。也许，在花园里洒下即可烟草种子，给这植物以它应得的尊敬，我们就可以解救烟草的灵魂，重塑它的自尊。There is a slogan from a battered womens shelter that I especially like: “Peace on earth begins at home.” I believe everything does. I think of a slogan for people trying to stop smoking: “Every home a smoke-free zone.”Smoking is a form of self-battering that also batters those who must sit by, occasionally cajole or complain, and helplessly watch. I realize now that as a child I sat by, through the years, and literally watched my father kill himself: surely one such victory in my family, for the rich white men who own the tobacco companies, is enough. 20. 受伤害妇女收容所里有一条标语我很喜欢：“人间平安，始于家庭”。我认为世上一切都是如此，我还想到一条为想戒烟的人们撰写的标语：“家家都是无烟区。”抽烟是一种自我毁灭，而且也毁灭着那些不得不坐在你身边的人。那些人偶尔会劝诫或抱怨，但往往只能无奈的看着。我现在意识到了，从我还是孩子时，这么多年来，我真的是坐在一旁亲眼看着我父亲自杀：毋庸置疑。对于烟草公司那些富有的白人老板来说，他们在我家取得了一场胜利，但这样的胜利有一场也就足够了。Unit four课后汉译英Marriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whyhasitbecomesohardforcouplestostaytogetherintodayssociety?Ontheonehand,ourmodernsocialfabricisthin,andthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintochaos.Ontheotherhand,marriagerequiressexual,financialandemotionaldiscipline,butpeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.Besides,couplestodaymustalsodealwithalltheculturalchangesbroughtoninrecentyearsbythewomensmovementandsexualrevolution.Theseandotherrealitiesoflifeerodethevisionsofmaritalbliss.Ifwelackadaptability,flexibility,genuineloveandkindness,andanimaginationstrongenoughtofeelwhattheotherisfeeling,ifwecannotbringdifficultiesoutintotheopen,thenmarriagemaycometotheendoftheroad.Ofcourse,divorceidnotanevilact.Forsomepeople,itprovidessalvationanditcanbeasteptowardagoodlife.However,marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprove,thatpersistdespiteimperfections,offerawondrousshelterforourmutualhumanity.英译汉-课文选段Even though each broken marriage is unique, we can still find the common perils, the common causes for marital despair.Each marriage has crisis points and each marriage tests endurance, the capacity for both intimacy and change. Outside pressures such as job loss, illness, infertility, trouble with a child, care of aging parents and all the other plagues of life hit marriage the way hurricanes blast our shores. Some marriages survive these storms and others dont. Marriages fail, however, not simply because of the outside weather but because the inner climate becomes too hot or too cold, too turbulent or too stupefying. 2.虽然每桩破裂的婚姻都有其独特之处，但我们仍可以找到一些共同的危险，也就是令婚姻绝望的共同原因，每一桩婚姻都有自己的临界点，每一桩婚姻都考验着自己的耐力，也就是应对亲密关系与变化的能力。外界的压力比如失业，生病，不育，孩子带来的麻烦，照顾年迈的父母，还有其它的种种人生苦闷之事，会像飓风拍岸一般冲击婚姻。有些婚姻能接受的住这些暴风雨，有些却无法承受，然而，婚姻之所以失败，并不仅仅在于外部天气，也在于内部气候变得太冷或太热，太动荡或太沉闷。Divorce is not an evil act. Sometimes it provides salvation for people who have grown hopelessly apart or were frozen in patterns of pain or mutual unhappiness. Divorce can be, despite its initial devastation, like the first cut of the surgeons knife, a step toward new health and a good life. On the other hand, if the partners can stay past the breaking up of the romantic myths into development of real love and intimacy, they have achieved a work as amazing as the greatest cathedrals of the world. Marriages that do not fail but improve, that persist despite imperfections, are not only rare these days but offer a wondrous shelter in which the face of our mutual humanity can safely show itself.16.离婚并不是邪恶的行为，有时它会为关系疏远而又无望弥合的人们，或陷于痛苦或共同不幸的僵局中的人们提供解脱。虽然离婚刚开始会造成破坏，但它可能会像外科医生手下的第一刀，是迈向全新健康与美好生活的第一步。另一方面，如果伴侣们能够经受得住浪漫神话的破裂而坚持下来并培养真正相爱的亲密关系，那他们就已经完成了一件伟大的作品，能与世上最伟大教堂媲美的作品。那些没有失败反而改善的婚姻，那些不完美却仍然坚守的婚姻，在如今不仅是凤毛麟角，而且也提供了一个奇妙的庇护所，让我们共同的人性一面得以安然无恙地展现出来。Unit Five 课后汉译英Translation Do you have this lingering doubt that you wont be able to write something when you need to? Do you feel its like a constant fog or static that clouds the mind and you can never get out of its clutches?As a matter of fact, it is possible to write something - not something great or pleasing but at least something usable, workable - when your mind is out of commission. The trick is to do all your cooking out on the table because your mind is incapable of doing any inside. Try simply to steer your mind in the direction or general vicinity of the thing you are trying to write about and start writing and keeping writing. Be as loose, drifting, quirky and jerky as possible when you write. Dont think about what you are writing or what you have written or else you will overload the circuit again. Then take some little pieces of paper and simply read over from the beginning of what you wrote, and see if you can gather up something useful into one sentence and write it by itself o a little sheet of paper. Then, read through the little slips of paper a number of times and build a relationship among them until they get into different piles. At this point, you can finally begin to think, and that lab report which has been occupying your mind is no longer unreachable. 英译汉-课文选段If, on the other hand, all that writing didnt have useful material in it, it means that your writing wasnt loose, drifting, quirky, jerky, associative enough. This time try especially to let things simply remind you of things that are seemingly crazy or unrelated. Follow these odd associations. Make as many metaphors as you can be as nutty as possible and explore the metaphors themselves open them out. You may have all your energy tied up in some area of your experience that you are leaving out. Dont refrain from writing about whatever else is on your mind: how you feel at the moment, what you are losing your mind over, randomness that intrudes itself on your consciousness, the pattern on the wallpaper, what those people you see out the window have on their minds though keep coming back to the whateveritis you are supposed to be writing about. Treat it, in short, like ten-minute writing exercises. Your best perceptions and thoughts are always going to be tied up in whatever is really occupying you, and that is also where your energy is. You may end up writing a love poem or a hate poem in one of those little piles while the other piles will finally turn into a lab report on data processing or whatever you have to write about. But you couldnt, in your present state of having your head shot off, have written that report without also writing the poem. And the report will have some of the juice of the poem in it and vice versa.11.另一方面，要是你所写的全部里面都没有有用的材料，那就意味着你的写作不够松散，不够变化无常，不够古怪，不够突兀，联想还不够丰富。这一次就得特别注意让事物提醒你趋思考那些看起来很疯狂或毫无关联的东西。跟着这些奇怪的联想走下去。用尽量多的比喻越离奇越好探究一下这些比喻本身展开他们。你可能会把全部精力集中在此前没有设计的某方面的经历。但不要克制自己而不写下脑子里面掠过的任何想法：你现在有什么感觉，你在沉思什么，闯入你意识中的纷飞思绪，墙纸上的图案，你所看到的窗外的人们脑子里在想什么但记得回到你改写的那个主题上来。一言以蔽之，就把这当成十分钟的写作练习。你最好的观念和想法总是会藏在正困扰着你的事情上，那里也正是你的能量所在。在你那些卡片的其中一堆里，你也许最后写出了一首爱情诗或者仇恨诗而其他的卡片堆最终会编程关于数据处理的实验报告或是你所要写的任何东西。但在你现在这种茫然无头绪的状态下，不写诗就无法写出报告。报告会有些诗的精髓，诗也会带上几分报告的感觉。课后词组：注意词组在句中的时态。Unit One Teaching in Your Pajamas：Lessons of Online Class穿着睡衣讲课：网络课程经验谈III. Useful Expressions1. 精心打扮dress upOne of my favorite parts of college teaching is dressing up and putting on a good show. 对我来说，在大学讲课有一点让我很喜欢，就是精心打扮然后呈上一场精彩的表演。2. 配上相应的饰物coordinate accessoriesI plan my outfits, apply makeup, coordinate accessories, even rework my lecture cue cards. 我会换一身得体的套装、化好妆、配上相应的饰品，甚至把上课用的提示卡都会重新修订一番。3. 上课用的提示卡 lecture cue cardsI plan my outfits, apply makeup, coordinate accessories, even rework my lecture cue cards.我会换一身得体的套装、化好妆、配上相应的饰品，甚至把上课用的提示卡都会重新修订一番。4. 教学媒体 instructional mediumI had questions about the validity of this instructional medium. 我质疑这种教学方式的有效性5. 注册课程 register for the courseHow would I know that the student submitting the work was the one registered for the course? 我怎么会知道提交作业的学生就是注册的哪位呢？6. 讲授课程内容 deliver the subject matterTeaching online also required rethinking how I deliver the subject matter. 网络教学也要求我重新思考讲授课程内容的方式。7. 幽默感 sense of humorMy student reviews had always been extremely positive, usually mentioning my enthusiasm, sense of humor and ability to convey the subject in an easy-to-understand way. 学对我的评价一直都极其肯定，通常会提到我的热情，幽默感及用通俗易懂的语言讲授课程的能力。8. 以通俗易懂的方式 in an easy-to-understand wayMy student reviews had always been extremely positive, usually mentioning my enthusiasm, sense of humor and ability to convey the subject in an easy-to-understand way.学对我的评价一直都极其肯定，通常会提到我的热情，幽默感及用通俗易懂的语言讲授课程的能力。9. 考虑教学方面的问题 weigh the pedagogical issuesWhile I weighed the philosophical and pedagogical issues, my daughter took two online courses. 我还在考虑哲学与教学方面的问题呢，女儿则选了两门网络课程。10. 全心投入讨论 dive into discussionsShe had always been a very shy student who never spoke in class. But in these online courses, she dived into discussions, posted her opinions and generally felt more free to participate than she ever had before. 她一向是个非常腼腆的学生，从来不在课堂上发言。但在这些网络课程中，她全心投入讨论，发表意见，总的说来比以往任何时候都更能放开参与。11. 更放开的去做某事 feel more free toshe dived into discussions, posted her opinions and generally felt more free to participate than she ever had before. 她全心投入讨论，发表意见，总的说来比以往任何时候都更能放开参与。12. 通过计算机教学 deliver instruction via computerI also took a brief course for online teachers from our university and learned that many of them were also shy and felt more comfortable delivering instruction via computer. 我也选了一门为我们学校的网络教师开设的短训课程，得知很多同事也很腼腆，通过计算机教学他们感受更得心应手。13. 计划去be scheduled to Since I was scheduled to teach environmental science in summer school, it seemed like the perfect time to write the lectures for the online course in the fall. My plan: On the day I had to deliver a traditional lecture, Id just type it up in th