美国社工教育与我国的对比及其启示.doc

The United States social work education and the contrast and their enlightenment for our country 10709141 卢万明 AbstractThe six plenary session of the sixteenth central committee of the communist party of china has passed “Decision on constructing socialist several important issues of harmonious society of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China“Then the development of the social work has been paid close attention，and we need urgently more and more talented professionals of social work，the social work will be one of the system arrangement for building the harmonious societywe can see that the spring of Chinese social work has been comingThe function of social work is to regulate social relationshipsprevent and solve the social problemsand to promote the people to accommodate to the societyThe concept of “modem social work ”originates from America ,it is more than 100 years when the concept was addressed.Key wordssocial work development of social work status of social work comparison Social work is an art, a science and a professional,whose aim is to help people solve their personal, group (especially family) and community issues, and it makes use of casework, group work, community organizations ways in dealing with individuals, groups and community relations so that achieving a satisfactory situation. i. the origin and development of social work1.the China origin and development of social workBecause of the special nature of Chinas social development, social work development in China an other countries have different experiences and developing process, the following discussion of three phases: (1)Chinas development of social work 1949 years ago. After the victory of Revolution, the Republic of China led by Sun Yat-sen in Nanjing Provisional Government established under the president Ten departments, including Ministry of the Interior in charge of Home Affairs and Social Welfare, which indicates that China started to accept Western societys concept of welfare and social services, after the Nationalist government came to power in 1928, which established a social community and was responsible for social welfare, in the early 1930s, the Department has developed and promulgated social administration、social welfare laws、regulations and other documents, in the Sino-Japanese War, the Department also carried out some relief and resettlement work. During this historical period, China and a group of patriotic students who return to Europe after the disciplines of sociology and social work professionals, many universities started to carry out social work education.(2)The development of social work in China from 1949 to 80 years. . China has chosen the road of socialism Since 1949, the country is highly organized to form a centralized management system, the time there is no professional social work, but the practical significance of social work exist in different social sectors and social institutions, which is charge of the Government, non-professional social work model, while trade union, youth league, women federations and other mass organizations also took part in social work.(3)The development of social work in China from the late 1980. Ministry of Civil Affairs in 1987 held a meeting about social work education in Beijing and being to confirm the status of the social work discipline In order to promote the development of social work.Before the State Education Commission it approved the establishment of social work in Peking University in 1988, the China Association of Social Workers was set up on July 1991,5,and in 1992 China formally joined the international Association of Social Workers, which can be regarded as the beginning of Chinas social work profession.2.The United States origin and development of social work(1)the prototype of the establishment of social workThe name of social work began in the late 19th century and early 20th century in United States in the form of philanthropy. The early charity is mainly held up by the church. Religions relief provides Service for the poor. Priests took care of the orphans, the old,the sick,the blind and the disabled, which is not only the obligation of the Christians but also their Ideal. After the poor law in 1601 and the Hamburg system in 1788, in Buffalo the first charity organization established in 1877. Subsequently, the Association of American charitable organization quickly expanded to other cities, the United States has established more than 12 charitable organizations community in to 1892,This charity organization has an important role for the Society for Social Works appearance. (2)the national social security systemSince the social problems generated by industrialization, in order to solve the New York Stock Exchange in 1929 caused by the economic crisis a range of social issues emerged, President Roosevelt carried out the implementation of the so-called New Deal ,which established that the Government is responsible for national social relief and social welfare.President Roosevelt published Social Security Act in the1935,which formally established a comprehensive social security system in the United States. National social security system provided the foundation for the modern system of organization of social work.(3)the establishment and development of the profession of social work After a long period of gestation, social work as a profession in the United States was born in the early 20th century, after in the view of Freudian psychological theory social work formed the school of the psychosocial treatment Since the 1930s it presented the increasing specialization. After World War II, with the rapid development of science and technology , in the United States there were some new social issues, U.S. policy has taken a positive attitude towards the social welfare service .Some scholars and politicians used the idea to establish a welfare state, the professional social work system is gradually formed. The United States expanded the scope of social security legislation and adopted the Housing Act and the National Defense Education Act in the 1950s,.60 years, further expansion of social security as a means was to aggregate demand. (4)the period of reform in social workAfter the 70 years, the U.S economic growth was significantly decreased, while significantly social welfare presented the overload phenomenon. During the 1974-1975 the U.S. inflation rate was between 12% and 14%, the unemployment rate in 1982 was 7%. At the same time welfare funding is at an alarming rate. Therefore, the U.S. began to readjust social welfare policy and began to take some measures to cut welfare spending, raised a number of structural reforms on the welfare system, and gradually put into practice. At the same time the theory of social work research and professional education has been payed unprecedented attention. ii. the status of social work 1.the status of American social work The development of social work in the United States is more than a century and a more mature career. According to the U.S. Governments statistics in 2005, the amount of the nations total social workers is 56.2 million, the U.S. federal government under the different specific areas of social work divided it into four categories: children, family and school social workers; social workers, mental health and drug abstain; medical and public health social workers; and others, including government employees, university teachers and researchers. In terms of employment, 90% of U.S. social works position is about social service and social welfare, non-governmental organizations is the main source of employment. In recent years, The increasing employment rate of social work is higher than the average level of society as a whole, employment in the city t is full of competition, rural communities have good employment opportunities. 2.the status of social work in China Social work is the inevitable product of Industrialization and modernization and an effective way to solve social problems. At present China is in the social transition which is from the traditional planned economy to a modern social market economy, At the same time,a series of social problems occurred in western countries also gradually become prominent in our country now , such as poverty, population, unemployment, drug abuse, juvenile crime rising, the problem family instability, population aging and so on. At present, our government proposed the development of social work, strengthening the building of social work is to adapt to the requirements of social development. But Chinas social reality is different from the West, both face the same problems, while there are special circumstances. Therefore, the development of social work in China should have its own characteristics.To our country the enlightenment of the development of western social work for the development of Chinas social work provides some beneficial enlightenment. The western social work development process has shown social work is the development of the industrialization, and the needs of the market economy inseparable related social welfare concept is to support the development of social work is an important ideological basis state intervention is to promote social work development especially professional social work development key power development social work need institutionalized space development professional social work is to promote the welfare service status and effect of the inevitable choice, etc. This section the author from the investigation of the western social work development get enlightenment mainly from the following three aspects of the development of Chinas social work proposed own preliminary observations. First from promoting the Chinese market transformation and the building of a harmonious society in the development of the social work highly strengthen the necessity of understanding. Since the reform with the planned economy system is gradually into the socialist market economic system original solve social welfare issues mechanism changed cannot continue to how to solve these problems in the original show our welfare system to reform and perfect and is necessary to speed up the development of professional social work to adapt to the needs of the market economy system one of transforming the government functions for the development of professional social work. In the era of planned economy government to social welfare to the solution of the problem is largely responsible. But with the deepening of the reform of the government can no longer as usual governed all small government great society, social welfare society do become the trend government will be limited to management some universal and global affairs. Secondly enterprise the transition of the function of the requirements development professional social work. Planned economy period, the enterprises and institutions of the worker welfare all BaoXiaLai this model in the market economy era to enterprises survival and development is very adverse. The enterprise will take the original social welfare and services to the transfer make professional social work development had the opportunity and platform. Thirdly family structure and the transition of the function of the requirements development professional social work. Be in China at present core family has become a common family form. This kind of family structure makes the family is difficult to shoulder the responsibility of the aged and young therefore need to develop social welfare and service project. Its neighborhood relationship of weakening need to develop professional social work. With the acceleration of social transformation neighborhood relationship trend weakening makes people to become professional social service needs. From higher level see development social work is to build a harmonious society and the urgent need of. Social work is a kind of helpful, altruistic service work. The contemporary social structure change sharply social organizations increasingly complicated western social work is the pluralism and diversity from social work organization to see some agencies are public some private some is made public or private close some is one country established others is an international cooperative is social work service sector social workers widely active in nurseries and child welfare center, adoption agencies, nursing homes, rehabilitation institutions, rescue center, residential services, prisons, community and even streets and lanesvery common. In the United States such as social work encyclopedia will be social workers involved in processing problems, field is divided into a. I n addition western social work service methods also presents the characteristics of diversity. Have direct service also has indirect service, etc. Social work diversity diversification service mode to build a harmonious society is very necessary. In the past people generally will social work as a charity see only the consumption side and see its construction side. Now social work function has not only limited to poor or salvage unfortunately narrow