高中英语 3M2U1现在完成时现在完成进行时 牛津版必修2.doc

Present perfect Tense 现在完成时一【To form (构 成)】：1)、肯定式： have/ has+ V.过去分词 *He has played in several games *some fans have written signs in Yaos native language.2)、否定式： have /has not 或者 have/ has+ never *Yao has not disappointed his coaches. *Some people have never watched a game. 3)、缩写式： have / has = ve/ s *That is the way its been. *Ive never seen Yao play.二【使用情况】1、that happened in the past but influence the present or future.表示过去发生的事情但影响到目前或将来。* Yao has expanded the fan base. (Now more people watch basketball)*I have just cleaned my clothes我刚洗过衣服。（cleaned是发生的动作，对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”）。2、that were repeated in the past and can be repeated in the future. 表示过去重复发生的动作也可以在将来重复发生 *He has handled every situation well. (we expect him to continue.)3、that did not occur in the past but may occur in the future. Ues not or never. 表示过去的动作不发生在过去但可能发生在将来，要使用否定式 not 或者 never *Yao hasnt returned to China since joining the Rockets. 4、that started in the past and continue now. Use for or since. 表过去开始的动作一直延续的到现在的， 用时间壮语连词for或者since. *Yao has played for the Houston Rockets since last fall.(He still plays for the team)*I have been here for just over two years我到这里才两年多。*He has worked here since 1989. 自从1989年以来，他就在这里工作。 *以下两种情况用其他时态表示：5、You may substitute present perfect? continuous for present perfect when an action started in the past and countinues in the present.当动作发生在过去但一直延续或影响到目前时，你要用完成进行时代替过去完成时。 完成进行时: have / has + been+ V-ing * Yao has been playing for the Rockets since last fall. (still play for Rockets)6、If an action was completed in the past or cannot be repeated in the future, use past tense instead of present perfect tense.如果过去发生的动作已经完成或者不会在将来重复发生或受影响时，用过去时代替过去完成时* Yao joined the Rockets in the fall. (This action happened once and is finished.)* Yao played his first game on November 21. (The day and the game are finished.) 三【现在完成时用法小结】1、现在完成时属于现在时态范围，因此，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。 如：yesterday, last night, two weeks ago等， 但可以和never, ever, already, yet, just, for, since等连用。 *Have you finished your work yet? 你已经完成你的工作了吗？ *have never heard that before 过去，我从未听说过那件事2、be的现在完成时态。 1）表状态，从过去开始一直持续到现在，要与表示一段时间的状语连用。 * There has been a factory near No16 Middle School for several years 16中学附近有家工厂，已经有几年了。2)表示某人刚从某地回来。 Where have you been? 你到哪里去了？ I have been to the library 我到图书馆去了。3)后加地点，表示某人曾经到过某地。 Have you ever been to West Hill Farm? 你曾到过西山农场吗？但是“have/ has gone (to) +地点”则表示已去了某地,不在说话者所在的地方。 Where is Kate? 凯特在哪里？ She has gone to Beijing with her father她和她父亲一起去北京了。 3.瞬间动词：也叫短暂性动词或中止性动词，是指动作的开始也就是动作的结束，所以不能跟表示一段时间的间状语(如for/since)连用。这类词有：buy, sell, begin, start, leave, come, go, borrow, lend, return, die, join等。如： 火车已离开半小时了。误：Thetrain has left for half an hour正：The train has been away for half an hour 正：The train left half an hour ago正：It has been half an hour since the train left 正：It is half an hour since the train left 正：Half an hour has passed since the train left但是，其完成时的否定式可与表示一段时间的状语连用，表示一种状态： 错:I have received his letter for a month. 对:I havent received his letter for almost a month. * I havent received a letter from my father for two months我已两个月没收到我爸爸的信了。 四、【have been 和 have gone 的用法】 1. have been (去过)和have gone (去了)的区别： He has been to HK. (He was there once,but he is not there now) 他已经去过香港了。 He has gone to HK. (He is there or is on his way there.) 他去香港了。 2. “have been + to 地点” （这句型很常用。） 意思是“曾经到过某地（多少次）”，表示现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用。如：Miss Brown has just been to Japan twice. 布朗小姐就到日本去过两次。 He has ever/never been here before. 他以前 曾经到/ 从来没有到 过这- Have you （ever）been to the Great Wall? 你去（曾经）过长城吗？-How long have you been there? 你在那里待了多久？3. “have gone + to 地点”， 表示“到了某地或正在去某地的途中”。说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如：Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？ He has gone to the bookshop. 他到书店去了。4. “have been in + 地点” 意思是“在某地呆过（多久）”，常与表示一段时间since 或for 连用。 如： Mr Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经三天了。 I have been here since I began to work. 我工作以来一直呆在这儿。5.提 示：在否定句或疑问句时通常要把some, already分别改为any, yet。五、【常与完成时连用的副词和短语】1、表频度的：evernever、often、sometimes、twice、 on several occasion2、表不确定的过去时间：alreadyyet, just, before, recently, lately、3: 其 它：today、now、this时间 、for+time、in+时间（2004）、since、since then、since+从句 到目前为止：up to now、 till now、so far例 句： 1.since then,he has developed another had habit. 自那以后，它养成了另一个坏习惯。2.I havent seen him since then. 从那时候起我就再没见过他。3.Up to now hes read many story books. 至今他已经读过很多故事书。4.Ive been to NY three times so far. 至今我去过NY三次了。七、【Should、could、must / might】1、should、could、must 没有一般过去时.他们用现在完成时来表达过去的状态。 1、He should have told you earlier. 他应该早点告诉你的。2、I should have tried harder. 我应该更努力的。 3、She could have been nicer. 她可以做得更好的。 4、You must have seen him. 你一定已经见过他了。5、She might have forgotten to lock the door. 她可能忘记了关门6、He might have given the painting to someone. 他可能已经把画给别人了 八、【 用于现在完成时的句型】1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次到访这个城市。It was the third time that the boy had been late.这已经是那个男孩第三次迟到了。 -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I have been here. -Have you ever been to our town before -No, its the first time I have come here. 2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.例：This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。 This is the largest fish (that)I have ever seen.九、【现在完成时与过去时的比较】 1.现在完成时：have/ has + V.过去分词 （ Present perfect tense ）表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：He have visited Guilin in 1998. 他在1998年曾经参观过桂林。2过去时Past Tense：表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只是陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对“现在”产生的影响。如：He visited Guilin in 1998. 他1998年参观过桂林。 (只说明去桂林的时间)比 较： 1).Jill has bought a new computer. 吉尔买了一台新电脑。(重点是现在有了一台新电脑)Jill bought a new computer. (重点是买，现在不一定还有这个电脑)2 ) I have taught here for fifteen years.我在这儿教书已经15年了。 （表示15年前的动作一直延续到现在，还可能会继续） I taught here for a year.我过去在这儿教过一年书。 （表示“我”现在已经不在这儿任教了）十、【现在完成时与过去完成时的区别】1、现在完成时：have/ has + V.过去分词 与现在有关，把一个过去的动作或状态与现在的时间联系起来，表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果；2、过去完成时(Past perfect tence)：had +V.过去分词 是相对于某个过去的时间或动作来使用的，表示动作在这个过去的时间或动作之前已经发生。1) I have finished my homework. 我已做完了作业。 （结果：我可以出去玩了） 2) He said he had finished his homework. 他说他已做完了作业。 （finish 这个动作发生在say这个动作之前）十一、【现在完成进行时 、现在完成时 &过去时 的区别】 （1）都可表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果： 现在进完成进行时：have/ has + been + V 进行时 表示的结果是直接：1.we have been clearning the classroom.我们打扫教室来着(其直接结果可能是：1.我们身上都是灰, 2.教室刚刚打扫.)2.be careful! John has been painting the door. 翰刚刚把门油漆过，(现在油漆还未干)，所以你要小心。 现在完成时：have/ has V.过去分词 表示的是最后的结果： 1. We have cleaned the classroom我们把教室打扫过了(其结果是：1.现在教室很清洁，可以用了。2.可能表示教室是昨天打扫的)2.John has painted the door 翰已经把门油漆过。（油漆可能已干了）。过去时Past Tense：表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只是陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对“现在”产生的影响。1. We cleaned the classroom我们打扫教室过。 (强调的是打扫教室的事情)2.John painted the door翰把门油漆过。 已经发生的动作。（2）现在完成进行时通常表示动作有延续性（一直），而现在完成时往往没有。现在完成进行时：（表示动作延续到现在还在进行，没有完成）1、I have been waiting for a letter from my parents.我(一直)在等我父母的来信。2、It has been raining for three hours.雨（一直）下了三个小时了。3、We have been studying here since 2004. 自从2004年以来，我们(一直)在这里学习。4、They have been widening the road. 他们（一直）在加宽马路。（但尚未完工）现在完成时：（表动作已经结束）1、I havewaited for a letter from my parents.我在等我父母的来信。（可能已经等到）2、It hasrained for three hours.雨（已经）下了三个小时了。（可能停了）3、We havestudied here since 2004. 自从2004年以来，我们在这里学习。4、They havewidened the road. 他们（曾经）在加宽马路。（已经完工）过去时：表述以前发生的事情，对现在没有关系。）1、I waited for a letter from my parents.我等我父母的来信。（只说过去发生的事情。）2、It rained for three hours.雨（已经）下了三个小时了。（表昨天以前的一场雨。）3、We studied here in 2004. 2004年我们在这里学习。（这里不可以和sicne 连用）4、They widened the road. 他们加宽马路。（只是说过去发生的事情，动作没有对现在没有影响。）有时现在完成时有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。如：a） Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978 b） Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979 a句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，而b句则没有。（3）但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如：a） My moth! She has been teaching English for twenty years b） My mother has taught English for twenty years. a句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。b句则较为正式。a句表示动作现在仍在继续并将延续下去。b句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。（4）现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。 a） Have you been meeting her lately？b） Have you met her lately？ a句有“经常相会”之意，b句则没有。b句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。（5）现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。a）What have you been doing？b）What have you done？a句表示惊异。 b句只是一个问题。a） I have been wanting to meet you for longb） I have long wanted to meet youa比b更亲切，更有礼貌。a） Recently Mary has been doing her work regularlyb） Recently Mary has done her work regularlya句显然是在表扬玛丽。b只说明一个事实。下面还有一例，颇为有趣:（a） Whos been eating my apples？（b） Whos eaten my apples？a句有强烈的感情色彩，表示愤怒不满，兼有进行时态，所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思， b句只是希望回答的一个问题。是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。（6）提 示：有些动词不能用现在进行时，如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等，同样也不能用现在完成进行时，而应用现在完成时。Have you seen her parents these days?这些天你看见她的父母了吗？ The poor woman has been ill for a long time. 那可怜的妇人已经病了好久了。现在完成进行时的用法一、现在完成进行时的构成方法现在完成进行时由“have / has + been +现在分词”构成。二、现在完成进行时用法说明表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的动作，这动作可能仍在进行，也可能已停止：Hes been watching television all day. 他看了一天电视了。He has been doing this work for three years. 这工作他已干了三年了。It has been raining since last Sunday. 自上周星期日以来就一直在下雨。The war has been going on for nearly a decade. 战争已进行近十年了。Without (a) doubt you have been working very hard. 毫无疑问你工作一向努力。I have been looking forward to meeting you. 我一直盼望会见你。The pagoda has been standing there since the Tang dynasty. 这座塔从唐代以来一直矗立在这里。Biological system has been doing this for billions of years. 生物系统这样做已经有多少亿年了。The Truman government has been spending some $ 200 billion yearly for war preparations. 杜鲁门政府一直每年花2000亿美元用于战备。现在完成进行时有时表示根据直接或间接的证