被动语态讲解.doc

被动语态讲解一、总述：英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（The Active Voice)和被动语态（The Passive Voice).主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动) 汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。 二、被动语态的形式1) 常用时态的被动语态的构成： 被动语态的基本形式为助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词，即be done。被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give 为例，列表如下： 一般现在时：am / is / are + given 一般过去时：was / were +given 一般将来时：shall / will +be+ given 过去进行时：was / were + being + given现在进行时：am / is / are + being + given 过去完成时：had + been + given现在完成时：have / has + been + given 将来完成时：shall / will + have been + given 过去将来时： should / would +be+ given 现在完成进行时：have/has been being done 含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词be done注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。2）被动语态的否定式:在第一个助动词后加not构成。Russianisnottaughtinourschool.我们学校不教俄语。3）被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。Weremanytreesplantedonthehillyesterday昨天山上种了许多树吗？ Howmuchmoneywasstoleninall一共被偷了多少钱？三、被动语态使用范围谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要。动作承受者需强调，用被动语态莫忘了。1. Some stamps were stolen last week.2. The PRC was founded on October 1, 1949.3. Football is played in most middle schools.四、主动语态与被动语态的转换1主语+谓语+宾语练习：将下列各句改为被动语态。1. He plants trees in spring.2. Tom will clean the room tomorrow.3. They make shoes in that factory.4. They bought ten computers last term 5. Amy can take good care of Gina 6. We are painting the rooms. 7. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 8. They will send cars abroad by sea. 9. Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off. 10. When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. 主动语态变被动语态口诀：宾语提前主语变，原主变宾by后见，时态人称be关键。注意：把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer _ been bought. 2. 主语+谓语+间接宾语（sb.）+直接宾语（sth.） My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. A present was given to me yesterday. 注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。练习1：将下列句子变为被动语态。1） The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps.2） My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. 练习2：在横线上填for 或者to.1） Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made _ me. )2) The meat was cooked _us. 3) My bike was lent _ her.4) Some country music was played _ us. 5) The cup with mixture was showed _ the class. 注意：有些既不用to 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 He asked me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语) 3. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples. 误：Love apples were called them. 正：They were called love apples.五、下列情况主动句不能改为被动句： 第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 误：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 误：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 误：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 误：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 误：Her hand was had burned. 第三，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 误：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained. 第四，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： I taught myself English. 误：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 误：Each other is loved.第六、有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如： The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。 The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。 对比： The books sell well. (主动句) The books were sold out. (被动句) The meat didnt cook well. (主动句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)六、特殊句式在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如： 据说It is said that 据报导It is reported that 据推测It is supposed that 希望It is hoped that 众所周知It is well known that 普遍认为It is generally considered that 有人建议It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.练习：1. 变被动语态：1.People use knives for cutting things.Knives _ _ for cutting things.2.The students clean the windows of their classroom twice a month.The windows of their classroom_ _ twice a month.3.I found the ticket on the floor._ _ _ _ on the floor.4.I told her to return the book in time.She _ _ to return the book in time.5. His doctor made him have only two meals a day.He _ _ _ _ only two meals a day.6.Now people can use computers to help them.Now computers _ _ _ to help them.7. Did you plant many trees at this time last year?_ _ _ _ at this time last time?8.Must we finish our work today?_ our work_ _ today?10.The teacher asked Tom to turn on the computer.Tom _ _ to turn on the computer.11.In this factory women do most of the work. Most of the work _ _ by women in this factory.12.He can mend the bike in two days.The bike _ _ _ in two days.13.You must take this medicine three times a day.This medicine _ _ _ three times a day.14.The students study German in this school.German _ _ by the students in this school.15.Do they often talk about this question?_ this question often _ about _ _?2. 在横线上填写括号内所给动词的适当形式：1)Teenagers should _ (allow) to go out at night.2)The telephone _ (invent) by Bell.3) English _ (speak) in China.4) The car _(make) in China.5) The room must _(clean) every day.3. 翻译1) The shirt washes well.2) The shirt is being washed now.3) The door wont lock.4) The shop is closed now.5) The room is filled with smoke.6) It is reported that the big fire has been put out.7) 台湾属于中国.8) 韩寒的书很畅销.9) 这录音机不转.10) 火灾是怎样发生的?11) 这个问题值得讨论.12) 这种布摸起来很柔软.4. 选择正确答案1. When I got to his office, I _ that he_ out.A. told, had been B. was told, wasC. had told, was D. was told, had been2. The vegetables didnt taste very good. They _ for too long.A. cooked B. were cooked C. had cooked D. had been cooked3. The anti-Japanese war _ in 1937 and it _ eight years.A. was broken, lasted B. broke out, lastedC. break out, lasted D. broke out, was lasted4. She was heard _ an English song.A. to sing B. sing C. sang D. to be sang5. These boxes are very heavy _.A. be carried B. carry C. carried D. be carrying6. The police found that the house _ and a lot of things _.A. had been broken into, has been stolen B. has broken into, has been stolenC. had been broken into, stolen D. has broken into, has stolen7. Coal can _ to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.A. have used B. used C. be used D. use8. John has never dreamt of _.A. taken to Athens B. taking to AthensC. be taking to Athens D. being taken to Athens9. Nobody likes _.A. laughed at B. laughing at C. being laughed at D. being laughed10. The bridge _ will be completed next year.A. built B. being built C. is being built D. building11. It is said that tigers _ in Asia year after year.A. are being disappeared B. are disappearingC. will be disappeared D. will disappear12. Im going to Wuhan tomorrow. Do you have anything _to your mother?A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking13. Take it easy. There is nothing _.A. to worry B. to be worried C. to be worried about D. to worry about14. Your new computer will soon become outdated, because technology_so fast.A. is developed B. is being developedC. has been developed D. will developed15. I wont go to the party unless _.A. invited B. being invited C. be invited D. inviting16. The problem _ last week is very important.A. was discussed B. discussed C. being discussed D. be discussed17. We should keep the animals from _.A. be endangered B. endangering C. being endangered D. endangered18. There are no rivers _out of the Dead Sea.A. flowed B. flowing C. being flowed D. be flown19. This place has been destroyed. So there is no bamboo _for pandas to feed on.A. left B. leaving C. leave D. be left20. All the preparations for the task _ , and we are ready to start.A. completed B. completeC. had been completed D. have been completed练习题1)It is said that a new robot _by him in a few days.A) designed B) has been designedC) will be designed D) will have been designed2)We are late. I expect the film _by the time we get to the cinema.A) will already have started B) would already have startedC) shall have already started D) has already been started3) She will stop showing off if no notice_ of her.A) is taken B) takes C) will be taken D) has taken4) Diamond _in Brazil in 1971.A) is found B) has been found C) was found D) had been found5)“Have you moved into the new flat?” “Not yet. The room _.”A) has been painted B) is painted C) paints D) is being painted6) My pictures _until next Friday.A) wont develop B) arent developed C) dont develop D) won t be developed7) Tim _since he lost his job three weeks ago.A) had been unemployed B) was unemployedC) has been unemployed D) has unemployed8) A great number of colleges and universities _since 1949.A) has been establish B) have been establishedC) have established D) had been established9) Ill have to push the car to the side of the road because we _if we leave it here.A) would be fined B) will be fined C) will being fined D) will have been fined10)“_two tickets for the new play at the Grand Theatre on Saturday. Shall we go and see it together?”A) They have been given B) I have been given C) I am given D) They have given to me11) The subject of these lectures _by the lecture committee.A) is announced B) have been announced C) are announced D) has been announced12) I found an aspirin bottle _dropped on the floor of Davids room.A) was B) had C) had been D) is13) The goods _when we arrived at the airport.A) were just unloading B) were just been unloadingC) had just unloaded D) were just being unloaded14) If one _by pride, he will reject useful advice and friendly assistance.A) overcomes B) is overcome C) has been overcome D) overcome15) Most environment problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them _taken in the past.A) was not B) were not C) were not being D) had not been16) You ought to have put the milk in the refrigerator, now _sour.A) I smell B) it is smelt C) it smells D) it is smelling17) After the race_, the celebration began.A) had been won B) is won C) will be won D)has been won18) He was here for a little while, but I dont know where she _now.A) is B) was C) had been D) has been18) The young teacher has _ competent.A) been proved to be B) proved to be C) been proved D) proved being19) Pluto, the outermost planet of the solar system, _photographically in March 1930.A) discovered B) was discovered C) by discovery D) when discovered20) To get a better view of the stage, _.A)our seats had to be changed B) our seats were changedC) we had to change our seats D) our seats were changed by us22) After synthetic_, engineers had a better choice of material.A) created B) has created C) has been created D) had been created23) I think much attention _your pronunciation.A) must be paid to B) ought to be paid toC) must pay to D) should be paid to24) Since 1970, millions of enthusiasts _Vitamin C, which they believe can remedy the common cold.A) have taken B) have been taken C) have been taking D) have been taking25) I dont remember _the chance to try this method.A) having been given B) to have been givenC)having given D) to have given26) We could ask someone to do the work privately without it_.A) know B) be known C) being known D) to be known27) The construction of the laboratory _by the end of next month.A) must be completed B) must have been completedC) will be completing D) will have been completing28) They would tell how the African _on a ship to an American port.A) was brought B) could have been broughtC) had been brought D) was to be brought29) He does not possess a bicycle, this one he uses _to Peter.A) is belonged to B) belonged C) belongs D) is belonging30) Negotiation _again with Moscow tomorrow, a great event will be discussed then.A) is to be opened B) is on the point of opening C) is going to open D) opens31) The reason for all the changes being made _to us yet.A) has not explained B) has not been explainedC) did not explained D) were not explained32) Experiments in the photography of moving objects _in both the United States and Europe well before 1900.A) were conducting B)were conductedC) had been conducted D) had conducted33) When he turned the corner, he found himself _by a man in black.A) tailed B) been tailed C) was tailed D) had been tailed34) A candidate for the democratic presidential nomination _at this moment.A) is interviewing B) being interviewed C) is being interviewed D) interviewing35) As we approached the work site, the workers were seen _the new house.A) building B) build C) built D) to build36) As we know, all the regulations in school _.A) must keep to B) must be kept C) must keep D) must be kept up37) The composition _any more.A) need not to be corrected B) doesnt need to be correctedC) doesnt need be corr