露天矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复的探讨毕业论文外文翻译.docx

露天矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复的探讨摘 要:矿产资源是一种重要的自然资源,在开发矿产资源的过程中,因挖损、压占和采掘等采矿活动对矿山地质环境造成了不同程度的破坏,造成了自然灾害的发生、土地荒废、生态环境恶化,降低环境质量,影响人类自身的生存和生产环境。简述了露天矿山地质环境的破坏形式和地质灾害类型,在此基础上提出了治理恢复方案。 关键词:露天矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复 矿产资源是一种重要的自然资源,开发矿产资源有力地支持了国民经济建设和促进了社会的进步,在开发矿产资源的过程中,因挖损、压占和采掘等采矿活动对矿山地质环境造成了不同程度的破坏,造成了自然灾害的发生、土地荒废、生态环境恶化。露天矿山鉴于经济的原因,矿山开采往往设计的边坡较陡,只要能保证在矿山开采过程中安全运行就可,留下了各种地质灾害隐患。闭坑后任其自由发展,处于无人管理的状态,导致后发性的滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害及水土流失不断发生,环境进一步恶化。保护矿山环境,防止地质灾害,合理地进行矿山地质环境保护与治理、实现矿山土地植被资源的恢复已是一项刻不容缓的任务。 1 露天矿山地质环境问题 露采矿山开采所致的主要问题有,耗费过量的土地资源;被破坏的土地尚难被有效利用,既破坏了原有的自然生态系统,又难以直接成为进一步服务于某种社会、经济目的用地;矿山边坡失稳易造成地质灾害;矿山废弃物堆置占用土地,又造成周围环境的严重污染源等。 1.1 露天采场地质灾害 由于采矿本身是一种对原岩的破坏,采剥作业打破了边坡岩体内的原始应力的平衡状态,出现了次生应力场,在次生应力场和其它因素的影响下,常使边坡岩体发生变形破坏,使岩体失稳,导致崩落、散落、座落、倾倒坍塌和滑动等。随着采矿工作的推进,裂缝会进一步的发展,一旦诱发因素(暴雨、地震等)出现,高边坡在重力作用下就很可能发生崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害。 1.2 排土场边坡隐患 排土场因矿山开采排土废渣而容易产生的地质灾害类型主要有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等,产生的原因主要为排土场的物质由地下采掘处的大量废石组成,加上场地有限废石堆往往堆的很高,这样一旦拦挡不当,则在暴雨或其他诱发因素的作用下灾害就可能发生。 1.3 土地植被资源破坏 露天开采的采区、废弃土石堆、工业广场、施工道路随采矿的深入,露天采坑和“渣山”对土地资源及自然景观的破坏较大。 2 露天矿山地质环境的保护与治理恢复 矿山地质环境的保护和治理的目的是使自然社会经济系统的综合效益最大化。矿山开采必须遵循最小量化原则、无害化原则、资源化原则、生态系统的恢复和重建原则、立法原则,最终达到地形、植被在视觉和环境上与周围的区域生态融为一体。防治措施应根据环境问题的危险性和危害程度,结合矿山生产实际情况,分期实施,最终实现全部治理。具体措施应坚持因地制宜、合理有效的原则,“宜耕则耕,宜绿则绿”,以最小投入获取最大经济、环境效益。 2.1 露天采场的恢复及治理 2.1.1 地质灾害的监测及预防 监测露天边坡表面垂直移动、水平移动情况;监测露天边坡坡顶及开采作业面上的主要节理、裂隙面开张移位及相互贯通情况;监测主要节理、裂隙面雨季渗水情况;监测露天边坡后缘因开挖在重力作用下是否会诱发的横张裂缝及其发育发展情况;监测露天边坡及各级台阶面是否存在可能引发崩塌的有分离趋势的危岩体(块)等;露天边坡及各级平台雨水的排泄情况是否良好等。 2.1.2 露天采场的恢复治理 对露天采场底层平台进行回填处理,回填的材料主要利用未来采矿过程中产生的所有废弃矿渣及剥离的岩土,回填的高度不要求达到原始界面,而是最终保证整治后的露天采坑坑底与废弃采矿平台及平台之间具有良好的地面坡度,达到自然排水水平。 (1)利用未来采矿过程中所产生废弃矿渣及剥离废土对采场进行回填,采场底层与各采矿平台表面采用全面覆土,覆土厚度约为0.3m。 (2)露天采场开采台阶上设水沟,地表水经水沟向较低标高水平排泄,尽量减少台阶积水。 (3)回填过程中要求根据废渣的块(粒)度,自下而上按由粗到细的顺序逐层回填并碾压密实,防止由于表面废石粒径过大,造成渗漏,浪费客土量。设计最终地面坡度为不大于10,达到自然排水水平。 (4)开采过程中严格矿产资源开发利用方案确定的露天开采边坡要素进行开采。同时对露天采坑的边坡进行监测,以保证边坡的稳定,并及时对排土场及由于开采活动而遭到破坏的地形地貌和植被生存环境进行恢复,尽快在其表面覆土回填,恢复植被,植树造林。 2.2 排土场的治理 新建的排土场,如遇暴雨,有发生滑塌的危险。由于矿区废弃矿渣、剥离表土属无序堆放的松散物质,具有较大的不稳定,因此,通过以下步骤来实现: (1)削坡整平,降低坡高、坡角; (2)边坡加固、衬砌护坡; (3)为减小坡面侵蚀和降低滑坡的可能性,坡面设计相应的排水沟。 实施过程中对于整治好的边坡,要充分利用工程前收集的表土覆盖于表层;若矿区无足够的可适宜的表土,用不致造成污染的物料覆盖。 2.3 土地植被恢复 矿山开采产生新的堆积、挖损地貌,形成较多的裸露土地景观,使原有的地形形态和地貌景观发生了明显的变化,破坏了原有的土地资源及地表植被。因此,在拟建工程挖损时和压占前,一定对拟破坏场地的表土进行剥离,先将表土存放于客土场,待恢复治理将表土进行回用、平整后实施植被恢复工程。 栽植技术:定点植,使相邻行的定植点错开,整体成品字形排列。定植时苗干要竖直,深浅要适当,填土后踩实,最后覆上虚土。栽植深度应略超过苗木根颈,栽植后应及时浇水,保证造林成活率。 抚育管理:为保证造林成活率,达到植被恢复最佳效果,栽植后必须进行抚育,主要是浇水、松土和看护,其中以浇水最为重要,视干旱程度适度浇水,做到不旱、不涝,并贯彻“以防为主,防治结合”的植保方针,进行病虫害防治,使苗木成林。 3 结语 露天矿山地质环境的保护与治理恢复能够最大限度地避免或减少因采矿诱发的地质灾害及其隐患的发生,从而保证矿山及所在地人民生命财产的安全,通过植被恢复可以改善矿山生态环境,为子孙后代提供一个山青水绿、生态良好的生存发展环境,对构建和谐社会,社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。 参考文献 1 中华人民共和国地质矿产行业标准.矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复方案编制规范.(DZ/T2232009修订稿). 2 中华人民共和国国家标准建筑边坡工程技术规范(GB50330-2002)S.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002. Appendix: open-air mine geological environment protection and governance Pick to: is a kind of important natural resources, mineral resources in the process of development of mineral resources, the loss due to digging, mining and pressure of mining activities on the mine geological environment caused by different degree of damage, caused the occurrence of natural disasters, land waste, ecological environment deterioration, reduce environmental quality, affect the survival of human beings and the production environment. This paper expounds the destruction form of open-pit mine geological environment and geological disaster type, on the basis of this treatment recovery scheme is proposed.Keywords: open-air mine geological environment protection and managementMineral resources is a kind of important natural resources, mineral resources development effectively support the national economic construction and promote the social progress, in the process of development of mineral resources, the loss due to digging, mining and pressure of mining activities on the mine geological environment caused by different degree of damage, caused the occurrence of natural disasters, land waste, ecological environment deterioration. For economic reasons in open-pit mine mining design of the slope is steep, often as long as it can ensure the safe operation in the process of mining can, leaving all kinds of geological hazard. Pit replacement, is in a state of neglect, lead to geological disasters such as backwardness of landslides and debris flows and soil erosion, environment deteriorating even further. Protecting mine environment, prevent geological disasters, reasonably carries on the mine geological environment protection and management, resources of mining land vegetation restoration has been an urgent task.1 in open-pit mine geological environment problemsThe main problems caused by mining, opencast mining cost too much land resources; The damaged land is hard to be effectively used, not only destroyed the original natural ecological system, and is difficult to directly for further services in certain social, economic profit purposes; Mining slope instability is easy to cause geological disasters; Occupied land mine waste dumps, and cause serious pollution of the surrounding environment.1.1 open pit geological disastersDue to mining itself is a kind of damage to the original rock, stripping operation broke the slope rock mass balance of the original stress state, the secondary stress field, under the influence of secondary stress field and other factors, often occur in the slope rock mass deformation and failure, the instability of rock mass and caving, scattered, located and dumping of collapse and slide. Along with the advancement of mining work, cracks will further development, once the causative factor (rainstorm, earthquake, etc.), high slope under the action of gravity is possible geological disasters such as collapse, landslides and debris flows.1.2 mine slope hazardDue to mining next dumping waste residue and the types of geological disasters are mainly generated by the easy collapse, landslide, debris flow, etc., the causes of the main site for material consisting of underground mining in a large amount of waste rock, combined with limited space often waste heap heap is very high, so once LanDang undeserved, in under the action of factors or other rainstorm disasters may occur.1.3 land vegetation resources destructionOpencast mining, waste soil pile, construction, industrial square road along with the further mining, open-pit mining pit and slag mountain the destruction of land resources and the natural landscape.2 in open-pit mine geological environment protection and managementThe protection of the mine geological environment and governance aim is to make nature - social - economic system of comprehensive benefit maximization. Mining must follow the principle of minimum quantification principle, harmless principle, reuse, recovery and reconstruction of ecosystem principle, legislative principle, achieve finally terrain, vegetation in the visual and combined with the area around the ecological environment. Prevention measures should be based on environmental problems and risk of harm degree, in combination with the practical situation of mine production, phased implementation, finally realizes the full governance. Specific measures should adhere to the principle of adjust measures to local conditions, reasonable and effective, and appropriate tillage farming, appropriate green green, with the minimum input to obtain the maximum economic and environmental benefits.2.1 open stope recovery and management2.1.1 geological hazard monitoring and preventionMonitoring of the slope surface vertical, horizontal movement; Monitoring of the slope on the surface of the slope and mining operations main joint, crack opening displacement and inter-permeation situation; The major joint, crack surface water seepage situation rainy season; Monitoring the cause after the slope excavation under the action of gravity will cause the horizontal tension crack development and its development situation; Monitoring of the slope and at all levels step surface whether there is a separation may cause collapse of the trend of dangerous rock mass (block), etc.; The slope and the platform at all levels of rainwater drainage situation are in good condition.2.1.2 opencast stope recovery managementTo backfill the underlying platform in open stope, backfill materials mainly use in the future all the waste slag produced in the process of mining and stripping of rock and soil, the height of the backfill are not required to achieve the original interface, but ultimately guarantee after the renovation of open pit mining pit and abandoned mining platform and the platform has good surface slope, between natural drainage.(1) the use of future waste slag produced in the process of mining and stripping wasteland to backfill mining stope bottom and the surface of each mining platform adopts full turns the soil, covering thickness of about 0.3 m.(2) open stope mining steps set up the ditch, surface water by the ditch to lower elevation level drainage, to minimize water steps.(3) in the process of the backfill requirements according to the residual block (grain) degrees, according to the step by step from coarse to fine order from bottom to top backfill and compaction, prevent waste rock as a result of the surface grain size is too big, cause leakage, waste of replace with out-soil quantity. Design the ultimate ground slope is not greater than 10 , natural drainage.(4) in the process of mining strictly the development and utilization of mineral resources mining scheme to determine the factors of open pit slope. Slope of open-pit mining pit monitoring at the same time, to ensure the stability of slope, and in a timely manner to the dumping and damage due to mining activities of landform and vegetation survival environment for recovery, as soon as possible on the surface turns the soil backfill, restore vegetation, the trees.2.2 state governanceNew mine, in case of rain, there is the risk of sliding. Because of mining waste slag, stripped topsoil is a disorderly heap of loose material, has great instability, therefore, done by the following steps:(1) cutting slope leveling, reduce the slope height, slope Angle;(2) the slope reinforcement and lining slope protection;(3) to reduce the slope surface erosion and reduce the possibility of landslide, slope design corresponding drain.Good for the implementation of the regulation slope, should make full use of the project before collecting topsoil covered on the surface; If the mining area have no enough to appropriate topsoil, use does not cause pollution of the material covered.2.3 land vegetation restorationNew mining accumulation, mining landscape, forming more bare land landscape, make the original terrain and landform landscape has changed obviously, destroyed the original land resources and vegetation. Therefore, during the mining of the proposed construction project and the pressure of ago, must have to be destroyed area of topsoil stripping, surface soil deposited in the replace field first, to restore the topsoil to recycle, level off after the implementation of vegetation restoration project.Planting techniques: fixed plant, make the adjacent lines of engraftment stagger, finished glyph is arranged as a whole. Planting seedling dry to vertical, to the appropriate depth, step, after filling is covered XuTu finally. Planting depth should be slightly more than seedling root collar, after planting should be watered in time, ensure the survival rate of forestation.Tending management: to ensure the survival rate of afforestation, to achieve the best effect of vegetation recovery, after the plant must be