外文翻译及原文.pdf

四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 1 审查剪力墙底部薄弱层高层建筑审查剪力墙底部薄弱层高层建筑 摘要 摘要 在最近的地震中现代高层建筑有几个遭受了严重的结构性破坏 说明避免侧 向刚度突然变化的重要性和力的强大 最近发生的地震显示 现有的很多钢筋混凝土建筑 物很容易受到损害或发生强烈地震结构崩溃倒塌 虽然破坏和倒塌 因为底部薄弱层最常 在建筑物观察到的 它们也可以用在其他开发类型的结构 含混凝土下层表现为软弱的薄 弱层无法在地震中提供足够的抗剪切能力 这样 在本文强调了立即采取措施的重要性防 止有薄弱层的的建筑发生事故 其目的是不考虑增加的位移 在软层建筑的延展性和力的 需求 本文认为设计新颖的做法 有优势的重要性刚性框架和剪力墙之间的互动 一两个 结构部件的组合导致高效的系统 其中 所述剪切墙抵抗多数在建筑物的下部的横向载荷 和框架支持大多数横向负载在建筑物的上部 关键词 关键词 高层建筑 钢筋混凝土框架结构 线性行为剪力墙 软弱层 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 2 一 引言一 引言 联合国国家人士预测高层建筑城市化发展和增长 在 1990 年和 2020 年之间 发展中国家城市人口将增加 160 共增加 22 亿人口 大城市甚至 特大城市 由美国 定义联合国 UN 拥有超过 800 万人口的城市 将被创建 城市化进程一直是过去几十年 的共同特征 如社区一般是为了解决生活空间和商业的发展 政治和文化围绕中心点活动 从而导致高层建筑的增长 在印度的许多城市高层建筑有今天发展底部软弱层是一个不可避免的特征 现有的建 筑物封基地地板一般都安排为车库或办事处 没有墙壁内置于在这些楼层因为会影响它们 规定的使用和舒适的问题 但楼上做已经不分彼此的分离式住宅的使用 在这些安排中 建筑的上部楼层大多数都是比它们的基地地板更坚硬 作为结果 基体的抗震性能和上部 楼层是显著不同 这种现象被称为软弱不均 薄弱层柔软的基底被定义为在建筑底部 软弱层 具有较少的阻力或僵硬或不充分的延展性 能量吸收能力 的一个基底地层抵抗 的建筑物引起的应力地震 如果建筑有一个楼层底部是上部强度的百分之七十 它被认 为是一种软层建筑 UBC 1997 年 IBC 2003 和 ASCE 2002 这种软层建筑在地震中是一 个主要的薄弱点 因为软层建筑都与零售空间和停车场有关 它们往往是在一个建筑 这 就意味着 当它们崩溃 它们可以把整个建筑同它们一起崩溃 从而导致可能使结构完全 无法使用的严重的结构性破坏建筑 二 问题描述二 问题描述 然而总的来说有地震基底剪力的经验在地震中建筑物是根据于它的固有周期 地震力 分布是根据对刚度和质量的沿高度的分布 在用底部软弱层的建筑 上面的楼层是坚硬的 经过较小的跨层间位移 但是 跨层间在底部软弱层上是很大的 强度上在第三层建筑对 于底部软弱层的柱上受力也很大 如在第一层的剪切最大值 用于上层的 然而 在各柱 上的力有效的减少了与突发建筑物的存在变化的软弱层刚度的有不平衡的沿高度侧向力 的分布 这很可能是局部诱发 应力集中 这影响了建筑在地面震动时的性能 软弱地层的建筑建造过程中都受到地震较大的横向载荷和水平荷载 在这些荷载作用 下的横向变形大于其他楼层的结构的设计软弱层强度是至关重要的 是不同于较高的楼 层 这种特征是非常不希望发生在建造在地震活跃地区的建筑物身上的 这是在过去大量 的地震强烈震动的过程验证得出的经验 内夫扎特 Kirac 等人 1 认为以下因素或参数是影响软弱层建筑形成不规则结构的原 因 薄弱层的高度 夹层楼面的存在 刚性柱在薄弱层的分布 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 3 悬臂梁存在薄弱层中 填充墙的材料特性 土质的属性 楼层数 地震状况 这些因素必须用来考虑消除薄弱层不规则的破坏作用 如果出现在楼宇薄弱层 必须采取措施用于防止这种不规则的影响 三 三 文献复习文献复习 剪力墙是多层建筑中的元素之一最有效的侧向抗力 剪力墙被并入钢筋或钢筋混凝土 抗弯框架抗拒侧向的主要部分负荷会诱发地震 已经做了一个很大数量的剪力墙各种结构方面的研究工作 直到现在已经做了很多调 查 剪力墙和结构墙都属于主要关注的研究方向 例如 Khan 和 Sbarounis 2 提出了剪力墙框架结合的软层建筑 以尽量减少地震中的薄弱层 效果的新颖的设计方法 高大框架结构的建筑 包括抗力矩钢架和剪切墙组合的尺寸减小 或终止完全在中层高度的横向负载电阻上 investigated Nollet 和 Smith 3 使用双研究 墙框架结构的是三维模型 其中剪力墙尺寸减小或终止完全在中层高度和剪切墙削减不一 定有损于结构体的性能 Franket 等人 4 在木材剪力墙上进行试验 结果发现用超大的大 板墙壁顶住会产生更多的负载 Jaswant N Arlekar 等 5 专注于眼前措施 需要采取什 么措施才能防止地震响应底层软弱建筑 避免地层软弱建筑的产生 并在在软弱楼层上提 供足够的侧向力 Wen 和 Song 6 已经进行了过多的 SMRF 和双系统试验 通过考虑各种结 构的配置 窗和剪力墙的数量 延展性能力 需求和能力的不确定性 互动墙壁和时刻 的帧之间 以及立体 3 D 的运动 并发现 在双系统的大多数剪力墙在地震中对结构 可靠性的影响很小 Rahul Rana 等人 7 曾一起讨论的重要性推倒分析知道 静力弹塑性 分析 Pushover 结构基于地震工程的研究有利于后屈服行为结构性能 其比非线性响应 的历史分析数据 只需要很少的工作和处理要少得多的数据量 Zhao 和 Abolhassan 8 中讨 论传统的钢筋混凝土剪力墙和钢铁墙壁优点和缺点 他们发现 复合剪力墙 即钢板剪力 墙钢筋混凝土墙连接到它使用的螺栓的一侧可以减轻大部分钢筋混凝土和钢带来的弊端 利用剪力墙最佳特性优势 两个建筑材料影响最大基底剪力造成钢筋和混凝土的地震 Han Seon Lee 和 Dong Woo Ko 9 分析地震对高层钢筋混凝土轴承壁结构的响应 有三 个不规则的类型在底部的楼层和 并指剪力墙的存在在下部框架显着地降低了剪切变形 但对降低倾覆变形 基底剪力几乎可以忽略不计的影响 和倾覆力矩 OTM O Esmaili S Epackachi M Samadzad 和 SRMirghaderi 10 研究了一种最高的钢筋混凝 土建筑 位于高地震带的结构方面 有五十六个个楼层 其中剪力墙体系在不规则开口横 向和重力荷载作用下被利用 并得出的结论 在剪力墙混凝土的约束是一个很好的提供延 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 4 展性和获得更稳定的行为更有层次的方 M Ashraf Z A Siddiqi 和硕士 Javed 11 提出通过 开展多层建筑的抗震试验 通过 UBC 建筑规范 规定改变剪力墙的位置 受到横向和重 力荷载按照一个点的重力和建筑物的质心重合中心的正确位置 Shahabodin Zaregarizi12 做了关于剪力墙和混凝土填实的比较研究 以改善现有建筑物 抗震性能 发现混凝土填充的有相当的强度 同时一个具有较低的强度的砖和混凝土的这 种组合 填充砖降低了砖的和填充混凝土的负面影响 Anshuman S Dipendu Bhunia BhavinRamjiyani 13 研究集中在多层建筑的剪力墙位置 解决方案基于其弹性和弹塑性行 为规范 R S Malik S K Madan V K Sehgal 14 分析了高度对剪力墙的削减效果 钢筋混凝土特殊的力矩抵抗框架的力矩 得出的结论是剪力墙缩减到建筑物的 50 的高度能减小水平楼层剪切的剪切壁帧和内部 帧之间分布的边际效应 但是建筑物的高度在楼层的剪切分布有显著的作用 S V Venkatesh H Sharada Bai 15 所讨论的 在 10 个楼层作为横向 地震 负载 抗结构系统 LLR 的基本文献得出设置有两种不同类型的剪力墙抗钢筋混凝土框架结构 性能的差异的结论 外部的剪切墙壁作为替代内部剪力墙改型地震缺陷的结构 特别是当 它是不可能在改造期间腾出大楼 四四 结论和建议结论和建议 钢筋混凝土框架结构和软弱楼层的建筑物是众所周知的在强烈地震过程中晃动表现不 佳 在最低层引起相对较低的刚性的楼层的刚度大开孔 因此有需要立即采取措施 以防 止任意的使用软弱楼层的建筑物在设计中没有考虑到增加的位移 延展性和强度在第一楼 层需求上本文强调这是各种因素负责下的地震力的高层建筑的故障 也认为剪力墙的重要 性作为其中一个有效的方法来消除软弱楼层地震破坏高层建筑 本文尽力讨论关于剪力墙各个方面的调查 研究人员讨论了增加剪力墙建筑在不同位置 的布置安排 以减少软弱楼层在地震中激发对结构地震的反应影响人们发现位置 剪力墙 的数量和缩减行为是结构在地震期间移动的一个重要因素 从文献回顾 显示其使用剪力墙是一种很好的方式提供更多的韧性和更稳定的行为似乎 是减少地震响应软层效果的新方法 在另一方面 现有的高层建筑的脆弱性水平 可通过 增加不同的剪力墙布置的建筑 它将为结构抵抗侧向荷载诱发地震的主要部分改造的帮 助 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 5 致谢致谢 作者要感谢管理 校长 Babasaheb Ambedker Marathwada 大学博士尼赫鲁工程学院和 机构的土木工程署及员工主管的支持 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 6 参考文献参考文献 1 Nevzat Kirac Mizam Dogan Hakan Ozbasaran 在地震中失败的软层建筑 工程故障分析 2011 年 18 572 581 2 Khan F R and Sbarounis J A 剪力墙和框架的相互作用杂志 Struct Div ASCE 90 3 0 1964 285 335 3 Marie Jose Nollet and Bryan Stafford Smith 对削减行为墙 框架结构 期刊结构工程 十月 1993 年 卷 119 第 10 号 2835 54 4 Frank Lam Helmut G L Prion z and Ming He 横向阻力木材切大覆板墙壁 期刊结构工程 1997 年 12 月 Vol 123 12 号 1667 年至 1673 年 5 Jaswant N Arlekar Sudhir K Jain and C V R Murty 地震 RC 响应帧软第一层楼的建筑 诉讼在 CBRI 金禧会议自然灾害的城市的人居署 1997 年 新德里 6 Y K Wen and S H Song 结构可靠性 冗余结构工程 2003 年 1 月 1 日 卷地震 进入日志 129 1 号 156 67 7 Rahul RANA Limin JIN and Atila ZEKIOGLU 一个 19 层混凝土剪力墙建筑的的推覆分析 第 13 届世界大会地震工程 温哥华 不列颠哥伦比亚省 加拿大 2004 年 8 月 1 6 133 8 Qiuhong Zhao Abolhassan Astaneh Asl 传统与创新的复合剪力墙的循环行为 杂志结构工 程 2004 年 2 月 1 日 卷 130 2 号 2 271 284 9 Han Seon Lee Dong Woo Ko 地震响应特性有不同的违规行为降低了高层钢筋混凝土墙的建筑物 故事 期刊结构工程 2004 年 2 月 1 日 卷 130 2 号 2 271 284 10 O Esmaili S Epackachi M Samadzad S R Mirghaderi 结构 RC 剪刀墙系统在 56 层高的钢筋混 凝土高层建筑的研究 十四届国际会议地震工程 中国北京 十月 12 日至 17 日 2008 年 11 M Ashraf Z A Siddiqi M A Javed 一个多层的配置建筑物经受横向力 土木工程学报 英 文版 建筑物和住房 2008 第二卷 9 没有 5 525 537 12 Shahabodin Zaregarizi 使用剪切比较研究墙和加密 以提高现有建筑物的抗震性能 第 14 届世界大会在地震工程 北京 中国 10 月 12 日至 17 日 2008 年 13 Anshuman S Dipendu Bhunia Bhavin Ramjiyani 民间在多层建筑墙体的位置解决方案 国际杂志和结构工程 2011 Vol 02 没有 02 493 506 14 R S Malik S K Madan V K Sehgal 高度对地震效应钢筋水泥混凝土结构建筑的反应与 削减剪力墙 湖南工程与技术 1 6 月 2011 年 第一卷 01 第 1 期 43 46 15 S V Venkatesh H Sharada bai 内部和外部剪力墙的影响在受到侧向载荷建筑框架的性能 地 球科学国际期刊与工程 十月 2011 年 卷 04 没有 06 571 576 稿件收到稿件收到 2012 年 8 月 Misam Abidi 结构工程 Babasaheb 安贝德卡博士 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 7 Marathwada 大学 尼赫鲁 Engieering 学院 奥兰加巴德 M S 印度 Mangulkar Madhuri N 结构工程 Babasaheb 博士 安贝德卡 Marathwada 大学 尼赫鲁 Engieering 学院 奥兰加巴德 M S 印度 资料来源资料来源 HTTP 工程和先进技术的国际期刊 IJEAT ISSN 2249 8958 卷 1 第 6 2012 年 8 月 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 8 Review on Shear Wall for Soft Story High RiseReview on Shear Wall for Soft Story High Rise BuildingsBuildings Abstract Severe structural damage suffered by several modern buildings during recent earthquakes illustrates the importance of avoiding sudden changes in lateral stiffness and strength Recent earthquakes that occurred have shown that a large number of existing reinforced concrete buildings are vulnerable to damage or even collapse during a strong earthquake While damage and collapse due to soft story are most often observed in buildings they can also be developed in other types of structures The lower level containing the concrete columns behaved as a soft story in that the columns were unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake So in this paper highlights the importance for immediate measures to prevent the indiscriminate use of soft first story in buildings which are designed without regard to the increased displacement ductility and force demands in the first story and this paper argues the importance of novel design approach which has an advantage of interaction between rigid frames and shear walls Acombination of the two structural components leads to a highly efficient system in which the shear wall resists the majority of the lateral loads in the lower portion of the building and the frame supports the majority of the lateral loads in the upper portion of the building Key Words High rise buildings RC frame linear behavior of shear wall Soft Story Weak Story I INTRODUCTION Urbanization and Growth of high rise buildings United Nation sources predict that between 1990 and 2020 the urban population of developing countries will increase by 160 a total Increase of 2 2 billion people More and more large cities or even mega cities defined by the United Nations UN as a city with a population of over eight million will be created The process of urbanization has been a common feature throughout the past decades as communities generally intended to settle in favorable locations and to focus their commercial political and cultural activities around central points which leads towards growth of High rise Building Many urban high rise buildings in India today have open first story as an unavoidable feature The base floors of the existing buildings are generally arranged as garages or offices No walls are built in at these floors due to its prescribed usage and comfort problems But upper floors do have walls separating rooms from each other for the residential usage In these arrangements the 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 9 upper floors of most buildings are more rigid than their base floors As a result the seismic behaviors of the base and the upper floors are significantly different from each other This phenomenon is called as the soft story irregularity Asoft story known as weak story is defined as a story in a building that has substantially less resistance or stiffness or inadequate ductility energy absorption capacity to resist the earthquake induced building stresses If a building has a floor which is 70 less stiff than the floor above it it is considered a soft story building UBC 1997 IBC 2003 andASCE 2002 This soft story creates a major weak point in an earthquake and since soft stories are classically associated with retail spaces and parking garages they are often on the lower stories of a building which means that when they collapse they can take the whole building down with them causing serious structural damage which may render the structure totally unusable II PROBLEM STATEMENT The most destructive and unfortunately the most general irregularity in India stock of building structures that lead to collapse is certainly the soft story irregularity The commercial and parking areas with higher story heights and less infill walls reduce the stiffness of the lateral load resisting system at that story and progressive collapse becomes unavoidable in a severe earthquake for such buildings Whereas the total seismic base shear as experienced by a building during an earthquake is dependent on its natural period the seismic force distribution is dependent on the distribution of stiffness and mass along the height In buildings with soft first story the upper story s being stiff undergo smaller inter story drifts However the inter story drift in the soft first story is large The strength demands on the columns in the first story for third buildings are also large as the shear in the first story is maximum For the upper story s however the forces in the columns are effectively reduced due to the presence of the Buildings with abrupt changes in story stiffness s have uneven lateral force distribution along the height which is likely to locally induce stress concentration This has adverse effect on the performance of buildings during ground shaking Soft story s are subjected to larger lateral loads during earthquakes and under lateral loads their lateral deformations are greater than those of other floors so the design of structural members of soft stories is critical and it should be different from the upper floors Such features are highly undesirable in buildings built in seismically active areas this has been verified in numerous experiences of strong shaking during the past earthquakes Nevzat Kirac et al 1 Following factors or parameters affect the weak story irregularity formation in structures Height of the weak story Existence of mezzanine floor 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 10 Rigidity and distribution of columns in weak story Overhang and cantilever projection existence in weak story Infill wall material properties Soil class and properties Floor number Seismic conditions These factors must be considered for eliminating the destructive effects of the weak story irregularity If weak story present in buildings measures must be taken for preventing the adverse effects of this irregularity III REVIEW OF LITERATURE Shear walls are one of the most efficient lateral force resisting elements in multistoried buildings Shear walls are incorporated in conjunctions with steel or reinforced concrete moment resisting frame to resist the major portion of lateral load induced by an earthquake Asignificant amount of research work on various structural aspects of shear walls has been done by many investigators and till date the structural walls are among the major concern in the research area Such as Khan and Sbarounis 2 proposed a novel design approach of combining the frame with shear wall for soft story building to minimize the weak story effects during earthquake The lateral load resistance of tall wall frame building structures comprising a combination of momentresisting frames and shear walls that are reduced in size or terminated entirely at intermediate heights is investigated Nollet and Smith 3 investigated the behavior of wall frame structure using two dimensional models in which shear walls were reduced in size or terminated entirely at intermediate heights and proposed that curtailment of walls was not necessarily detrimental to the performance of the structures Franket al 4 carried out experiments on wood shear walls and found that walls with oversized large panels resisted more load Jaswant N Arlekar et al 5 focused on immediate measures need to be adopted to prevent seismic responses of soft first story s in buildings by avoiding the existents of soft first story s and by providing adequate lateral strength in the first story Wen and Song 6 had carried out the redundancies of SMRF and dual systems by considering various structural configuration number of bays and shear walls ductility capacity uncertainty in demand and capacity interaction between walls and moment frames and three dimensional 3 D motions and found that in a dual system the number of shear walls had a small effect on structural reliability under earthquake Rahul Rana et al 7 had discussed the importance of Pushover analysis as a useful tool of Performance Based 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 11 Seismic Engineering to study post yield behavior of a structure which requires less effort and deals with much less amount of data than a nonlinear response history analysis Zhao and Abolhassan 8 discussed the advantages and disadvantages of traditional RC Shear walls and steel walls They found that composite shear walls that is steel plate shear wall with RC wall attached to one side of it using bolts can mitigate most of the disadvantages of both RC and steel shear walls and take advantage of the best characteristics of the 2 construction materials affected the maximum base shear caused by earthquakes of steel and concrete Han Seon Lee and Dong Woo Ko 9 analyses seismic response on high rise RC bearing wall structures with three types of irregularity at the bottom stories and states that the existence of shear wall reduces remarkably shear deformation at the lower frame but had almost a negligible effect on the reduction of the overturning deformation base shear and overturning moment OTM O Esmaili S Epackachi M Samadzad and S R Mirghaderi 10 studied the structural aspects of one of the tallest RC buildings located in the high seismic zone with 56 stories In which shear wall system with irregular openings were utilized under both lateral and gravity loads concluded that confinement of concrete in shear walls is a good way to provide more level of ductility and getting more stable behavior M Ashraf Z A Siddiqi and M A Javed 11 proposes that the proper placement of shear wall at a point of coinciding center of gravity and centroid of the building by carrying out experiment on multistory building by changing shear walls location which were subjected to lateral and gravity loading in accordance with UBC provisions Shahabodin Zaregarizi 12 had done comparative study on shear walls and concrete infill s to improve seismic performance on existing buildings and found that concrete infill s have considerable strength while Brick one has lower strength and such combination of concrete and brick infill s can reduces the negative effects of brick and concrete infill s Anshuman S Dipendu Bhunia Bhavin Ramjiyani 13 focused on the solution for shear wall location in multistory building based on its both elastic and elastic plastic behaviors R S Malik S K Madan V K Sehgal 14 analyzed the effect of height on the curtailment of shear wall R C special moment resisting frames and concluded that that curtailment of shear wall up to 50 height of the building had a marginal effect on the distribution of horizontal story shear among the shear wall frames and interior frames But height of the building has a significant role in story shear distribution S V Venkatesh H Sharada Bai 15 discussed the difference in structural behavior of 10 story basic moment resisting RC frames when provided with two different types of shear wall as Lateral earthquake Load Resisting Structural systems LLRS concluded that External shear 四川大学锦江学院毕业论文 设计 12 walls serve as an alternative to internal shear walls in retrofitting seismically deficient structures particularly when it is not possible to vacate the building during retrofitting IV CONCLUSIONAND RECOMMENDATIONS RC frame buildings with open first story s are known to perform poorly during in strong earthquake shaking The large opening on the lowest floor causing the stiffness is relative low compare to the stiffness at the story above thus there is need of immediate measure to prevent to indiscrimate use of soft story in building which are design without regard to increase the displacement ductility and force demand in the first story this paper highlight the various factors which are responsible for failure of high rise building under seismic forces and also argues the importance of shear wall as a one of the efficient approach to eliminate seismic failure of soft story high rise building This paper has tried to discuss various aspects regarding shear wall discussed by many of the investigators on adding shear wall to the building in different arrangement in order to reduce soft story effect on structural seismic response in earthquake excitation It was found that location number and curtailment of shear wall acts an important factor for the soft story structures to displace during earthquake From the review of literature its shows that use of shear wall is