有关语文作业系统设计如何体现新课程理念的探析中英文.doc

//有关语文作业系统设计如何体现新课程理念的探析中英文对照Discussion on how to embody the concept of the new curriculum design of Chinese homework system in Chinese and English.“作业系统按是指按照一定的目标有计划地设计出来的一套练的方案或题目”，它包括课文的作业、单元的作业，整部教科书学生作业的类型、题型、数量。作业系统作为中学语文教材的四大系统之一，长期以来却受到研究者的忽视，它的结构和编排往往得不到教材编写者的重视。顾黄初先生认为，教材功能的延展发挥是知识、范文、作业和助读四大系统的有机统一、协同作用，因此在重视知识的优选、范文的精择的同时，应强调作业和助读系统的优化设计。著名语文教育家朱绍禹先生曾说过：“只把课文的典范性看做是语文课本的生命，既不符合现代教材观，也不符合现代语文课文的实际。现代的语文教材观，是既要求遴选典范而恰当的课文，又要求设计内容充实而又富有启发性的练习思考题，还要穿插配合必要的图像，以及编写语文知识等。这时语文课文发生变化的一个重要标志，也是同最初的课本的一个重要区别。”可见，作业系统是现代新型语文教材系统的一个重要组成部分，对它进行研究是十分必要的。 Operating system refers to a set of training programs or title according to certain target plan designed by is, it includes operations, text unit of the operation, the number of type, type, the whole textbook assignments. The operating system as one of the four middle school language teaching material, has long been neglected by researchers, structure and presentation of it are often not textbook compilers attention. Mr Gu Huangchu thinks, the function of teaching material is the knowledge, the extended play, homework and reading four big system of the organic unity, synergistic effect, therefore on the importance of knowledge selection, model choice at the same time, should emphasize the optimization design of homework and reading system. Famous Chinese educator Mr. Zhu Shaoyu once said: only the model text as language textbook life, neither conforms to the modern teaching concept, also does not conform to the modern Chinese text of the actual. Modern language teaching material view, is requests the selection model and appropriate texts, and design content rich and instructive practice question, but also interspersed with the necessary image, and the preparation of language knowledge. An important symbol of the Chinese text changes, is also an important difference with the original textbook. Visible, the operating system is an important part of modern Chinese teaching material system, it is very necessary to study on the.教育部制定的全日制义务教育语文课程标准（实验）（以下简称新课标），着眼于语文课程改革与发展的时代要求，提出与闻新课程教材编写的一系列新理念，打破了传统的语文教材观，开拓了语文教材改革与建设的新视野。作为语文教材的四大组成系统之一的作业系统也必将以全新的面孔来应对课程标准。那么，如何在语文作业系统的设计中体现新课标的理念呢？本文试从课文后作业的角度来谈新课标下语文作业系统的构建。 Chinese course standard of full-time compulsory education issued by the Ministry of Education ( Experiment ) ( hereinafter referred to as the new curriculum requirements ), focusing on the Chinese curriculum reform and development put forward new era, access to course materials to prepare a series of new ideas, breaking the traditional language teaching material view, opens up new horizons for reform and construction of the textbook. As an operating system of Chinese teaching materials consist of four major systems also will with new faces to deal with the curriculum standard. So, how to reflect the new curriculum concept in the design of Chinese homework in the system? This paper tries to talk about the construction of Chinese operation system under the new curriculum standard job from the text perspective.新课标给语文作业系统带来的变化有： Changes in the new curriculum brings to Chinese operating system have:一、 形式上的变化 A form of change, the1、题型由单一走向多元。作业系统题型单一、陈旧、缺少变 界，有助于激发学生的学习兴趣和创新精神。”因此，作业系统的题型应当力求新颖，多样，并尽可能贴近生活中语言运用的实际。只有加强题型的多样性，才能促进学生的思维活跃，思路的开阔，才能激发学生的练耳、练手、练口、练脑的兴趣。在中学语文教科书的作业系统中，常见的题型有注解、答问、论述、列举、概括、归类、作文等等。这多半属于所谓的主观性的题型；有选择、改错、判断、填空、列表等等，这多半属于所谓的客观性的题型。上述种种题型，又可以衍化出种种不同的出题方式，可以通过眼视、耳听、口说、笔述等不通的途径来完成，以利于对学生进行读写听说的全面训练。以作业系统中的作文为例，就可以改写、仿写、续写、写读后感、心得、评论、演讲稿等多种题型。 1, from single to multiple questions. The operating system of old, single, lack of boundary, helps to stimulate students interest in learning and innovation spirit. Therefore, the operating system types should be novel, diverse, and as close as possible to the use of language in real life. Only by strengthening the diversity of students, to promote the active thinking, thinking is open, can stimulate students ear, hand, mouth, brain training in practice. In the operating system of middle school Chinese textbook, common questions, questions, comments, are discussed, summarized, classification, composition and so on. This mostly belongs to the so-called subjective questions; there is choice, error correction, judgment, and fill in the blanks, list and so on, which are the so-called objective questions. All the above questions, but also can develop different kinds of questions the way, can by means of eye, ear, mouth, pen. Not to complete, in order to facilitate the reading and writing and speaking the comprehensive training of students. The operating system of writing as an example, we can rewrite, write, write, write, ideas, comments, speeches and other kinds of questions.2、题量由多到少而精。新课标认为，“语文知识、课文注释和练习应当少而精”新型作业系统的设计应充分体现新课标的精神，减少题量，精选练习，把学生从过去练习题的汪洋大海中解救出来，让学生多些时间来读书，夯实一生的精神基座。另一方面，也把老师从练习的束缚下解放出来，有更多的时间和精力投入到语文教改的实践中去。根据这一原则，教读课文一般可以安排三、四道题，自读课文一般两道题。练习题的设计，一般包括整体感和课文、文笔精华研讨和开放性，拓展性练习。整体感知的练习，强调让学生自主地阅读课文，多数课文都要求学生正确、流利，有感情地朗读，部分名家名篇则要求背诵。同时，也注意培养学生良好的阅读习惯，掌握科学的阅读技能，如熟练使用常用的语文工具书，学习圈点批注和做摘录卡片，学习朗读、默读和精读的方法等。文笔精华的练习，主要是引导学生学习课文的语言，或揣摩课文中精彩的语句，或联系上下文，重点品位语句的含义，以积累精彩的语言，培养语感。开放性、拓展性联系，或进行比较阅读，或联系课外阅读、或结合综合性学习活动进行，以突出探究、体验。讨论等学习方式。 2, the amount from more to less. The new curriculum, Chinese knowledge, text notes and exercises should be designed with fewer but better new operating system should fully reflect the spirit of the new curriculum standard, reduce the volume, select exercises, save the student exercises from the past in a vast expanse of water, let the students more time to read a Book, spiritual life base compaction. On the other hand, also liberate teacher from practice fetter, have more time and effort to practice the language educational reform. According to this principle, teach reading the text can be arranged three or four questions in general, read the text from the two questions. Design exercises, generally include the overall sense and text, writing essence research and open, development practice. The overall perception of practice, emphasizes the students read the text independently, the majority of the students are required to correct, fluent, read with emotion, some masterpieces are required to recite. At the same time, also pay attention to cultivate a good habit of reading, to grasp the scientific reading skills, such as the use of common Chinese reference book, learning to punctuate annotation and extract cards, learning to read, reading and intensive reading method. The essence of writing practice, mainly is to guide students to learn the language, or the wonderful figure text of the statement, or context, the meaning of key quality statement, to accumulate the wonderful language, language training. Open, expand contact, or reading, or contact the extracurricular reading, or combination of comprehensive learning activity, to highlight the inquiry, experience. Discussion learning.3编排形式的变化。新课标提倡“教材的体例和呈现方式应灵活多样，避免模式化。”语文教科书的演变过程中，都有着不同程度的变化。惟有作业系统，几十年如一日，惟一的变化是将原来的练习改为研讨与练习或思考与练习，而在编排上还是沿袭以往的体例（练习一、二、三），缺乏趣味性、灵活性。这种单调枯燥，一成不变的编排，使得作业系统落后于其他系统，难以体现新课标的精神，成为整本教科书中的一个“败笔”。在这方面，我们可以借鉴国外作业系统的编排形式，如俄罗斯的教科书，用蓝色数字表示口语和书面语有关的专门练习，蓝色右上角加“*”号表示提高难度的练习，圆黑点表示复习所学材料的作业。英国用“”来标示作业的要求，用连续的“”来标示作业的步骤，用各种色点（红、绿、蓝）标示活动作业的项目。我国教材的作业系统也可以在现有的基础上编排得更加灵活，富有趣味性。可采用符合的方式，例如：用五角星来表示需要重点掌握的内容，用问号表示可以讨论的内容，用感叹号表示需要重视的内容。也可以采用图案的方式，例如：用电脑的图案来表示基于网络的探究性学习题型，用一群孩子来表示合作学习题型。除此之外，还可用不用的标识将练习题分出层次来，例如用深浅不一的符号来表示难易程度不同的题目。 二、 内容上的变化 Change 3 arrangement forms. The new curriculum advocates teaching style and presentation should be flexible, to avoid patterns. Evolution of Chinese textbooks, there are different degrees of change. Only the operating system, dozens of years as one day, the only change is the practice to research and practice or thinking and practice, while in the arrangement or follow the previous style ( one or two, three ), lack of interest, flexibility. This kind of boring, immutable and frozen arrangement, so that the operating system behind the other system, it is difficult to embody the spirit of the new curriculum standard, become a failure of the textbooks . In this regard, we can learn from the foreign operation system arrangement, such as the Russian textbooks, exercise the said oral and written language with blue, blue on the upper right corner with * represents the increased difficulty of the exercises, round dot indicates a review of the study materials operation. The British to mark the work requirements, with the continuous to mark the operation steps, with a variety of color ( red, green, blue ) marked active operations of the project. Operating systems textbooks in China can also be based on the existing row of more flexible, interesting. Can be adopted in accordance with the way, such as: star to express important content, representation can be discussed with a question mark, expressed the need to pay attention to the content with an exclamation point. Also can use a pattern, for example: using computer pattern to represent the inquiry learning style based on network, with a group of children that cooperative learning style. In addition, also available without the logo will be exercises to separate the layers, for example with shades of symbols to represent different levels of difficulty. In two, the content of the1. 新型作业系统的设计应有助于知识的延伸、拓展。现有的语文作业系统可以说是课文的简短重现，它的内容大多数直接选自于课文、设计的目的也是为理解和巩固课文服务。新课标指出：“语文课程植根于现实，面向未来。应拓宽语文学习和运用的领域，注重跨学科的学习和现代科技手段的运用，使学生在不同内容和方法的相互渗透和整合中开阔视野，提高学习效率，初步获得现代社会所需要的语文实践能力。新型作业系统应基于这种理念进行设计，从课内出发，引导学生把语文学习向课外拓展、延伸，力求突出“大语文教育”的特色，呈现出变内向聚敛为外向延伸的开放式设计格局，立足于培养学生的语文综合实践能力。延伸、拓展型作业系统设计可从三个方面进行：提供与课文相关的资料做“福建”，其内容包括有关作者介绍，与课文有关的背景资料，与课文内容相关的其他文体介绍等。拓展性练习题的设计，可以单独设题，也可以渗透在整体感知和文笔精华的练习题中。相关网站的介绍。可根据课文的内容进行，也可以根据作者进行，还可以根据相关内容进行。如在论语六则一课后列出有关孔子的网站 The design of 1 new operating system should help extend, to expand knowledge. The existing operating system can be said to be brief to reproduce the text, its contents are most directly from the text, the design objective is to understand and consolidation services. New curriculum standard pointed out: the Chinese curriculum rooted in reality, facing the future. We should broaden the field of language learning and use, with emphasis on interdisciplinary learning and the means of modern technology, so that students in different contents and methods of mutual penetration and integration in the open field of vision, improve the learning efficiency, chubuhuode modern society needs Chinese practice ability. The new operating system should be designed based on this idea, from the point of view of teaching, guide students to use language learning to extra-curricular development, extension, and strive to highlight the Chinese education characteristics, showing a open design pattern to extend inward convergent variable, based on the training of students comprehensive practical ability in chinese. Extension, expand the design operation system from three aspects: 1. To provide the relevant information with the text Fujian , its content includes the author, background information and the related, associated with the text of the other style introduction etc. Design of the exercises, can be a separate topic, also can infiltrate the overall perception and writing exercises in essence. The website introduces. Can be carried out according to the contents of the text, can also according to the author, can also be carried out according to the relevant content. As in the Analects of Confucius lesson six listed after the Confucius website 2. 注视学生创新思维能力的发展。新课标提出：“在发展语言能力的同时，发展思维能力激发想像力和创造潜能。”以往的作业系统也有思维训练，但大都强调的是基础思维能力的训练。学生的回答多为认知记忆性和推理性的问题，他们只需要对实施或其他事项作会议性的重述，或经过认知、记忆和选择性回想等过程，从事再认行为。至于设定标准或价值观念，据以对事物从事评判或选择的批判性问题，就比较少。创造性思维作为思维能力中一个最活跃、最可贵的因素，它的培养离不开创造性思考。新型语文作业系统的设计中应重视学生的创造性思维。编制这些创造性思考能力的训练的问题时，要考虑以下三个原则：问题没有单一标准的答案。问题的答案不是仅限于现有的教材内容。问题的叙述应以学生的知识为基础。学生在回答创造性思考能力训练的问题时，须将要素、概念等重新组合或采用新奇、独特的观点，作出异乎寻常的反应。如荷塘月色一文可以构建这样的练习：设计清华园的荷塘公园。朱自清笔下的荷塘位于清华大学校园，假设校长在朱自清逝世后，打算以荷塘为中心建设校内公园如果你去应征，会交上一份什么样的设计图呢？这种类型的问题可以较好地促进和发展学生的创造性思维能力，而不是在已经暗示或提供明确答案的基础上，让学生复述或既定的思路思考，求得一致的答案。学生在回答这类问题时，并无单一性质的标准答案。 2 pay attention to developing the students ability of creative thinking. The proposed new curriculum: in the development of language skills at the same time, the development of thinking ability to stimulate the imagination and creative potential. The operating system ever have thought training, but most of them emphasize is the basis for the training of thinking ability. The students answered for cognitive memory and reasoning problems, they just need to be restated Conference on the implementation or other matters, or through the cognitive, memory and selective recall process, engaged in the recognition behavior. As for setting standards or values, according to the critical problems in judgment or choice of things, is less. Creative thinking is one of the most active, the most valuable factors as the thinking ability, it is inseparable from the cultivation of creative thinking. Should pay attention to the students creative thinking to design new Chinese homework system. The training problem of compilation of these creative thinking ability when, want to consider the following three principles : the problem is not a single standard answer. The answer is not limited to the existing teaching material content. The problem description to students should be based on the knowledge. The students creative thinking ability training in answering questions, should be the elements, concepts such as reset or using novelty, unique point of view, an unusual reaction. Such as Moonlight over the lotus pond one article can build this practice: the design of the Tsinghua Yuan lotus pond park. Zhu Ziqi