2013高考动词时态语态考点分析.doc

2013高考动词时态语态考点分析【考情分析】时态与语态一直是热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具备较强的语言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态；熟练掌握常见的8种时态，弄清16种时态，同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大，不易把握。大部分时态题答案的选择取决于题干语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分常见时态用法特殊。综观近年来的高考单项填空题,动词成为考查的热点,在15个单项选择中，考查动词时态的题一般不少于2道，动词的时态常和语态、主谓一致结合在一起进行考查。【知识点归纳】一、动词时态考查要点简述1.一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning.She has a brother who lives in New York.The earth goes around the sun.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.考点一：表示永恒的真理，客观存在，科学事实，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。【典例】(2009福建卷)According to the literary review, Shakespeare his characters live through their language in his plays.A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes【答案】D 【解析】考查动词时态。题干是陈述一个客观真理，用一般现在时，选D。考点二：表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。考点三、现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。【典例】（2009江西卷）At present, one of the apartments in favor of the new airport _ that it will going a lot jobs to the area. A. is B. are C. will be D. were 【答案】A 【解析】本题考查时态的用法。根据at present =now 可知，应用一般现在时。考点四：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的时间状语的词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, otherwise. If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.【典例】Next time you _here，lets have lunch together Awill be Bare Chave been Dwere 【答案】B 【解析】本题考查时态的用法。在时间、条件状语从句中，从句应用现在时表将来。next time引导的是一个表示将来的时间状语从句，应用一般现在时的形式；have lunch together是一个表示一般将来的事情。考点五：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment.只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。考点六：在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study, the better results you will get.2.现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class.The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street. Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。Marry is leaving on Friday.3.现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.I have learned English for ten years.考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 【典例】（2009江西卷） What is the price of petrol these days Oh, it _ sharply since last month. A. is raised B. has risen C. has arisen D. is increased 【答案】B 【解析】本题考查时态的用法。 根据since last month 可知应用现在完成时。考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 that” 后面跟现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.That is the only book that he has written.4一般过去时表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于He used to smoke a lot.He has got used to getting up early.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 5. 过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.What were you doing at nine last night?The radio was being repaired when you called me.6. 过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.By the end of last term we had finished the book.They finished earlier than we had expected.考点一：用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.It was 3 years since we had parted。考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you but I was too busy.7. 一般将来时表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。They are to be married in this May.8. 将来进行时表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.【典例】At this time tomorrow _ over the Atlantic. A. were going to fly B. well be flying C. well fly D. were to fly 【答案】B 【解析】at this time tomorrow 指明的是将来的某一具体时间，故用来将进行时。9. 将来完成时表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time, before或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.【典例】By the time you arrive in London, we _ in Europe for two weeks. A. shall stay B. have stayed C. will have stayed D. have been staying 【答案】C 【解析】 by the time引导的时间状语从句中使用了一般现在时表将来，主句应用将来时，因此排除B、D。句意：当你到达伦敦时，我们将已经在欧洲逗留两周了。由此判断应用将来完成时表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作。故选C。考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.【注意】1.一般现在时代替一般将来时When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 2. 一般现在时代替一般过去时 （1） 书上说，报纸上说等。例如：The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。（2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如： Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins. 拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。3.一般现在时代替现在完成时 （1）有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。（2）用句型 It is since代替It has been since 。例如：It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。4.一般现在时代替现在进行时。 在Here comes/There goes等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如： There goes the bell. 铃响了。5.现在进行时代替将来时（1）表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗?We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。（2）渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：He is dying. 他要死了。6.时态与常用时间状语的搭配: 一般现在时： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday等。 一般过去时：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等。一般将来时： next, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等。现在完成时： for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the few past years, always, recently lately等。过去完成时：before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等。过去进行时：this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while等。将来进行时：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening。二、被动语态考查要点简述被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语中也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。一般用于强调受者，做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。考点一：使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。1. 主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.2. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)3. 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.4. 情态动词和be going to，be to，be sure to，used to，have to，had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。5. 当句子的谓语为say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.=It is said that he is a smart boy.=He is said to be a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.= It is known that paper was made in China first.= Paper was known to be made in China first.类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that 考点二：不能用被动语态的几种情况。1. 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。2. 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last，hold，benefit，contain，equal，fit，join，mean，cost，look like，consist to等。3. 表示归属的动词，如have，own，belong to等。4. 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish，want，hope，like，love，hate等。5. 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。6. 宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。7. 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell，write，wash，open，lock等(此,句中常会有一些表示性质或动作特征的副词.如:well,badly,easily,hard,difficultly等)。考点三：主动形式表被动意义。1. 当feel，look，smell，taste，sound等；当cut，read，sell，wear，write等；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。The door wont lock.门锁不上。The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。2. 当break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.3. want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。4. be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。5. 在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。5. be dressed (in sth)穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.考点五：被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.(系表结构)【注意】1. 时态的呼应：在复合句中，从句（主要是宾语从句和状语从句）中的时态，与主句谓语动词常相互影响,制约,这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。（1）如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.（2）如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况： 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作明显发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didnt know that she had been to London twice. 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didnt know when they would have a rest. 如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. 如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.【备考策略】考生在复习备考中要掌握基本、牢记特殊、分析结构、理解语境。综观近年来的高考单项填空题,动词成为考查的热点,在15个单项选择中，考查动词时态的题一般不少于2道，动词的时态常和语态、主谓一致结合在一起进行考查。然而,英语时态多16种,常用的也有8种之多,且近几年的高考在考查时态时,形式灵活多样,多体现在上下文语境中,且融多个考点于一题,这样无形中增加了试题的难度。其实，分析近几年的时态语态题，我们不难发现其命题的三个角度：一是直接给定时间状语，考生可直接根据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给定时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根据时间状语进行选择；三是题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能作出判断并选择最佳答案。考生应对的策略是：1学习动词的时态和语态时，切不可脱离实际运用的语言，一味死记硬背语法规则的条条框框。了解了八种时态的一些常见规则之后，要留心以英语为母语者在实际生活中是如何使用各种时态的语态的。其实，教材中每单元第一课的情景对话，是领司时态用法真谛的最佳语言材料。2答题时，研读题干，搜索出尽可能多的“时间参照信息”，尤其是动词冗余信息中的时间信息。如第10题目中的havent said, Do, Im, sooner, think, its 等，这些表达中都含有时间信息，发现和有效利用这些信息是解决问题的关键。3解决时态和语态问