现在完成时的用法解析.doc

现在完成时Lead in一般过去时导入：一般过去时的概念一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。I lost my pen.(过去时)I have lost my pen.（现在完成时）过去时一般表示过去所发生的动作或存在的状态。“我把笔丢了”，说话人只是想告诉对方在过去的某一个时间里他的笔丢了，仅此而已。（仅仅是在陈诉过去的一个事实，与现在没有关系）New lesson一现在完成时的构成：助动词have/has(not) +动词过去分词She has turned on the lights.肯定式： have/ has+过去分词 否定式： havent/hasnt+过去分词 疑问式：把have/has 提到主语前面肯定回答：Yes,have/has否定回答：No,.havent/hasnt二用法1.表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果. 例如:She has gone. 她走了. She went in the past.(She is not here now.)I have just cleaned my hands. 我刚洗过手。（“洗手”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“手干净了”）I have closed the door. (The door is close now.)She has turned on the lights. (The lights are on now.)He has written his name on the blackboard. (The name is on the blackboard now.)Mother has cooked the dinner. (We can have dinner now.)You have seen the film. （You know what the film is about.)We have cleaned the classroom. (The classroom is clean now.)2. 表示动作发生在过去，并且一直延续到现在，甚至还可能继续延续下去。这时常和since所引导的短语或从句或for引导的短语连用(for有时可以省去)。以及 so far, by now, these days, in the last/past years/days 等连用。I have lived here for over ten years. （表示他现在还在这里居住，并且还有可能继续住下去）比较：I lived here ten years ago.(仅仅说明了他十年前在这里记住过的事实,不代表现在他还住在这里) He has studied here since 2006.都用How long 提问，例：We have learned English for three years.We have learned English since three years ago. -How long have you learned English?They have written 15 songs so far.Mr. Green has been in China these years.附:have been 与have gone 的用法比较1:“have been +in+地点名词”或“have been + 位置副词”的意思是“在某地呆过（多久）”.如：Mr. Green has been in China for many years. 格林先生在中国呆过好多年。I have been here since I began to work. 我工作以来一直呆在这儿。2:“have been + to +地点名词”或“have been+ 位置副词”意思是“曾经到过某地（多少次）,已经到了某地”。如： Miss Brown has been to Japan twice. 布朗小姐到日本去过两次。Have you ever been here before? 你以前到过这吗？I have been to Xiamen.(我曾经去过厦门)3: “have gone to + 地点名词”或“have gone + 副词” 意思是“在去某地的路上,还没有到”I have gone to Xiamen.(我已经在去厦门的路上了.)三. 现在完成时句中常见的时间状语(一). just, already, yet, ever, never，before ，recently有此类副词时, 常强调动作完成, 不强调动作的持续.She has never /just/ already /ever eaten a Mango.He has _just/ already_ come. I have finished your homework already.Have you milked the cow yet?He has not come yet.We have seen the movie before，我们以前看过这个电影其中just用于肯定句, 意为“刚刚”，already用于肯定句, 意为“已经”，yet用在疑问句中也意为“已经”，ever用于一般疑问句，意为“曾今”。 1already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例： 1）Ive already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。 （“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。） 2）Ive washed my clothes already我已经洗了衣服。 （洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。） 注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。实例： 3）Have you met him already ？你（真的）已经见过他了？ 2yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例： 1）Has he found his watch yet ？他已经找到他的手表了吗？ No，not yet不，还没有。 2）The woman hasnt found her dog yet 那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响） 3just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： He has just come back from school 他刚从学校回来。 注意just now 用于过去时4ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： 1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong ？你曾去过香港吗？ 2）I havent ever spoken to her我未曾和她说过话。 5never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： I have never travelled by plane before我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。 6before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例： 1）Have you been to Hainan before ？你以前去过海南吗？ 2）I havent eaten Guangdong food before我以前没吃过广东菜(二)表示从过去一直持续到现在, 要用表示一段时间的时间状语来强调动作的持续，不能是具体过去时间。for + 时间段 如: for ten yearssince + 时间点 如: since nine oclocksince + 时间段 + ago 如: since ten years agosince + clause 主句现在完成时,从句一般过去时. 如: since you came since you got home(三)现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间连用.如： yesterday / last year / two years ago / in 1999 / just now / on Sunday / on April Fools Day 四一般过去时和现在完成时的区别 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 (1)一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 (2)现在完成时的时间状语 For + , since + , so far , up to/till now, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, in past years, always, (3)共同的时间状语this morning, tonight ,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately (4)不确定的时间状语 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的.如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 举例： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。 He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 理解: 现在完成时，强调这一动作产生的结果对现在的影响，与现在有关.一般过去时，仅仅表示在过去某一时刻曾发生过这一动作，与现在无关。现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，即对现在产生的结果、影响等，而一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间副词连用，而一般过去时则可以。试比较： 1)I have lost my pen.我把钢笔丢了。(意即还没找到，现在我没有笔用。) She lost her pen yes today.她昨天把笔丢了。(笔是昨天丢的，现在找到与否，没有说明。) 2)I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition.我看过这个农业展览会。(强调我知道它的内容) I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.我上周参观了这个农业展览会。(只说明我上周参观过展览会这件事) 3) Who has opened the door? 谁把门开了?(现在门还开着) Who opened the door? 谁开的门?(指过去，与现在无关。现在门是关着还是开着，没有说明。) 4) A：Have you had your lunch? 你吃过年饭没有?(意即你现在不饿吗?) B：Yes，I have.吃了。(意即我现在饱了，不要再吃了。) A：When did you have it 你什么时候吃的?(说话人感兴趣的是“吃”这一动作发生在什么时候。) B：I had it about half an hour ago.我是大约半小时前吃的The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿）The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飞机是一刻中以前来的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去）I have taught here for fifteen years. 我在这儿已经教了十五年。（表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在，还可能会继续。）I taught here for a year. 我过去在这儿教过一年。（表示“我“现在已经不在这儿任教了）五. 现在完成时的动词问题常见的短暂性动词这类动词常见的有： come ,go , begin , arrive , leave , stop , die , marry , borrow , return , buy , join , become 短暂性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,但是他们可以转换成相应的延续性动词.短暂性动词 延续性动词die be dead borrow keep buy/catch haveget up be up come be in finish be over leaver be away open be open close be closed begin be on become interested in be interested in catch/get a cold have a cold 六.补充 1:since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 (如何区别?)I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。) 小窍门：在现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。 1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 2:since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句 (一般过去时)Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student 3:since作连词引导时间状语从句的用法。 (1)若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。 如：He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里，我们就一直很想念他们。 这是最常见的一种用法，此处不再多述。 (2)若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如：I havent heard any noise since I slept. Sleep 为持续性动词，sleep的动作结束时，即“醒来”时，这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。 John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约，他不当教师已经三年了。 本文开始出现的那个句子就可以译为“自从我离开上海，就再也没有收到他的信。”这种译法常被人们误用，我们不妨再多举几个例子看看： How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你离开（没住在）上海多久了？ It is half a month since he was a League member.他退团（不当团员）半个月了。 Its been quite some time since I was last in London我离开伦敦已很长时间了。 比较：He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自从我病愈以来，他屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为状态动词） He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为终止性动词） (3)若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时，则表示动作和状态延续到现在（说话时刻），其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如：I havent heard from him since he has lived there。 这里has lived表示动作的持续性，时间的起点应从：“开始居住”时算起。因此此句可理解为“自从他（开始）住在那儿起，我就一直没收到他的来信”。 Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自从我们自己有了汽车，我们每年都去野营。 试比较：1. Since Ive been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自从我到这所学校，我们已换了三个校长了。 Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自从我离开这所学校，他们已换了三个校长了。 2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自从我生病以来，他从未来看过我。 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来，他从未来看过我。 由此可见，since引导的从句持续动词的一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的意思恰好相反。换言之，前者以肯定的语法形式反映着否定的逻辑内容，而后者的形式与内容是一致的。 至于It is +一段时间+since的句型与It has been +一段时间+since意思相同。前者是规范说法，后者是口语说法。 应注意的是，在这种结构中，since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义，下面两句都错了： It is a long time since he didnt study English. Its two months since you didnt come to see me. 正确的说法为： Its a long time since he studied English 他好久没学英语了。 Yo