4.句子常见错误_与句子合并.ppt

TheSentence III CommonErrorsandsentencescombining SentenceClarity Whydoweneedtobeconcernedwithsentenceclarity TocommunicateeffectivelytothereaderTomakewritingpersuasiveToshowcredibilityandauthorityasawriter Commonclarityproblems MisplacedmodifiersDanglingmodifiersPassivevoice ElementsofaSentence ThetypicalEnglishsentencefollowsthispattern Subject predicate Heistall Itisraining Hersisteristwentyyearsold Theyhaveonlyonechild Theoldmantakesawalkintheparkeveryday Thisisimportanttoremember becauseinasimpleChinesesentencewesometimesdonotfindasubjectoraverb Becauseofthefirstlanguageinterference beginnerssometimeswritesentenceswithoutasubjectoraverb Therefore thefirstthingbeginnersshouldlearnistochecktheirownsentencestoseewhethertheyhavetheessentialelements Sentencefragment Asentencefragmentisasentencethatlacksasubjectorlacksaverborisnotacompleteidea Faulty Ihavevisitedmanycities Forexample BeijingandShanghai Revised Ihavevisitedmanycities forexample BeijingandShanghai Faulty Theearth stemperatureisrising Becausethereisgreen houseeffect Revised Theearth stemperatureisrisingbecausethereisgreen houseeffect Theuseofacommainplaceofaperiod asemicolon acolon oradashiscalledthecommafault ThecommafaultisamistakeChinesestudentsoftenmake BecauseinChinesetwocompletesentencescanbejoinedmerelybyacomma studentssometimesforgetthatinEnglishtherehastobeaconjunctioninadditiontothecommaifasemicolon acolon oradashisnotused Faulty Itwasraininghard theycouldnotworkinthefields Correct Itwasraininghard theycouldnotworkinthefields Itwasraininghard Theycouldnotworkinthefields Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefields Becauseitwasraininghard theycouldnotworkinthefields Itwasraininghard sotheycouldnotworkinthefields Asitwasraininghard theycouldnotworkinthefields TheCommaFault ItisimportanttorememberthatinChineseyinwei 因为 andsuoyi 所以 orsuiran 虽然 anddanshi 但是 areusedinpairs butinEnglishonlyoneconjunctionisnecessary Wrong BecauseIwasnotthere soIcannottellyouwhathappened Right BecauseIwasnotthere Icannottellyouwhathappened Iwasnotthere soIcannottellyouwhathappened Wrong ThoughIwasnotthere butIcouldimaginethesituation Right ThoughIwasnotthere Icouldimaginethesituation Iwasnotthere butIcouldimaginethesituation INCOHERENCE Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts Asentenceiscoherentwhenitswordsorpartsareproperlyconnectedandtheirrelationshipsmadeunmistakablyclear Coherenceisviolatedwhenfaultslikethefollowingappearinasentence faultyparallelconstructionsambiguousreferenceofpronounsdanglingormisplacedmodifiersconfusingshiftsmixedorincompleteconstructions FaultyParallelConstructions Wheneverasentencecontainstwoormoreitemslinkedby and or or thoseitemsareparallelandthereforeusuallyneedtobeexpressedinthesamegrammaticalforms Faulty Advertisingshouldbeinformative persuasive andofinterest Revised Advertisingshouldbeinformative persuasive andinteresting FaultyParallelism Helikestosing toswim andtabletennis Revised Helikestosing toswim andtoplaytable tennis Helikessinging swimming andtable tennis playingtable tennis FaultyParallelism Wethoughtshewascharming intelligent andaverycapableyoungwoman Revised Wethoughtshewascharming intelligent andverycapable Wethoughtshewasacharming intelligent andverycapableyoungwoman TheorderofadjectivesusedtomodifyaNoun Atallyoungchinesedebater seloquentspeechparticularlyattractedtheaudiences attention 一位高个子的年轻机智的中国辩手的雄辩发言引起观众的特别注意 InthecornerofthespaciousandluxurioussittingroomstandsacharmingsmallroundoldFrenchpadauktable 在宽敞而又豪华的客厅的一角 摆放着一张漂亮的法国古典式紫檀木小圆桌 Foryourfeference 美小圆旧黄 法国木工房 县官行令杀国贼 Classicparellelstructure 动宾结构叠用 Gratitudeimprovesourpersonality shapesourcharacter andmoldsourtemperament 感激提升个性 形成品格 塑造气质 名词叠用 Educationisthetransmissionofcivilization themaindefenseofnations thediscoveryofignorance 教育是文明的传播 国家的主要防护 探索无知的进程 形容词叠用 Foranother ifapersonisdiligentanddetermined hewillrealizehisdreamnomatterhowpoor humble orunluckyhemaybe 另一方面 一个人若是勤奋并且意志坚定 那么无论他多么穷苦 卑微或是不幸 他最终会实现他的梦想 动词叠用 Readnottocontradictandconfute nortobelieveandtakeforgranted nortofindtalkanddiscourse buttoweighandconsider 读书既不能吹毛求疵 也不能轻信尽信 更不能为了猎取谈话资料而断章取义 而应为了省察和思考 其他叠用 Iamconfidenttobenotonlyhealthyinbodybutalsointelligentinmind 1 Itisimportantforengineerstothinklogically toananlysecarefully andtomakedecisionsrealisticaly 2 Englishacademicwritinghasgoodcontent clearorganization andeffectivelaguage 3 Theydecidetobeginagain tobeginhoping tobegintochange tobegintowardtoagoal 4 Oneought everydayatleast tohearalittlesong readagoodpoem seeafinepicture and ifitwerepossible tospeakafewreasonablewords Goethe 一个人应该每天至少听一点点歌曲 读一首好诗 看到好画 而且 如果有可能 说几句 歌德 合理的话5 Hewaspromotedbecausehewasindustrious becausehewaspunctual andbecausehewaswillingtoputinextraeffort 6 Historybecamepopular andhistoriansbecamealarmed Itisforus theliving rathertobededicatedheretotheunfinishedworktheywhofoughtherehavethusfarsonoblyadvanced Itisratherforustobeherededicatedtothegreattaskremainingbeforeus thatfromthesehonoreddead wetakeincreaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheygavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion thatweherehighlyresolvethatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain thatthisNation underGod shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom andthatgovernmentofthePeople bythePeople andforthePeople shallnotperishfromtheearth GettysburgAddressfromAbrahamLincoln换言之 我们这些依然活着的人 应该把自己奉献于那些勇士们已经向前推进但尚未完成的崇高事业 我们应该在这里把自己奉献于仍然摆在我们面前的伟大任务 我们要从那些光荣牺牲的勇士们身上汲取更多的奉献精神 来完成他们投入毕生精力并为之献身的事业 我们要在这里下定决心 不能让那些勇士们白白牺牲 我们要使我们的祖国在上帝的保佑下得到自由的新生 要使这个民有 民治 民享的政府永世长存 在葛底斯堡公墓的演说 美国 亚伯拉罕 林肯 Itwasthebestoftimes itwastheworstoftimes itwastheageofwisdom itwastheageoffoolishness itwastheepochofbelief itwastheepochofincredulity itwastheseasonoflight itwastheseasonofdarkness itwasthespringofhope itwasthewinterofdespair wehadeverythingbeforeus wehadnothingbeforeus wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway thebeginningofCharlesDickens ATaleofTwoCities 这是一个最好的时代 也是一个最坏的时代 这是明智的年代 这是愚昧的年代 这是信任的纪元 这是怀疑的纪元 这是光明的季节 这是黑暗的季节 这是希望的春日 这是失望的冬日 我们面前拥有一切 我们面前没有一切 我们都将直上天堂 我们都将直下地狱 查理斯 狄更斯 双城记 Ambiguousreferenceofpronouns Ambiguous Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong Clear Iamwrong shesaidtomysister Sheadmittedthatshewaswrongandsaidsotomysister Youarewrong shesaidtomysister Mysisterwastoldthatshewaswrong Obscure InDreiser sSisterCarrie hedescribesapennilessgirl swaytosuccess Clear InhisSisterCarrie Dreiserdescribesapennilessgirl swaytosuccess Obscure Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle butitwasnotserious Clear Hewasknockeddownbyabicyclebutwasnotseriouslyhurt DanglingorMisplacedModifiers Faulty Lookingoutofthewindow thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyecansee Revised Lookingoutofthewindow he she canseethegrasslandstretchingasfarastheeyecansee Outsidethewindow thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyecanreach Danglingmodifiershappenwhenparticiples infinitivesandgerundsdon thookupwiththesentence ssubjects Danglingmodifiers Havingfinisheddinner thefootballgamewasturnedon Havingfinisheddinner Joeturnedonthefootballgame Danglingmodifierscanberepairedby placingthesubjectofthemodificationphraseasthesubjectoftheindependentclause Havingfinisheddinner Joeturnedonthefootballgame placingthesubjectoftheactionwithinthedanglingphrase AfterJoefinisheddinner heturnedonthefootballgame Howmightyoucorrectthefollowingsentence Playingsolitaireonthecomputerforthreehours Michael spaperwasnotcompleted Better Playingsolitaireonthecomputerforthreehours Michaeldidnotcompletehispaper Better BecauseMichaelplayedsolitaireonthecomputerforthreehours hedidnotcompletehispaper Howmightyoucorrectthefollowingsentence Lockedawayintheoldchest Richardwassurprisedbytheantiquehats Better Lockedawayintheoldchest theantiquehatssurprisedRichard Better TheantiquehatslockedawayintheoldchestsurprisedRichard Howmightyoucorrectthefollowingsentence Toworkasaloanofficer aneducationinfinancialplanningisrequired Better Toworkasaloanofficer oneisrequiredtohaveaneducationinfinancialplanning Howmightyoucorrectthefollowingsentence Beingaprocessthatstillneedstoberefined scientistsaresearchingforamoreeffectiveplanforchemotherapytreatment Better Scientistsaresearchingforamoreeffectiveplanforchemotherapytreatment aprocessthatstillneedstoberefined Faulty Togetreadyforthetrip allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase Revised Togetreadyforthetrip sheputallthethingssheneededintoasuitcase NOTICEThereareafewsetphrasesoftenusedtomodifywholesentences liketobefrank generallyspeaking judgingby andspeakingof etc Theylooklikedanglingmodifiersbuttheyarenot Judgingbywhatthenewspaperhavesaid hislatestplayisquitesuccessful Tobefrank heisnottherightmanforthisimportantjob Wehavetostudymanycourses Chinese English maths physics chemistry history geography justtonameafew Themistwasthickeningasdarknessfell Beingonlyafiveminutewalktothevillage therewasnoreasontofeelafraid Shepickeduphershoppingbasketandleftthehouse Havingwalkedonlyafewsteps themistswallowedherup So feelingherwayalongafence atwiglashedherface Thensheheardheavyfootstepsmovingbehindher Shestoppedandtheystopped Hurryingforward theypursued Shefoundherselfinasuffocatingworldseizedwithafeelingofhelplessnessandblindness 天黑时 雾渐浓 离村只有五分钟的路 没有害怕的理由 她拿起菜篮离了屋 刚走几步 浓雾就吞没了她 因此 她沿着篱笆摸索前行 一根树枝划在她的脸上 接着便听到身后沉重的脚步声 她止步 脚步声也止 她疾步向前 脚步声也紧随而至 她发现自己置身于一个窒息的世界 陷于无助与黑暗之中 Themistwasthickeningasdarknessfell Asitwasonlyafive minutewalktothevillage therewasnoreasontofeelafraid Shepickeduphershoppingbasketandleftthehouse Aftershehadwalkedonlyafewsteps themistswallowedherup Whileshewasfeelingherwayalongthefence atwiglashedherface Thensheheardheavyfootstepsmovingbehindher Shestoppedandtheystopped Shehurriedforwardandtheypursued Seizedwithafeelingofhelplessnessandblindness shefoundherselfinasuffocatingworld MisplacedModifiers awordorphrasethatcausesconfusionbecauseitislocatedwithinasentencesofarawayfromtheword s towhichitrefers MisplacedModifiers Considerthedifferentmeaningsinthefollowingsentences ThedogunderthetreebitCarrie vs ThedogbitCarrieunderthetree MisplacedModifiers Sometimesmisplacedmodifiersareusedforcomiceffect TheotherdayIshotanelephantinmypajamas HowhegotinmypajamasI llneverknow GrouchoMarx Howmightyoucorrectthefollowingsentence Jennifercalledheradorablekittenopeningthecanoftunaandfilledthefoodbowl Better Openingthecanoftuna Jennifercalledheradorablekittenandfilledthefoodbowl Howmightyoucorrectthefollowingsentence Portiarushedtothestoreloadedwithcashtobuythebirthdaygift Better Portia loadedwithcash rushedtothestoretobuythebirthdaygift MisplacedModifiers Someone wordmodifiersoftencauseconfusion almostjustnearlysimplyevenhardlymerelyonly Explainthemeaningofeachsentence Almosteveryoneintheclasspassedthecalculusexam Everyoneintheclassalmostpassedthecalculusexam Whichsentenceindicatesthateveryoneintheclassfailedtheexam Explainthemeaningofeachsentence Johnnearlyearned 100 Johnearnednearly 100 WhichsentenceindicatesthatJohnearnedsomemoney Faulty Sheboughtseveralpicturebooksandputthemintoherbag whichsheintendedtogivetoherchildren Revised Sheboughtseveralpicturebooksforherchildrenandputthemintoherbag Sheputintoherbagthepicturebooksshehadboughtforherchildren Faulty Theideahementionedatfirstsoundedgood Theideahefirstmentionedsoundedgood Theideahementionedsoundedgoodatfirst Revised Amisplacedmodifierisaword phrase orclausethatisimproperlyseparatedfromtheworditmodifies ConfusingShifts AvoidConfusingShiftsinPerson Number Tense MoodandVoice Animportantthingforthestudenttorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper youshouldnotplagiarize ThosewhowishtotakeLinguisticsareaskedtosignhisnameonasheetofpaper Heleftthelibrarywhenhispaperiswritten Studentsshouldlearntoanalyzeandsolveproblemsindependently Don trelyonyourteachers help Shereviewedthelessontaughtlastweekandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone MixedorIncompleteConstruction Mixedorincompleteconstructionsoccurwhenawriterbeginsasentencewithoneconstructionand withoutrealizingit finishesthesentencewithanother ThereasonthatIleftwasbecauseIwassick Hisjobwasapoliceman Becausehesaidnothingdoesnotmeanthatheagreedtoyourproposals Heisthetallest Thelittleboywassohappy PassiveVoice indicateswhatisreceivingtheactionratherthanexplainingwhoisdoingtheactiontwoindicators tobe verbs is are was were by Examples Mistakesweremade ThecatswerebrushedbyLaura Howmightyouimprovethefollowingsentence Thedecisionthatwasreachedbythecommitteewastopostponethevote Better Thecommitteereachedthedecisiontopostponethevote Best Thecommitteedecidedtopostponethevote Howmightyoucorrectthefollowingsentence Thediskdriveofthecomputerwasdamagedbytheelectricalsurge Howmightyoucorrectthefollowingsentence Better Theelectricalsurgedamagedthediskdriveofthecomputer Best Theelectricalsurgedamagedthecomputer sdiskdrive Correctthefollowingfaultysentences Educationisnolongerfreeasitusetobe Educationisnolongerfreeasitusedtobe Forexample thecomputerthatisusedeverywheretodaytoincreaseefficiencyandsavethecostoflabor Forexample thecomputerthatisusedeverywheretodayincreasesefficiencyandsavesthecostoflabor Inourcountrywevoteforourgovernment thenextfederalelectioniscomingagain Inourcountrywevoteforourgovernmentwhenthenextfederalelectioniscomingagain Aftertheyexpressthereopinion hedicidedtoreducestheoperationalexpenses Aftertheyexpressedtheiropinion hedecidedtoreducetheoperationalexpenses Manypeoplearedishonestwithgovernment Althoughtheyaremarried buttheydon twanttodeclaretheyaremarried Manypeoplearedishonestwithgovernment Althoughtheyaremarried theydon twanttodeclaretheyaremarried TheclosingdownofhospitalscausesinconvenienceforthegrowingnumberofpatientsinOntario TheclosingdownofhospitalscausesinconveniencefortheincreasingpatientsinOntario Howdoyouthinkofmyboyfriend Dad thegirlask Howdoyouthinkofmyboyfriend Dad thegirlasked Winterstormsthatbringice sleet andsnowtheycancausetrafficproblem Winterstormsthatbringice sleet andsnowcancausetrafficproblem or Winterstormsbringice sleet andsnowwhichcancausetrafficproblem Thecakewassupposetobetasty Thecakewassupposedtobetasty Theriverwillfloodagainnextyearunlesswewillbuildabetterdam Theriverwillfloodagainnextyearunlesswebuildabetterdam Therunnerlookerasifhewaswinded Therunnerlookedasifhewaswinded IfIwouldhavetrainedfortherace Imighthavewon IfIhadbeentrainedfortherace Iwouldhavewon TheinstructordividedtheworkbetweenSamandI TheinstructordividedtheworkbetweenSamandme HermothertoldhershewasgoingtovisitBeijing Hermothertoldher IamgoingtovisitBeijing Becauseourcarwasoverheating itcameasnosurprisethatitbrokedownjustasitbegantorain Becauseourcarwasoverheating itcamewithnosurprisethatitbrokedownjustasitbegantorun Themoon alongwithVenus arevisibleinthenightsky Themoon alongwithVenus isvisibleinthenightsky Threehundreddollarsarewhatwemustpay Threehundreddollarsiswhatwemustpay Thecandidatefeltunusualenergetic Thecandidatefeltunusuallyenergetic ThephysicistMarieCuriediscoveredradium shewontwoNobelPrizes ThephysicistMarieCuriediscoveredradium soshewontwoNobelPrizes Peoplefearedthattheywouldnolongerbeabletohappilyliveinpeace Peoplefearedthattheywouldnolongerbeabletoliveinpeacehappily SentenceCombining Whyshouldweknowaboutsentencecombining TobuildclarityToavoidwordinessToavoidredundancyKeystosentencecombining CreateadjectivesCreateproperlyplacedmodifyingclausesEliminateunnecessaryorrepetitivephrases Considerthefollowingparagraph Theboystruggledtoridehisbike Theboyisfouryearsoldandheisfeisty Thebikeisnewanditisalightbluecolor Theboyreceivedthebikeforhisbirthday Hestruggledfortwohours However hewasunsuccessfulinridingthebike SentenceCombining Theboystruggledtoridehisbike Theboyisfouryearsoldandheisfeisty Thebikeisnewanditisalightbluecolor Theboyreceivedthebikeforhisbirthday Hestruggledfortwohours However hewasunsuccessfulinridingthebike Thefeistyfour year oldboystruggledunsuccessfullyfortwohourstoridehisnewlightbluebirthdaybike SentenceCombining Theanimaltrainerdoveintothepool Thetrainerwasskilledandathletic Shewasexcitedwhenshedoveintothepool Sheswamwithtwodolphins Thedolphinswerebabies Thedolphinswereplayful Thetrainerswamwiththedolphinsforoveranhour Whenthetrainerswamwiththedolphins shewashappy SentenceCombining Theanimaltrainerdoveintothepool Thetrainerwasskilledandathletic Shewasexcitedwhenshedoveintothepool Sheswamwithtwodolphins Thedolphinswerebabies Thedolphinswereplayful Thetrainerswamwiththedolphinsforoveranhour Whenthetrainerswamwiththedolphins shewashappy Theskilled athleticanimaltrainerexcitedlydoveintothepoolandhappilyswamforoveranhourwithtwoplayfulbabydolphins SentenceCombining Theblizzardcontainedstrongwindsandheavysnow Duringthesnowstorm theroofofthetownlibrarycollapsed Theroofofthepostofficedidthesame Theblowingsnowcoveredthecountyroads Schoolscancelledclassesduetothewhite outconditions SentenceCombining Theblizzardcontainedstrongwindsandheavysnow Duringthesnowstorm theroofofthetownlibrarycollapsed Theroofofthepostofficedidthesame Theblowingsnowcoveredthecountyroads Schoolscancelledclassesduetothewhite outconditions Theblizzard containingstrongwindsandheavysnow causedtheroofsofthetownlibraryandthepostofficetocollapse createdwhite outconditionsoncountyroads andforcedschoolstocancelclasses EffectiveSentences UnityandCoherence ElementsofEffectiveSentences Correctsentencesalonecannotnecessarilymakegoodwriting EffectiveSentencesandparagraphsneedthefollowingqualities 1Unity2Coherence3Conciseness4Emphasis5Variety Unity 一致性 Unityisthefirstqualityofaneffectivesentence Aunifiedsentenceexpressesasinglecompletethought Itdoesnotcontainideasthatarenotcloselyrelated nordoesitexpressathoughtthatisnotcompletebyitself Whatitactuallydoesistomakesurethatwewillfollowthefollowingrules Thereshouldbeacompleteideainasentence Sometimesthewriterdoesnotprovideenoughinformation andthenreaderswillfailtoformacompletepieceofinformationintheirmind Soasentencewithoutacompleteideacannotbeeffectiveinrealcommunication Wecanlookatthefollowingexample Faulty DuFuwasoneofthegreatestpoets Revised DuFuwasoneofthegreatestpoetsoftheTangperiod Thefirstsentenceisfaultybecausetheideaexpressedisnotcomplete thereisnomentionofthetimeorcountry TheTangperiod makestheseclear forweallknowthattheTangwasadynastyinChinesehistory Thereshouldbeonlyoneideainthesentence Asentenceisexpectedtoexpr