阅读理解技巧指导.ppt

Readingcomprehension阅读理解 词义猜测题主旨大意题判断推理题事实细节题 阅读理解题型 猜测词语意思 要求考生根据语境猜测生词或短语的意思 或者推断熟词生义 一 题干形式 题干中常含有mean或referto 如 1 Theunderlinedword inPara 1isclosestinmeaningto 2010广东 2 Theunderlinedword inPara 3mostprobablymeans 2008广东 3 TheunderlinedphraseinPara 3mostprobablymeans 2009广东 4 Whatdoestheunderlinedword mean 2010重庆 5 Whatdoes inPara3referto 2010江西 1 定义或解释说明 猜词技巧 2 对比关系 3 因果关系 4 举例法 5 重述 6 同义词 近义词 7 生活经验 生活常识 逻辑推理 8 根据生词所在的上下文猜测词义 9 根据常见的前缀 词根和后缀进行猜词 信号词 be becalled means bedefinedas thesameas like as as tobe referto 1 定义或解释说明 Ex 1 Apersonwhoisskilledatmakingorrepairingwoodenobjectsiscalledacarpenter Hisuncleisazoologist anexpertwhodoesresearchonanimals Theherdsman wholooksaftersheep earnsabout650yuanayear Weareonthenightshift frommidnightto8a m thisweek 木匠 动物学家 牧人 夜班 2 对比关系信号词 but however yet otherwise while though ontheonehand ontheotherhand foronething foranotherthing insteadof等 Ex 2 ThoughTom sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean hisneckstillremainsgrubby Johnusuallywastesalotofmoneyonsuchuselessthings hiswife however isverythrifty Ifyouagree write yes ifyoudissent write no Althoughalargenumberofpeopleconsideredhimtohavestolenthemoney Iwassurethathewasinnocentofthething 污秽的 无辜的 节约的 不同意 3 因果关系信号词 because since as for dueto so therefore so that such that thus Ex 3 He ssuchashrewdbusinessmanthathelosesnomoneyinanytrade Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow 浅的 精明的 修剪 混浊的 4 举例法信号词 such suchas like forexample instance especially include consistofCarsmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelt headlights andgoodbrakes 刹车 Onthefarmtheymainlyraisepoultry suchaschickens ducksandgeese fortheireggsandmeat 家禽 装置 5 重述信号词 or thatis tosay inotherwords toputitanotherway i e Insomecountrieswherethereisverylittlerain thefarmershavetoirrigate orwatertheirfields Allwhalesconsistoftwogroups thosewithteethandthosewithout Dolphinsbelongtoodontoceti thatistosay theyaretoothedwhales 灌溉 有牙齿的 6 同义词 近义词信号词 or like as as thesameasThenewtaxlawsupersedes orreplaces thelawthatwasineffectlastyear Motherwastall fatandmiddle aged Myauntwasanoldwoman almostasplumpasmother andmuchshorter 代替 圆胖的 7 生活经验 生活常识 逻辑推理Whenadoctorperformsanoperationonapatient heusuallygivesananaesthetictomakehimunconscious becausehedoesnotwanthispatienttofeelpainortoknowwhatishappeningtohim Whenyouthrowastoneintostillwaterofalake youwillwatcharipplespreadinringsonthesurfaceofwater Metalexpandswhenheatedandcontractswhencooled 麻药 波纹 膨胀 冷缩 8 根据生词所在的上下文猜测词义 例题 Tomcan tfindhissneakers C shoes Tomcan tfindhiswhitesneakers Tomcan tplaytennisnowbecausehecan tfindhiswhitesneakers A money B bowls l Janeisusuallyprompt A lateB ontimeC pleased Janeisusuallypromptforherclasses Janeisusuallypromptforallherclasses butshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclasstoday adj 敏捷的 迅速的 即时的adv 准时地 2 Tomsawanowllastnight A abirdB ananimalC thesun Tomsawanowlinatreelastnight Tomsawanowllastnightbutitflewawaywhenhegotnear 猫头鹰 3 Theboywantsapony A dogB catC horse Theboywantsabrownpony Theboywantstorideabrownpony 小型马 4 Thechildrenarelookingatanape A akindofmonkeyB akindofsnakeC akindoffruit Thechildrenarelookingatanapeatthezoo Thechildrenarelookingatalarge hairy 毛的 apeatthezoo 猿 5 Thetroutisverycheap A fishB fruitC apple Thefreshtroutisverycheap Thefreshtroutisverycheap butIdon tknowhowtocookit 鲑鱼 6 Theladyaskedthewaitresstogetherasaucer A aglassB acakeC asmallplate Theladyaskedthewaitresstogetheracleansaucer Theladyaskedthewaitresstogetheracleansaucertoputhercoffeecupon 茶托 7 Weseldomseeasparrownow A akindofdogB akindofplaneC akindofbird Weseldomseeasparrowinthesky Weseldomseeasparrowintheskybecausetheairisnotsocleannowasusedtobe 麻雀 中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀 super 超 inter 在 之间 able 能 的 mini 极少的 微型的 micro 极微小的 re 再 反复 sub 分支的 底下 co 共同 post 后 pre 前 trans 超越 转换 under 在 之下 低于 不足 hood 状态 性质 时期 ish 如 的 有点儿 的 proof 防 的 不能穿透的 scope 景 ship 身份 资格 权力 性质 some 易于 的 wards 向 mis 误 恶 un 不 非 in 不 非 im 不 非 dis 不 non 不 非 less 不 无 anti 反 防 sino 中国 例1 Don tlistentohisnonsense 例2 Jasonisalanguagespecialist 解 sense有 心智健全 意识 之意 non 构成它的反义词 故nonsense有 胡言乱语 胡说八道 之意 解 Special 是 unusual 不寻常的 之意 后缀 ist 指人 Specialist 就是 不寻常的人 也就是 专家 之意 判断指代内容 要求考生根据语境判断代词 this that it they them one等 或代动词 do does did dothat等 究竟指代什么 一 题干形式1 Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase referto 2010山东 2 Whatdoestheunderlinedword they referto 2010湖南 3 Theunderlinedword them refersto 2010北京 二 解题方法 一般说来 代词的指代内容大多在这一句的前 后句中 注 近年高考题只在前面句子中 或者前几个句子中 找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上 看一看这句话是否合理 与前后的内容是否一致 然后在判定它是否为正确答案 即 代入法 Whathaveyoulearnedtoday 1 Theoldmanputonhisspectaclesandbegantoread 2 ThedoorwassolowthatIhittheheadonthelintel 3 Thedoctorisstudyingglaucomaandotherdiseasesoftheeye 4 Mr Smithalwaysarriveshomepunctually neitherearlynorlate 5 Hehasbeengettingbetter butduringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated 6 Oneoftheobstaclestofalsereadingisvocalizing sayingthewordstothemselvesinalowvoice Revision 眼镜 楣 青光眼 Appletreesmaygrowastallastwelvemetres Theydobestinareasthathaveverycoldwinters Althoughnofruitisyieldedduringthewinter thiscoldperiodisgoodforthetree Thewordyieldedinthelastsentencemeans A improvedB increasedC producedD sold Thiskindofflowerthrivesinthisareabecausetheweatheriswarm thesoilisexcellentandthereisalotofrain A growswellB makesafewflowersC diesD failstogrow 主旨大意题 主旨判断题 主旨判断题就是考查文章的大意 考查学生归纳总结能力 一般我们可根据如下几个因素来判断 短文标题 主题 Title 大意 段落大意 Mainidea Part1 Mainidea 主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种 1 Thegeneral mainideaofthepassageisabout 2 Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage 3 Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily 4 Thepassageismostlyabout 5 Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout 6 Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage 7 Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage 8 Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis 9 Theauthor smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto 10 Thepassageismeantto 11 Thepurposeofthisarticleisto 技巧 1 认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子或最后一句 2 段落中出现转折时 该句很可能是主题句 如 though but however yet 3 首段出现疑问句时 对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨 4 文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述 抓住反复出现的中心词 即高频词 也叫做主题 5 文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后 例如 onthewhole inshort therefore infact Iagreewiththeopinionthat Forallthereasonsmentionedabove Iwouldprefer 掌握了找主题句的方法 就可以依据主题句归纳主题 但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误 需要同学们注意 1 以偏概全 即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题 2 过于笼统 即归纳的主题太泛 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证 3 把观点强加给作者 读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解 Kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal Suchapersonisnotreallyathief Theyaresickandcannothelpthemselves Allsmallchildrenactnaturallyandastheygrowuptheynormallylearntocontroltheiractions Peoplewithkleptomaniaforcertainmedicalreasonshavefailedtodevelopcontrolovertheirdesiretotakethingsthatdonotbelongtothem Withmedicalhelptheymaybecomenormalcitizensagain Theythingsthatakleptomaniacstealsareseldomofgreatvalue Theyoftengiveawaywhattheyhavestolenorcollectobjectswithoutusingthem 3 Q Whatisthetopicofthetext A YoungThieves B AnUnusualIllness C ReasonsforStealingD ANormalChild sActions TopicSentence Kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal 5 Youdreameachnight eventhoughyoumaynotrememberyourdreams Whileyoudreamyoureyesmoveandyourheartbeatsfaster Evenyourbrain wavepatternchanges Somescientiststhinkthatdreamingisimportantforthesakeofhealth Theyclaimthatwithoutdream peoplewouldgocrazy Q Whatdoesthepassagemainlytells A HowpeoplestayhealthyB HowsleepisnecessaryC WhydreamsareimportantD Whenpeopleremembertheirdreams TopicSentence Somescientiststhinkthatdreamingisimportantforthesakeofhealth Part2 Title 一 题干形式 Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage 2010广东 2 Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage 2007广东 3 Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage 2010北京 4 Thebesttitleforthetextwould 2010安徽 一个好的标题应具备以下3个特点 概括性 即抽象 准确而又简短 针对性 即标题外延与文章内容相符 帽子 不大不小 醒目性 即新颖奇特 能引发读者急迫的阅读欲望 二 解题方法 3种方法 正面肯定发 在理解文章主旨的基础上 揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨 反面否定法 撇开原文 拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的 文章 将是什么内容 然后和原文对照 一一进行排除 研究备选项本身 研究备选项里面的中心词 修饰词的变化 结构 新奇性 概括力等 文章的标题应该新颖奇特 以激发读者好奇心 吸引读者注意力 三 Practice Ex onpage85 判断推理题 推理判断题 技巧 找出作者所陈述的细节 事实以及能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语 进行符合逻辑的推理 注意 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节 有关推理的试题常常包括以下类型 1 Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat 2 Fromthetextweknowthat 3 Thestoryimpliesthat 4 Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybe 5 Thewriter sattitudetoward is 6 Theauthorimplied suggested that 7 Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat 8 Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport 9 Withwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragree Onedayamanwalkedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant Ineedtwosmallmiceandaboutfivedozenroaches 蟑螂 andtwospiders 蜘蛛 Whatdoyouneedthesethingsfor theshopassistantwasverysurprised Well repliedtheman I mmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordinsiststhatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit 8 Q Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintotheapartment itwas A veryclean B justcleanedbythelandlord C tidyandcomfortable D dirtyandfullofinsects Somepeopleareneverright Theyneverhavegoodluck Theyusuallydothewrongthingandsaythewrongthing AndevenifwhattheysayordoisOK theyasarulesayitordoitatthewrongtime Sothesepeoplealwayshaveproblems Theyoftenbreakdishes Theysometimesmissbusesandairplanes MrNeffisdifferent Heisalwaysright Heisneverwrong Heusuallyhasgoodluck Heseldomhasproblems Heneverbreaksdishes Henevermissesbusesorairplanes Evenifhedoesmissthem itisalwaysthefaultofthebusesorairplanes Mr Neffknowsalmosteverything Hedoesn taskquestions heanswersquestions Heneversays Idon tknow 9 Q Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewriter sattitude 态度 towardsMr Neff A HefindsMr Neffhardtounderstand B HethinksMr Neffwonderful C HefeelspityforMr Neff D HedoesnotlikeMr Neff 事实细节题 细节理解题 细节理解题就是我们常见的wh 题 它们大多是根据文章中的具体信息如事实 例证 原因 过程 论述等进行提问的 有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案 有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到 比如计算 排序 是非判断 图形比较等 做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子 再对相关的部分进行细读 找出正确答案 细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种 1 WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheinformationinthepassage 2 Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingexcept 3 Inthepassage theauthorstatesthat 4 Thereasonfor is 5 Accordingtothepassage when where why how who etc 6 Fromthepassageweknowthat ManyAmericanpresidentsinthe19thcenturywereborninpoorfamilies Theyspenttheirchildhoodinlittlewoodenrooms Theygotlittleeducation WashingtonandLincoln forexample neverwenttoschoolandtheytaughtthemselves Lincolnoncedidjobsofaworker shop keeperandpostofficerinhisearlyyears AlargenumberofU Spresidentshadexperiencesinthearmy ThetwobestknownwereUlyssesGrantandDwightD Eisenhower GrantwasageneralintheAmericanCivilWarandEisenhowerwasaherointhesecondWorldWar Ithappenedthattheygraduatedfromthesameschool WestPointMilitaryAcademy 西点军校 1 Q PresidentEisenhowerb