2013华中科技大学考博英语答案.docx

完型BARACK OBAMA, in his state-of-the-union speech on February 12th, called for a new era of scientific discovery. “Now is the time to reach alevel of research and development not seen since theheightof the space race,” he declared. He praised projects to map the human brain and accelerateregenerative medicine. This would mean spending more on research. As The Economist went topress, Americas government was about to do the opposite.2月12日，贝拉克?奥巴马在国情咨文演讲中号召人民开启科研成果新纪元。他宣布：“自太空竞赛取胜以来，我们始终未能将科技研发推向一个新高度，现在是时候了。”他还表扬了大脑活动图谱绘制工程和再生医学提速项目。这意味着他打算在科研上投入更多的经费。本期经济学人付印时，美国政府正欲背道而驰。Federal spending is due to be cut on March 1st, the result of a long brawloverthe deficit. Complex politics triggered this “sequester” (Congress excels at nothing if not elaborate dysfunction) but the sequester itself is brutally simple. America will cut $85 billion from this years budget (about 2.5% of spending),splitbetween military and non-military programmes. Among the areas to be squeezed is R&D, and medical research in particular.赤字当前，各政客长期意见不合，导致联邦自动减支于3月1日强制启动。政局复杂导致了“财政封存”（国会只擅长把紊乱的政局变得更糟），但是“财政封存”却简单得要命。美国将在本年度预算中削减850亿美元（约为总开支的2.5%），由军事开支和非军事开支共同分担。研发项目开支也将被削减，而医学研究首当其冲。For years America has enjoyed pre-eminence in research, but this isfading. Chinese investment (including both public and private money) more than quintupled from 2000 to 2010, to $160 billion, in 2005 prices. Americas R&D spending rose by just 22% over that period, according to the OECD. Research alsomakes upa smaller portion of Americas economy than some other countries. In a ranking of R&D spending as ashareof GDP, America came tenth in 2011. A decade earlier it was sixth.美国历年都在科研方面独占鳌头，但现在她龙头的光环越来越小。以2005年价格核算，2010年中国的研发投资是2000年的5倍多，达1600亿美元；而据经济合作与发展组织称，同期美国只增加了22%。同时，研究经费在美国经济中所占的比例比其他一些国家都要小。在2011年研发开支占GDP比例上，美国排名第十，而十年前，美国位居第六。Nevertheless, America remains the worlds biggestenginefor innovation. It spent $366 billion on research in 2011, compared with $275 billion by all 27 countries of the European Union.DespiteChinas rapid ascent, America still spends more than twice as much on R&D. Subsidies help. Americas government pays for about one-third of alldomesticresearch and for most basic science.然而，美国仍然是全球最大的创新引擎。2011年，美国在科研上投入了3660亿美元，而27个欧盟国家的总投入仅有2750亿美元。虽然中国涨势迅猛，美国在研发上的开支仍比中国高出1倍以上。这少不了补贴的功劳。美国政府承担国内三分之一左右的研究经费及多数基础科学费用。Medicine is one of the mainbeneficiaries. Americas National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the worlds biggest funder of biomedical research. It pays for risky basic science; companies pay forlaterstages of development. For example, the NIH supported early research into monoclonal antibodies. By 2010 such research underpinned five of Americas 20 bestselling drugs. As drug firms trim their budgets, the NIHs work is becoming even more vital. But since 2003, inflation-adjusted spending on medical research has declined.医学研究成了补贴的主要受益对象。美国国家卫生研究所（NIH）是世界最大的生物医学研究投资方。对于成功率较低的基础科学，开始阶段的研究由研究会买单，而后阶段的开发则由各大公司支付。比如，NIH支付了单克隆抗体早期的研发费用。截至2010年，美国最畅销的20种药物中，有5种来自于这种方式。药物公司的预算减少，NIH的作用就更加重要了。然而，由于通胀所迫，医学研究经费自2003年起也有所下降。With the sequester public investment will shrink further. Americas total outlayonR&D will drop by $8.7 billion this year, according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Francis Collins, the NIHs director, says that his organisation will spend $1.6 billion less in 2013a cut of 5.1%and $16 billion less over the next decade. Hundreds of grants will not be awarded. Existing grantees will receive only 90% of the cash promised to them.由于财政封存，国家投资将进一步减少。据美国科学发展协会称，今年美国在研发上的总支出会减少87亿美元。NIH所长弗朗西斯?柯林斯（Francis Collins）说，今年，NIH的开支也会缩减16亿美元，减少约5.1%。在未来十年内，将减少160亿美元；数百项项目经费也将取消。已申请成功的人士也只能拿到约定经费总额的九成。These cuts will speed theerosionof American supremacy in research. In December Battelle, a research group, predicted that China wouldsurpassAmericas spending by 2023. Thanks to the sequester, that date may come earlier.美国在研究领域的龙头地位已经不保，以上各项开支削减进一步加快了其下滑速度。去年12月，巴特尔研究中心预测，中国的科研经费将在2023年赶超美国。拜财政封存所赐，这天将来得更早了。But the real problem is absolute, not relative, and affects the whole world, not just America. R&D is a rare type of public spending thatstimulatesgrowth. Knowledge is cumulative, easy to share and generates benefits thatspillrapidly across borders. Dr Collins says that cuts to the NIH will slow work on Alzheimers disease, a universal flu vaccine and cancer therapies, to name just a few.阅读For years scholarshave contrasted slavery in the United States and in Brazil, stimulated by thefact that racial patterns assumed such different aspects in the two countriesafter emancipation. Brazil never developed a system of rigid segregationof the sort (of thesort:那样的;这类的.,诸如此类的.)thatreplaced slavery in the United States, and its racial system was fluid becauseits definition of race was based as much on characteristics such as economicstatus as on skin color. Until recently, the most persuasive explanation forthese differences was that Portuguese institutions especially the RomanCatholic church and Romancivil law (civil law: n.民法),promoted recognition of the slaves humanity. The English colonists, on theother hand, constructed their system of slaveryoutof whole cloth (whole cloth: purefabrication usually used in the phraseoutof whole cloth). There were simply no precedents in Englishcommon law (commonlaw:习惯法), and separation of church and state barred Protestant clergy fromthe role that priests assumed in Brazil.But the assumption that institutions alone could so powerfully affect the history of two raw and malleablefrontier (a new field for exploitative or developmental activity)countriesseems, on reexamination, untenable. Recent studies focus instead on aparticular set of contrasting economic circumstances and demographic profilesat significant periods in the histories of the two countries. Persons of mixed race quickly appeared in both countries. In the United States they were considered to be Black, a social definition that was feasible because they werein the minority. In Brazil, it was not feasible. Though intermarriage wasillegal in both countries, the laws were unenforceable in Brazil since Whitesformed a small minority in an overwhelmingly Black population. Manumission for persons of mixed race was also easier in Brazil, particularly in the nineteenthcentury when in the United States it was hedged about with difficulties.Furthermore, a shortage of skilled workers in Brazil provided persons of mixedrace with the opportunity to learn crafts and trades, even before generalemancipation, whereas in the United States entry into these occupations was blocked by Whites sufficiently numerous to fill the posts. The consequence was the development in Brazil of a large class of persons of mixed race, proficientin skilled trades and crafts, who stood waiting as a community for freed slavesto join.There should be no illusion that Brazilian society after emancipation was color-blind. Rather, the large population of persons of mixed race produced a racial system thatincluded a third status, a bridge between the Black caste and the White, whichcould be traversed by means of economic or intellectual achievement, marriage,or racial heritage. The strict and sharp line between the races socharacteristic of the United States in the years immediately after emancipationwas simply absent. With the possible exception of New Orleans, no special “place” developed in the United States for persons of mixed race.Sad to say, every pressure of society worked to prevent their attaininganything approximating the economic and social position available to theircounterparts in Brazil.1. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with(A) contrastingthe systems of slavery that were established in Brazil and in the United States(B) criticizingthe arguments of those scholars who considered religion and law to be thedeterminants of the systems of slavery in Brazil and in the United States(C) describingthe factors currently thought to be responsible for the differences in theracial patterns that evolved in Brazil and in the United States(D) advocatingfurther study of the differences between the racial systems that developed inBrazil and in the United States答案（C）(E) pointingout the factors that made the status of Blacks in the United States lower thanthat of Blacks in Brazil2. Accordingto the passage, early scholars explained the differences between the racialsystems that developed in the United States and in Brazil as the result ofwhich of the following factors?(A)Institutional(B) Demographic(C) Economic(D) Geographical答案（A）(E) Historical3. Inthe context in which it is found, the phrase “constructed their system ofslavery out of whole cloth” (lines 15-16) implies that the system of slaveryestablished by the English settlers was(A) based onfabrications and lies(B) tailored tothe settlers particular circumstances(C) intended toserve the needs of a frontier economy(D) developed without direct influence from the settlers religion or legal system答案（D）(E) evolvedwithout giving recognition to the slaves humanity4. Theauthor implies that the explanation proposed by early scholars for thedifferences between the systems of slavery in the United States and in Brazilis(A) stimulatingto historians and legal scholars(B) morepowerful than more recent explanations(C) persuasivein spite of minor deficiencies(D) excessivelylegalistic in its approach 答案（E）(E)questionable in light of current scholarly work5. Theauthor mentions intermarriage, manumission, and the shortage of skilled workersin Brazil primarily in order to establish which of the following?(A) Theenvironment in which Brazils racial system developed(B) Theinfluence of different legal and economic conditions in Brazil and the UnitedStates on the life-style of persons of mixed race(C) The originsof Brazils large class of free skilled persons of mixed race(D) Thedifferences between treatment of slaves in Brazil and in the United States 答案（C）(E) Thedifficulties faced by persons of mixed race in the United States, as comparedto those in Brazil8. Withwhich of the following statements regarding human behavior would the author ofthe passage be most likely to agree?(A) Only a foolor a political candidate would sing very loudly the glories of the institutionsof Western culture.(B) Contactsportsdisplacements of our abiding impulses to killspeak of essential humanbehavior more truthfully than all the theories of psychologists and historians.(C) Family,church, political party: these are the strong foundations of history and humanbehavior.(D) Money andits pursuit: an exploration of that theme will chart accurately the developmentof civilizations and the determinants of human behavior. 答案（E）(E) Thecircumstances in which humans find themselvesmore than treasured beliefs orlegal prescriptionsmold human behavior.托福 LSAT第26套 SECTION IVMedievalists (medievalist: n.中世纪研究家, 中古史学家) usually distinguish medieval public law (public law: n.公法, 国际公法) from private law: the former was concerned with government and military affairs and the latter with the family, social status, and land transactions. Examination on medieval womens lives shows this distinction to be overly simplistic. Although medieval women were legally excluded from roles that categorized as public, such as solider, justice, jury member, or professional administrative official, womens control of landusually considered a private or domestic phenomenonhad important political implications in the feudal system of thirteenth-century England. Since land equaled wealth and wealth equaled power, certain women exercised influence by controlling land. Unlike unmarried women who were legally subject to their guardians or married women who had no legal identity separate from their husbands, women who were widows had autonomy with respect to (with respect to: 关于, 至于)acquiring or disposing of certain property, suing in court, incurring liability for their own debts, and making wills.Although feudal lands were normally transferred through primogeniture (the eldest son inheriting all), when no sons survived, the surviving daughters inherited equal shares under what was known as partible (partible: adj.可分的) inheritance. In addition to controlling any such land inherited from her parents and any bridal dowryproperty a woman brought to the marriage from her own familya widow was entitled to use of one-third of her late (late: adj.已故的) husbands lands. Called “dower (dower: n.从亡夫处得来的用以维持生活的财产)” in England, this grant had greater legal importance under common law than did the bridal dowry; no marriage was legal unless the groom endowed the bride with this property at the wedding ceremony. In 1215 Magna Carta (The charter of English political and civil liberties granted by King John at Runnymede in June 1215.: 大宪章1215年6月英国国王约翰在拉尼米德签署的保障公民政治和自由权的宪章)guaranteed a widows right to claim her dower without paying a fine; this document also strengthened widows ability to control land by prohibiting forced remarriage. After 1272 women could also benefit from jointure (jointure: n.律 寡妇所得遗产, v.(丈夫生前划定的)由妻继承的遗产): the groom could agree to hold part or all of his lands jointly with the bride, so that if one spouse died, the other received these lands.Since many widows had inheritances as well as dowers, widows were frequently the financial heads of the family; even though legal theory assumed the maintenance of the principle of primogeniture, the amount of land the widow controlled could exceed that of her son or of other male heirs. Anyone who held feudal land exercised authority over the people attached to the landknights, rental tenants, and peasantsand had to hire estate administrators, oversee accounts, receive rents, protect tenants from outside encroachment, punish tenants for not paying rents, appoint priests to local parishes, and act as guardians of tenants children and executors of their wills. Many married women fulfilled these duties as deputies for husbands away at court or at war, but widows could act on their own behalf. Widows legal independence is suggested by their frequent appearance in thirteenth-century English legal records. Moreover, the scope of their sway (3 a: a controlling influence b: sovereign power: DOMINION c: the ability to exercise influence or authority: DOMINANCE; synonyms see POWER) is indicated by the fact that some controlled not merely single estates, but multiple counties.6.Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?(A) The traditional view of medieval women as legally excluded from many public offices fails to consider thirteenth-century women in England who were exempted from such restrictions.(B) The economic independence of women in thirteenth-century England was primarily determined not by their marital status, but by their status as heirs to their parents estates.(C) The laws and customs of the feudal system in thirteenth-century England enabled some women to exercise a certain amount of power despite their legal exclusion from most public roles.(D) During the thirteenth century in England, widows gained greater autonomy and legal rights to their property than they had had in previous centuries.（C）(E) Widows in thirteenth-century England were able to acquire and dispose of lands through a number of different legal processes.7.With which one of the following statements about the views held by the medievalists mentioned in line 1 would the author of the passage most probably agree?(A) The medieval role of landowners was less affected by thirteenth-century changes in law than these medievalists customarily have recognized.(B) The realm of law labeled public by these medievalists ultimately had greater political implications than that labeled private.(C) The amount of wealth controlled by medieval women was greater than these medievalists have recorded.(D) The distinction made by these medievalists between private law and public law fails to consider some of the actual legal cases of the period.（E）(E) The distinction made by these medievalists between private and public law fails to address the political importance of control over land in the medieval era.8.Which one of the following most accurately expresses the meaning of the world “sway” as it is used in line 60 of the passage?(A) vacillation(B) dominion(C) predisposition(D) inclination（B）(E) mediation9.Which one of the following most accurately describes the function of the second paragraph of the passage?(A) providing examples of specific historical events as support for the conclusion drawn in the third paragraph(B) narrating a sequence of events whose outcomes discussed in the third paragraph(C) explaining how circumstances described in the first paragraph could have occurred(D) describing the effects of an event mentioned in the first paragraph（C）(E) evaluating the arguments of a group mentioned in the first paragraph10.According to information in the passage, a widow in early thirteenth-century England could control more land than did her eldest son if(A) the widow had been granted the customary amount of dower land and the eldest son inherited the rest of the land(B) the widow had three daughters in addition to her eldest son(C) the principle of primogeniture had been applied in transferring the lands owned by the widows late husband(D) none of the lands held by the widows late husband had been placed in jointure（E）(E) the combined amount of land the widow had acquired from her own family and from dower was greater than the amount inherited by her son13.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) explain a legal controversy of the past in light of modern t