一、句子按功能分可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句.doc

一、句子按功能分可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句陈 述 句陈述句的定义：陈述句主要是用来传递信息，提供情况（包括肯定和否定的情况）。 China is the largest country in Asia. Im going to see a film. 我打算去看电影。 Im not going to see a film. 我不打算去看电影。 She has arrived. 她已经到达。 She hasnt arrived yet. 她还没有到达。 He teaches English. 他教英语。 He doesnt teach English. 他不教英语。 He has some money left. 他还剩一点钱。 He hasnt any money left. 他分文不剩。祈使句表示请求、命令、禁止、劝告或建议的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Lets开头的祈使句；（4）以助动词do开头的祈使句。1 肯定祈使句。如：Stop talking! Come here in time!2 否定祈使句，即以Dont或Never开头的句子。如：Dont talk in class. Never leave todays work for tomorrow.3 以Lets 开头的句子。如：Lets go together. Let him go first.4 以助动词do开头的祈使句，在句中起加强语气的作用，译成“一定，务必”。如：Do come to see me if you have time.感叹句含有表示情绪色彩的词的句子叫感叹句。感叹句的结构通常有三种形式：（1）what引导的感叹句，强调句中的名词；（2）how引导的感叹句、强调句中的形容词或副词；（3）由感情色彩的单词或词组构成的感叹句。1 What引导的感叹句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主谓结构！（有时主谓结构可省略）。如：What a hot day it is!What good advice the teacher gave us!What high buildings they are!2 How引导的感叹句。How+adj./adv.+主谓结构！如：How interesting the book is!How hard they are working!当然，what感叹句和how感叹句有时可以互相转换。当What修饰单数可数名词时，如果这一名词有形容词修饰，也可用how引导感叹句，但不定冠词a或an 需放在形容词之后。 如：What a large factory = How large a factory it is! 疑问句用来提出问题，表示疑问的句子就叫疑问句。这类句子的形式比较多，中学阶段常见的有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。1 一般疑问句一般疑问句是用来表示某人或某物是否属实，并且要用yes或no来回答的疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时要用声调。其语序一般要用倒装结构。如：-Are you an engineer?-Yes, I am或No, I am not.2 特殊疑问句以疑问代词（who, whom, whose, what, which等）和疑问副词（when, where, why, how等）开头的疑问句就叫特殊疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时用降调。其句式结构分正常语序和倒装语序两种形式。如：What has happened to her?When did he fly to America?3 选择疑问句在句中提供的两个或多个答案中选择一个作回答的疑问句，就叫做选择疑问句。朗读时前面的一个或多个选择用升调，最后一个选择用降调。这种疑问句的句式结构有两种情况：即一般疑问句和特殊疑问句再加上供选择的两个或多个部分。但不管用哪种形式，都要按实际情况来回答。如：-Do you enjoy playing football or volleyball? I enjoy playing volleyball.-Which floor do you live on, the 15th floor or the 21st floor? On the 21st floor.4 反意疑问句表示提问者对自己所陈述的事情有怀疑或是没有把握，需要别人加以证实的疑问句，就叫做反意疑问句。其句式结构由两部分组成，即陈述部分再加一个简略问句。如果陈述部分是肯定句，简略问句就用肯定形式。但不管用哪种形式，前后两部分中的人称、数、时态等都要保持一致，并且陈述部分中的主语不论是用什么词充当，简略问句中的主语一定是一个人称代词。对反意疑问句的回答，其肯定形式都用yes，否定回答用no。朗读时，陈述部分通常用降调，简略问句部分用升、降调都可以。如：-You spoke at the meeting yesterday, didnt you? -Yes, I did. 或No, I didnt.反意疑问句的变化规则：1）前面陈述句部分是肯定式，后面问句部分一般用是否定式；如前一部分是否定式，后一部分一般用肯定式.前后两部分在人称，数及时态上通常保持一致. 如：You are a student，arent you?(你是学生，对吗?) 2）祈使句后面用反意疑问句，要注意人称的变化。 如：Go to the cinema，will you? 3）省略的感叹句后面，要注意主语的单复数。 如：What fine weather，isnt it? 4）述句部分的主语如是I，疑问部分要用 arent I. 如: Im as tall as your sister，arent I? 5）述部分用never，hardly，few，nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little 等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义. 如: He seldom came here,did he? 6）述句部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用didnt+主语或usednt +主语. 如: He used to go to school at seven, didnt he? / usednt he? 7）述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadnt you? 如: Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you? 8）述部分有Youd like to +v.疑问部分用wouldnt+主语. 如：Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you? 9）主语是everyone， someone，anyone，no one等不定代词时，用they 指代. 如：Everyone is here，arent they?(所有的人都来了吗?) 10）主语是everything，something，anthing，nothing时，用it 指代。 11）省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。 如: Dont do that again, will you? 12） Lets 开头的祈使句，后用shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you? 13）陈述部分是there be结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。 如: There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there?二、句子按结构分可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。例如：He likes swimming and often swims in the river.并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上简单句连在一起构成。例如： I learn English and he learns French.复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。例如： It was raining hard when I got home yesterday.（一）简单句的五种基本句型1. S+V 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语、非谓语动词（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）等作状语。如:、He laughed.John has read widely.（副词）He lives in London.（介词短语）Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （现在分词作时间状语） Being very tired, my father didnt go out with us. （现在分词作原因状语） Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （过去分词作原因状语） Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (过去分词作条件状语)2. S+V+O 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。如:Our team beat all the others.3. S+V+P 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有:be(是),become(成为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等。如:The rose smells sweet.4. S+V+INO+DO 此句型的特点是:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词有:answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell,write等。如:Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua?5. S+V+O+OC此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如:We must keep our school clean. They made him their monitor.【注】S=Subject(主语); V=Verb(谓语动词);P=Predicative(表语); O=Object(宾语); INO=Indirect Object(间接宾语);DO=Direct Object(直接宾语); OC=Object Complement(宾语补足语) （二）并列句并列句分为: 联合并列句, 转折并列句, 选择并列句和因果并列句 1.联合并列句常由并列词and,notonlybutalso.等连接 如:Useyourhand,andyoullfindaway. 2.转折并列句常由并列连词but,while,yet,whereas,nevertheless等连接 如: IwouldlovetohavegonetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport. 3.选择疑问句常由并列连词or,otherwise,eitheror,等连接 如: EitheryouleavethishouseorIllcallthepolice 4.因果并列句由并列连词so,for,therefore等连接. 如:Itwaslate,sowewenthome. 5.在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or.可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and或or去掉. 如:Hurryup,andwellbethereintime.=Ifwehurryup,wellbethereintime. 6.because不能和so; although/though不能和but连用 （三）主从复合句1、概念：主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起来会议没完没了。) / Hurry up, or (else) youll be late.(快点, 要不然就来不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。)2、分类：从句按其在复合句中的作用, 分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、（统称为名词性从句），定语从句和状语从句等。3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：(1) 表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。 例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.(2) 宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。关于宾语从句连词的选择：若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if 或whether; 若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。) (从句来源于一般问句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。) (从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine? )宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。) 或 The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。) 下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待： be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句,如：Im sorry Im late. (对不起,我迟到了。) Im afraid he isnt in at the moment. （恐怕他此刻不在家。）(3) 状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。时间状语从句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I wont leave until Mum comes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。)地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever等引导。如：Go back where you came from! (哪里来还滚到哪里去！) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。) 目的状语从句通常由so that., so.hat., in order that. 等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)结果状语从句通常由 so that., so.that. 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。) 比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so).as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I dont have as many books as you (do). (我书没有你多)让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引导。如：Even if you pay the debt(债务) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)条件状语从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)注意1、because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。(4) 定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。) 语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who、whose、whose、as称为关系代词, where、when、why称为关系副词。 关系代词或关系副词的作用：关系代词who、whom 和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) /I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)注意1、关系代词只能用that的情况：当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。) 2、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如：Toms father was the first parent （whom） our teacher talked to. (Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。) 3、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)(5) 主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：When we should start is still a question. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。) 巩固练习： 1. He began to think about _ he should do the new work.A. what B. who C. which D. how2. I asked my friend Jim _ he was getting on.A. whatB. why C. which D. how3. He telephoned her _ he wanted to see her.A. that B. which C. what D. whom 4. She asked me _ I could help her with her box.A. what B. who C. if D. that 5. We learnt from his letter _ he was in London.A. which B. that C. whetherD. if 6. I dont think _ shes interested in such work, is she?A. if B. why C. thatD. when 7. The teacher wanted to know _ you were so late.A. that B. what C.whichD. why 8. I havent seen her for years. I dont know _ she looks like now.A. which B. why C. whenD. what 9. He is poor. _ he needs is money.A. What B. How C. WhyD. That 10. I met Mrs Green _ I was shopping this morning. A. as soon as B. while C. sinceD. until 11. _ we had finished tea we all sat on the grass.A. Before B. Since C. AfterD. Whether12. We havent heard from him since he left for the South.A. after B. before C. sinceD. when 13. She waited a little while _ she made up her mind.A. since B. while C. beforeD. as soon as14. _ you do this for us, we shall be very pleased.A. Whether B. If C. BecauseD. Before 15. I didnt go to the cinema _ I had already seen the film.A. after B. if C. that D. because 16. Its raining too hard. Lets wait _ the rain stops.A. since B. after C. untilD. when 17. I dont know if he _ or not tomorrow.A. come B. comes C. will come D. is