2018年上海高三英语二模文章分析(10).doc

高考文章分析（10)Vocabulary Learning:1.initial最初的nl2.follow-up investigation后续的调查3.replicate复制perly合适地，恰当地5.arrive at firm conclusions得到有力的结论6.animal model动物模型7.reproduce promising drug targets完成有前途的药物指标生产8.academic 学术机构9.laboratory实验室lbrtr10.calls for要求11.attempt to尝试做12.peer-reviewed studies同行评审研究13.valid有效的14.take a concerted effort齐心协力15.stakeholder利益相关者stekhld(r)16.fix this problem解决这个问题17.reliable可靠的18.efficient效率高的19.collaborative合作的klbretv20.registration注册，登记redstre()n21.statistical tool数据工具22.along with和23.replicate experiment复制实验24.replicate their result复制结果25.look down on轻视，看不起26.waste resource浪费资源27.false lead错误的引导28.obstacle障碍bstk()l29.the inaccessibility of data数据的可用性30.extremely difficult非常困难31.Investigator调查者32.computer crash电脑死机33.online links malfunction网络连接失灵34.be confronted about面对35.journals日报，杂志dn()l36.adopt measure采取措施37.checklists清单38.funding agency基金机构39.outline their plan概述他们的计划40.receive a government grant得到政府授权41.revise the present incentive(激励) structure修改目前的激励结构nsentv42.put into use投入使用43.be devoted to致力于44.mankind人类45.target population目标人群46.unoriginal非原先的，非原创的47.nonreplicable findings不可复制的发现48.highlight强调，突出长难句分析：The growing recognition（ that something has gone wrong in the laboratory） has led to calls for, 主语 同位语 谓语 宾语 （as one might guess）, more research on research attempts to find rules to ensure that 插入语peer-reviewed studies are,（ in fact）, valid. 插入语句子主干：The growing recognition has led to calls for more research on researchReproducing other scientists analyses or replicating their results has（ too often in the past ）been 主语 谓语（has been looked down on)looked down on (with a kind of “me-too” derision嘲笑) that would waste resources but often they may help avoid false leads( that would have been even more wasteful). 定语修饰leads(1)Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year on medical research is wasted because too often absolutely nothing happens after initial results of a study are published. No follow-up investigations to replicate(复制) or expand on a discovery. No one uses the findings to build new technologies.(2)The problem is not just what happens after publication scientists often have trouble choosing the right questions and properly designing studies to answer them. Too many studies test too few subjects to arrive at firm conclusions. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not in humans. Drug companies find themselves unable to reproduce promising drug targets published by the best academic institutions. The growing recognition that something has gone wrong in the laboratory has led to calls for, as one might guess, more research on research attempts to find rules to ensure that peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.(3)It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other stakeholders to fix this problem. We can do so by exploring ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient. These may include collaborative team science, study registration, stronger study designs and statistical tools, and better peer review, along with making scientific data widely available so that others can replicate experiments, therefore building trust in the conclusions of those studies. (4)Reproducing other scientists analyses or replicating their results has too often in the past been looked down on with a kind of “me-too” derision(嘲笑) that would waste resources but often they may help avoid false leads that would have been even more wasteful. Perhaps the biggest obstacle to replication is the inaccessibility of data and results necessary to rerun the analyses that went into the original experiments. Searching for such information can be extremely difficult. Investigators die, move and change jobs; computers crash; online links malfunction. Data are sometimes lost even, as one researcher claimed when confronted about spurious(伪造的) results, eaten by termites(白蚁).(5)There has definitely been some recent progress. An increasing number of journals, including Nature and Science, have adopted measures such as checklists for study design and reporting while improving statistical review and encouraging access to data. Several funding agencies, meanwhile, have asked that researchers outline their plans for sharing data before they can receive a government grant. (6) But it will take much more to achieve a lasting culture change. Investigators should be rewarded for performing good science rather than just getting statistically significant (“positive”) but nonreplicable results. Revising the present incentive(激励) structure may require changes on the part of journals, funders, universities and other research institutions. Reparagraph the whole passage and summarize each paragraph63.What is the problem reported in those papers in The Lancet?（细节）A. Great achievements in medical research failed to get published.B. Money was wasted on follow-up investigations in medical research.C. Too many new research findings are not put into use after publication.D. Few scientists are devoted to building new technologies for mankind.64.Which of the following situation is most similar to the problem described in paragraph 2?（细节）A. A high school decides to cut its art programs due to the lack of fund.B. A patient gets sicker because he does not follow the doctors advice.C. A marketing firm tests a website with participants that are not target population.D. A drug company fails to produce the new drug due to no access to the latest data.65.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?（推断）A. Measures are taken to ensure publication of tested results only.B. Scientific experiments must be replicable to be considered valid.C. Experiment replication is unoriginal and not worthwhile.D. Rewards should be given only to those nonreplicable findings.66.The purpose of this article is to _.（主旨）A. argue that scientific research lacks efficiencyB. explain the result of a recent scientific studyC. introduce some recent progress in medical researchD. highlight the possible problems of research studies词汇巩固（英译中）Vocabulary Learning:1.initial2.follow-up investigation3.replicate(复制) 4.properly5.arrive at firm conclusions.6.animal model7.reproduce promising drug targets8.academic institution9.laboratory10.calls for,11.attempt to12.peer-reviewed studies13.valid14.take a concerted effort15.stakeholder16.fix this problem.17.reliable18.efficient19.collaborative20.registration21.statistical tool22.along with23.replicate experiment24.replicate their result25.look down on26.waste resource27.false lead28.obstacle29.the inaccessibility of data30.extremely difficult. 31.Iputer crash33.online links malfu