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TIPSFORPUBLISHINGINWESTERNJOURNALS MarkWilliamsUniversityofColoradoEditor Arctic Antarctic andAlpineResearch PublishinginWesternJournals Whycan tChinesescientistsgetpublishedinwesternJournals AseditorofAAAR Irejectabout90 ofmanuscriptssubmittedfromChinaAretherelessonsthattheChinesecanlearnthatwillhelpthemgetpublishedinwesternjournals Arctic Antarctic andAlpineResearchhasanImpactFactor0 964 Itisrankednumber2intheGeographycategoryandnumber14intheEnvironmentalSciencesMycommentsarebasedinpartfrommyexperienceaseditorofAAAR I malsoascientist PersonalChinaexperiences OVERVIEW ContrastChineseandWesternculturalapproachestoeducationStep by stepinstructionsonhowtowriteamanuscriptforwesternjournals CHINA MajoreconomicforceNaturalentreprenuershipWorld classscientificpowerScienceeducationextensive rigorous NOTFULFILLINGSCIENTIFICPOTENTIAL LowscientificprofileontheworldstageLostopportunities bothscientificallyandtechnologicallyMissedopportunitiestoimproveeconomyandqualityoflifeofChinesecitizens RespectedDifficultexamsManyhoursspentstudyingEmphasisonrotelearning ANCIENTSCHOLARS SovietModel ChineseborrowedtherigidSovietsysteminthe1950 sSovietmodelcongealedwithChina straditionalvalueofeducation notjustpoliticalthinking TraditionaleducationinChina fromtheConfuciouseraon hasalwaysbeentoremoveindependentthinkingCulturalproblem AUTHORITYvsCREATIVITYDeferencetoexistingauthorityandmajorparadigmsisamajorbarriertoscientificbreakthrough MMPoo Nature 2004 CONSTRUCTIVEADVICE GreaterengagementwithscientistsinthewesternworldProvideascientificenvironmentthatattractsthebestandbrightessChinesestudentstoreturnfromthewesttoChina Campbell Nature V428 2004 ModernResearch TraininginscientificthinkingInnovationPrioritysettingProblemsolvingClearcommunicationCreativity EssentialTension DesiretoexcelChallengesfromcolleaguesAndSTUDENTS CompetitionfrompeersPublishorperishHeart mind andsoulofscientificinquiry RAISEQUESTIONS ChallengeexistingparadigmsChallengehypothesesChallengeconceptsChallengefieldmethodsChallengeanalyticalmethodsShowhowyouimprovescience PUBLISHINGPAPERS BuildsonthistensionofchallengingexistingparadigmsIncorporatestheChinesestrengthsofmathematicalsophisticationandattentiontoanalyticaldetailFollowsaveryprescribedformulathatisnottaughtcurrentlyinChineseschoolsEmphasisoncreativity newinsights WHYSUCHHIGHREJECTIONRATES cultural Cultural CULTURAL COMMONQUESTIONS Whatisacceptableresearchbywesternjournals Whatgoesintheintroduction Howmuchmethodsdoyouneed Whatisthedifferencebetweenresultsanddiscussion Wheredoyouciteotherwork ACCEPTANCECRITERIA NewcontributiontoscienceOriginalandcreativeworkHypothesistestingand orimportantobjectives NOTACCEPTABLE Inventory typedataPlantsoftheTarimBasinSoilcharacteristicsoftheHengduanalpineReportingdataClimateoftheTibetanPlateauNutrientcontentofsoilprofilesBoththeseexampleswouldbeacceptableifthedatausedtotesthypotheses STEP BY STEPPOINTERS AbstractIntroductionSiteDescriptionMethodsResultsDiscussion ABSTRACT First2 3sentencesWhat why where when andhowMainbody importantresultsPlaceimportantresultshere actualvalues egregressionresults t tests etcNoorlittleinterpretationofresultsLastsentence speculateonimportanceofresults250 300totalwords INTRODUCTION Whyisyourresearchimportant Whoshouldcareaboutyourresearch Whatisthenewcontributiontoscience Theintroductionisapersuasiveessaythatconvincesthereader reviewertheresearchistimely interesting insightful INTRO Subsections ProblemStatementCurrentgapsinknowledgeWhythosegapsinknowledgeoccurNewtools approachestofillinggapsObjectives hypothesesThesebuildontheparagraphsaboveBeexplicitaboutnewcontributionstoscienceEcology hypothesistestingClimate Hydrology objectives PROBLEMSTATEMENT DefinetheproblemExplainwhytheproblemisofinterestBackgroundmaterialthatsummarizesthecurrentstateofknowledgeInitial2paragraphsorsoCitegroundbreaking olderpapersCitecurrent recentpapersGrabthereadersinterest EXAMPLE Wolskyetal 1967 haveshownthatclimateextremesaremorelikelytoaffectsociety includingcropyield thanchangesinthemeanclimate Morerecently Liuetal 2003 conductednumericalsimulationsandconcludedthatclimateextremesatregionalscales suchasovertheTibetanPlateau havelargeramplitudethanextremesattheglobalscale andarethuslikely GAPSINKNOWLEDGE Whatarethecurrentholesinourknowledge 1 2paragraphsExplainwhytheseholesexistExplainhowfillingtheseholeswilladvancescienceThelackofahomogeneousclimatenetworkovertheTibetanPlateauhashinderedourabilitytodocumentandunderstandthevariabilityandmagnitudeofextremeclimateevents reference Thedevelopmentofarobustandlong termclimatedatabasewouldfacilitate PreviousResearch YouhavetobefamiliarwithalltherecentresearchinthewesternworldItmayseemunfair andis becausethesepapersareallwritteninEnglish However youhavenochoice Togetpublished youmustbeanexpertinyourchosenfield OBJECTIVES HYPOTHESES AlwaysthelastparagraphofintroRoadmapofwhatyouwillpresentintheremainderofthemanuscriptBeexplicitaboutnewcontributiontoscienceRemember youaregoingformthelocal yourresearch totheglobal showinghowyourresearchmovesscienceforward Hypotheses Objectives Herewetestthehypothesisthatthestrengthofthesummermonsoonisinverselyrelatedtotheamountofsnow coveredareaontheTibetanPlateau Weestimatedsnow coveredareaontheTibetanPlateaufrom1976to2002usingmicrowavesensorsvalidatedwithfieldcampaignsconductedin2000and2001 Additionalobjectivesare 1 toimproveourknowledgeofthespatialdistributionofsnow coveredareaontheTibetanPlateau 2 to INTROSUMMARY Length usually4 6paragraphsAboveall youarewritingapersuasiveessaythatconvincesthereaderthismanuscriptwillmakeanimportantcontributiontoscienceBeclearaboutthecreativityandoriginalityoftheresearch Datareportsarenotacceptable SITEDESCRIPTION MapSitelocation localtoregionalSamplinglocationsinresearchareaImportantfeatures landscapetypes geology soilcover waterfeatures etc SITEDESCRIPTION TextImportantinformationthatcharacterizesthelocation geology landscapetype generalclimate topography landusechange etc TheTibetanPlateauisthehighestcontinentallandmassintheworld Elevationrangesfrom2 500to8 000meters withanaverageelevationof4 200m Climateisarid withanaverageannualprecipitationof300mm Zhouetal 2001 Thereisalargeseasonalrangeinairtemperature from 15degreesCinwinterto METHODS Enoughdetailforsomeoneelsetorecreatetheexperiment redothedataanalysisExplainhowandwhyexperimentallocationschosen random logisticalcontraints etc WhatstatisticaltestsandwhyReferenceoriginalmethodspresentation Example soilwaterchemistry AnalyticalinstrumentnameandmodelAnyunusualprotocolsAccuracy precision anddetectionlimitsStandardsandblanksSamplecollection transport holdingtimesForexample weanalyzedsoilsamplesfortotalnitrogenandtotalphosphorus isnotacceptable Example soilwaterchemistry Soilwatersampleswerecollectedusingtensionlysimeters CampbellScientificDR20a followingtheprotocolofLitaor 1986 Sampleswereimmediatelyfilteredusing0 4mmGelmanGFfilters Sampleswerekeptchilledat4degreesCandanalyzedwithin10daysfornutrients DOCwasanalyzedonaShimaduzTOC5050a Detectionlimitwas0 2mg L RESULTS DescribeandpresentyourresultsHighlighttheimportantresultsShortexplanationofWHYyourresultsareinterestingNoorlittleinterpretationofresultsFewornoreferencestootherworkAnalyzetheresultsSecondaryanalysisaboveandbeyondpresentingtheinitialmeasurement modelingvalues EXAMPLE Wrong ResultsarepresentedinTablex Correct OurresultssuggestthatthestrengthofthesummermonsoonontheTibetplateauisinverselyrelatedtothespatialextentofsnow coveredarea AsimplelinearregressionbetweenthemonsoonindexandSCAhasanegativeslope monsoonindex 4 0 11SCA Moreover theregressionissignificantatthealpha 0 05level R2 0 72 n 19 p 0 01 DISCUSSION CompareyourresultstothoseofotherinvestigatorsLotsofreferencesInterpretyourresultsintermsofprocesses etc LotsofreferencesagainSpeculateonmajorsciencequestions COMPARERESULTS OurresultsareconsistentwithotherreportsthatsuggestaninverserelationshipbetweenthestrengthoftheIndianMonsoonandsnow coveredareaontheTibetanPlateau Forexample Smithetal 1996 showedthatprecipitationamountatDarleng IndiagenerallyincreasedwhenSSMImicrowavedatashowednegativesnowanomaliesontheTibetan INTERPRETPROCESSES OurresultssuggestthattheintensityoftheIndianmonsoonisdrivenbytheamountofheatingoftheTibetanPlateau Previousresearchhasshownthatlate lyingsnowpacksdecreaseambientairtemperaturebecausethenetenergybalancemustgotowardsmeltingsnowratherthanwarmingsoils Williamsetal 1999 Thus decreasingsnowresults MostImportant ReviewersreallymakethedecisionGenerallygettworeviewsNeedtodoeverythingtogetthereviewersonyoursideGoodEnglishFormatcorrectlyExcellentfiguresTextshouldbeeasytoread DealingwithEditors PayattentiontojournalformatSendinthebestpossiblemanuscriptMakesurethatthejournalacknowledgesthattheyreceivedyourmanuscriptCheckinaboutfourmonthsonstatusifyouhaven theardfromthejournalAlwaysbecourteousinyourcorrespondence ReviewComments SeemunfairMayseemhostileUsecriticismsasfoundationforimprovementDONOTsendtoadifferentjournalwithminimalimprovement HaveapositiveapproachLearnfromthecriticism AdditionalSteps HaveyourinstitutehireanativeEnglishspeakerasa