【北师大版】高中英语一轮复习讲练精品：PartII语法部分专题1冠词和名词.doc

专题一冠词和名词一、冠词一、概念冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有两种，一种是定冠词the，另一种是不定冠词a和an。二、用法1不定冠词的用法不定冠词a 和an与数词one 同源，是“一个”的意思。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前，而an则用于以元音音素开头的单词前，均表示泛指。(1)表示“一个”，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。 A Mr Ling is waiting for you. (2)代表一类人或物。 As a middle school student, I must put all my heart into my studies.Tom wants to buy an EnglishChinese dictionary for his sisters birthday.(3)词组或短语。 a little / a few / as a rule / in a hurry 2定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那(这)个”的意思，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 (1)特指双方都明白的人或物。Children in immersion programs hear only the new language in the classroom.(2)上文提到过的人或事。The association says about nine percent of college students in the United States study foreign languages.(3)指世上独一物二的事物。the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物，如： the dollar“美元”； the fox“狐狸”。与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人。the rich“富人”； the living“生者；活着的人”。 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。名词一、概念名词：名词是表示人、事物、地点、现象或抽象概念等名称的词。专有名词： 表示具体的人、事物、地点、机构、国家或地区的名词。普通名词：表示某些人、某类事物、某种物质的名称或指某种抽象概念。可数名词：可数名词所表示的人或事物是可以数来计算的，有单、复数形式。不可数名词：不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数字来计算，没有词形的变化，这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。二、用法名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语等成分。Computers now play an important part in our everyday life.(主语)Tom bought an EnglishChinese dictionary last Sunday.(宾语)Who is the girl performing the dance on the stage？(表语)Mr Wang, our_headteacher,_will give us a talk this afternoon.(同位语)They decided to meet at the school gate and start off by bus.(定语)一、冠词高考试题中对冠词的考查常常集中在以下几个方面：1姓氏与冠词在姓氏的前面加上不定冠词a(n)可以表示“某一个”，在姓氏的复数前面加上定冠词the可以表示“一家人、夫妻两人、兄妹多人”等。A Mr Brown is waiting for you at the school gate.The Smiths were watching TV when I came to their house.2零冠词(即不加冠词)的用法名词前一般需要加冠词，但是在下列情况下不用冠词：(1)在国名、人名及表示季节、月份、和星期的名词前；Having separated from the other continents for millions of years, Australia has some unique animals.People in the country go swimming in summer and go skating in winter.(2)在抽象名词和物质名词前；Failure is the mother of success.As is known to all, we cant live without water.(3)当表示官衔、职位的名词在句中作宾语、表语和补语时；Obama was elected President of the United States in October 2008.(4)在表示三餐和球类运动的名词前；What shall we have for supper?My little sister is fond of playing football.3不定冠词的位置不定冠词一般位于名词或其修饰语之前，当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。This is so difficult a problem that I cant work it out myself.Little Mary is as good a dancer as her elder sister.4不定冠词在短语中的应用英语中一些有“动词名词”构成的短语，有的名词前有不定冠词，有的没有冠词，这一类的短语应该牢记。make room留空； take place发生catch sight of看见； make sense有意义take hold of抓住；keep order维持秩序have a gift for有天赋；make a present for给做礼物take a look at看一看； make a difference有差别do sb a favor给某人恩惠； have a cold感冒5词组中有无the意思的差别在有些词组中有没有the，词组的含义不同。out of question毫无疑问； out of the question毫无可能in charge of负责； in the charge of被负责in store储备； in the store在商店on watch值班； on the watch留意at church做礼拜； at the church在教堂二、名词分析近几年的高考试题我们可以看出高考在单项填空中对名词的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：1抽象名词的具体化英语中的抽象名词属不可数名词的范畴，没有复数形式，也不能和不定冠词连用。但当一些抽象名词表示具体概念时，既有复数形式，也可加不定冠词。常见的这类词有：success成功；成功的事或人failure失败；失败的人或事knowledge知识；一门知识difficulty困难；难题 necessity必要性；必需品beauty美；美人；美丽的东西danger；危险危险的事情pleasure快乐；快乐的事Though he was seriously injured, the doctor said he was out of danger.(抽象)The man looked round carefully for hiddendangers.(具体)The teacher looked at what was happening in great surprise.(抽象)His coming back at midnight was a great surprise to the family.(具体)2单复数含义不同的名词英语中有些物质名词的单数和复数形式表示不同的含义。常见的这类词有：paper纸papers论文 water水waters水域custom习惯customs海关 manner方式manners礼貌look看looks外貌； time时间times时代wood木材woods树林 sand沙子sands沙滩As is known to all, bamboo can be made into paper.We are supposed to hand in our papers at the end of this term.3作定语的名词名词作定语时，通常表示中心词的用途、材料、时间、地点等。silver coins银元 peace talks和谈stone houses石头房子 heart trouble心脏病book shop书店 history teacher历史教师evening school夜校 flower show花展注意：名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 用复数作定语。sports meeting 运动会students readingroom 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。a man workermen workersa woman teacherwomen teachers4名词的双重所有格“of n. s”为双重所有格结构，它和of所有格所表示的意义差别不大，但有时各有侧重。双重所有格表示部分概念，of所有格表示所属关系。试比较：This is a picture of his brothers. 这是他弟弟的一张照片。(强调众多照片中的一张)This is a picture of his brother. 这是他弟弟的照片。(强调照片上是他本人)一般说来，当名词前有a(n), any, some, several, few, another及two, three等数字时，通常使用双重所有格。5短语中的名词名词可以和动词、介词构成大量的固定短语，在这些短语中有的名词用单数，有的用复数，有的加冠词，有的不加冠词，对这部分内容同学们要特别留意。catch sight of看见 take turns轮流make an apology to向道歉 pay attention to注意make friends with交朋友 make an effort努力Can you spare me a few minutes? I want to have a word with you?The students in our class took turns to look after the old man.6词义辨析英语中有些名词的意思相同或相近，但在使用上有所差别，高考试题常常出现这类题目。sight, view, scene, scenery 都与“风景、景色”有关。reward, award, prize 都与“奖励、奖品”有关。reason, cause, excuse, explanation 都与“原因、解释”有关。高考真题探究（20062011年）冠词【2011全国卷,33】It is generally accepted that boy must learn to stand up and fight like man.A.a; a B.a; the C.the; the D.a; 不填【答案】A【考点】考查冠词的用法。【解析】句意为“人们普遍认为,男孩子必须学会做一个男子汉，能挺身而出，勇于战斗。”a boy和 a man都是泛指，表示一类人。单数可数名词泛指应在名词前加不定冠词a。因此选A。【2011全国卷II,16】As he reached front door, Jack saw strange sight.A. the;不填 B. a; the C.不填a D. the; a【答案】D【考点】考查冠词在具体语境中的用法。【解析】句意为“当Jack走到前门时，看到了一个奇怪的景象。”the front door是特指Jack所走过去的门，a strange sight是泛指，相当于a certain sight,起初次介绍的作用。因此选D。【2011山东卷,21】Take your timeits just_short distance from here to_restaurant.A.不填；theB. a; theC. the; aD.不填；a【答案】B【考点】考查冠词在具体语境中的用法。【解析】句意为“别急从这儿到餐馆只不过短短的距离而已。”a short distance短距离，是固定搭配的短语；the restaurant指双方都知道的餐馆，故用the特指。选B。【2011浙江卷,2】Experts think that _recently discovered painting may be _ Picsso. A.the ;不填 B. a ;the C. a ; 不填 D. the; a【答案】D【考点】考查冠词在语境中的用法。【解析】句意为“专家认为，最近发现的油画可能是毕加索的作品。”the painting特指最近发现的油画；a Picsso意为a Picssos painting，指毕加索的一件作品，有one的含义。因此选D。【2011四川卷,18】Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “ fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”A. 不填；A B.不填；The C.the; The D.a; A【答案】A【考点】考查冠词的用法。【解析】句意为“校长Peter Spence告诉我们说，我校的五分之一学生将到牛津大学和剑桥大学去学习。”headmaster校长，职务前面不加冠词；a fifth表示五分之一。因此选A。【2011重庆卷,26】In communication, a smile is usually _ strong sign of a friendly and _ open attitude.A. the, / B. a, an C. a, / D. the, an【答案】C【考点】考查冠词的用法。【解析】句意为“在相互交流中，微笑通常是一种友好和开放的态度的明显特征。”a 用在可数名词sign前，泛指一类事物；friendly and open 是并列，修饰attitude。因此选C。【2011陕西卷,13】As is known to all, Peoples Republic of China is biggest developing country in the world. A.the ;不填 B. 不填 ；the C. the ；the D. 不填；不填【答案】C【考点】考查冠词的用法。【解析】句意为“众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。”第一个定冠词the用在表示国家的名词前；第二个定冠词the用在有形容词最高级修饰的名词前。因此选C。【2011江西卷22】Its said John will be in a job paying over 60,000 _ year. Right, he will also get paid by _ week.A. the; the B. a; the C. the; a D.a; a【答案】B【考点】考查冠词在具体语境中的用法。【解析】前一句句意为：据说John将会有一份年工资超过60000美金的工作，表时间单位每年，冠词用a，后一句说没错，他也将会以每周的方式得到薪水。by后面接具体的计量方式用定冠词the。因此选B。10福建Its good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them pleasure.A. 不填, a B. a, 不填 C. the, a D. a, the答案B考点冠词的使用解析good feeling并非特指, 故用a；pleasure是抽象名词, 无需冠词。句意为 “人们喜欢上海世博会给它们的快乐, 这是（一）种不错的感觉” a good feeling , 一种不错的感觉, give sb pleasure。10山东If we sit near _ front of the bus, well have _ better view. A. 不填； the B. 不填；a C. the; a D. the；the答案C考点本题考查冠词在具体语境中的使用。解析句意应为 “如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部, 就会有更好的视野”表示 “某空间内部的前部”时, front前要加定冠词the; have a good view是习惯搭配, 表示 “视野开阔, 视野良好”之意；所以C项符合语境。10江苏The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that_ people from all walks of life are working hard for_ new Jiangsu.A.不填； a B. 不填；the C. the； a D. the； the答案A.考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空,来自社会各阶层的人. 是不特指,不用冠词. 第二空, 在Jiangsu 前有形容词new 因此,应加冠词a.表示一个全新的江苏10辽宁There are over 58, 000 rocky objects in _ space, about 900 of which could fall down onto _ earth.A. the; the B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. a; the答案B考点考查冠词。解析第一空in space 是固定短语, 不用冠词, 第二空名词earth属于独一无二事物的名词, 其前必须用定冠词。句意：太空中有超过58,000的岩状物体, 其中大约900有可能掉到地球上。10北京First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get _ second chance to make _ first impression.A. a; the B. the; the C. a; a D. the; a答案A考点冠词解析很多同学错在第二个空to make a first impression上了。在做题的时候不够细心, 因为此题的句意是：第一印象是最持久的。总之, 你永远不可能有第二个机会去再给别人留一次第一印象。本题强调的重点是第二个机会a second chance;第二次留一个第一印象, make a first impression. first为干扰因素。若句意改变为：你没有机会去改变你的第一印象You never get a second chance to change the first impression。此处再填the就合情合理了。10重庆Everything comes with price; there is no such thing as free lunch in the world.A. a, aB. the, /C. the, aD. a, /答案D考点考查冠词。解析price意思是 “代价”, 为可数名词, 第二空前边有no,后面的名词不用冠词, 故选 D项。10浙江Many lifestyle patterns do such great harm to health that they actually speed up weakening of the human body.A. a; / B. /; the C. a; theD. /; /答案B考点本题考查冠词。解析句意：许多生活方式对人类的健康有害, 他们加速了人类身体的衰退。本题考查冠词, 对有害用短语 “do harm to”表示, 中间无需冠词；之后的weakening是由动词的ing形式表示抽象的名词, 表达一种概念、状况时需要加上the。10四川In most countries, a university degree can give you flying start in life. A. the; a B. the; 不填 C.不填; 不填 D.不填; a答案D考点考查冠词。解析most countries此处表泛指, most前不加定冠词the.第二个空处应为 “一个高起点的开始”, 故用a ,正确答案为D。09安徽We can never expect bluer sky unless we create less polluted world. 2A. a; a B. a; the 21世纪教育 网C. the; a D. the; the 21世纪教答案A考点考查冠词的用法。解析因为sky和world原本是独一无二的, 但这里前面都有了形容词修饰, 表示会出现一个什么样的sky和world, 这里就属于泛指了。09北京The biggest whale is _ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters longthe height of _ 9-story building. 21世纪教育网A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; a 21世纪教育网答案B考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空用the+n表示类别, 是指blue whale这一类动物；第二空用a表示泛指。09江西Some people fear that _ air pollution may bring about changes in _ weather around the world. 21世纪教育网A. /; the B. the; / C. an; the D. the; a 21世纪教育网答案A考点考查冠词用法。解析Air pollution 是抽象名词这里是泛指, weather 这里是特指全球的气候, 根据the weather around the world 可知。09海南Lets go to cinema-thatll take your mind off the problem for whileA. the; the B. the; a C. a; the D. a ; a答案B考点考查冠词的用法解析go to the cinema 表示具体的某地, for a while 固定搭配, 表示 “一会儿”。09陕西What _ pity that you couldnt be there to receive _ prize!A. a; a B. the; a C. a; the D. the; the答案C考点考查冠词。解析第一空所填冠词与上下文构成固定句型what a pity that, 用不定冠词a；第二空后名词表示表特指, 用定冠词the, 选C。09四川In order to find _ better job, he decided to study _ second foreign language. 21世纪教育网A. the; a B. a; a C. the; the D. a; the 21世纪教育网答案B考点考查冠词的用法。解析该题的意思是：为了找到一个更好的工作, 他决定再学习另外一门外语。第一空表示泛指；第二空用a +序数词+名词表示又一, 再一。 21世纪教育网09浙江I dont understand what the engineer means, but Ive got _ rough idea of _ project plan.A. the; a B. 不填; theC. the; 不填D. a; the答案D考点考查冠词的用法。解析前空构成短语get a+adj+idea of sth, 泛指一种大体的想法, 后空指双方都知道的那个project计划。09重庆Washing machines made by China have won worldwide attention and Haier has become popular name.A. a; the B. /; a 21世纪教育网 C. /; the D. the; a 21世答案B考点考查冠词的用法。解析句意为 “中国造的洗衣机已经赢得世界关注, 海尔已成为一个受欢迎的名字。”09全国IIWhat I need is book that contains ABC of oil painting. A. a; 不填 B. the; 不填 C. the; an D. a; the 21世纪教育网答案D考点考查冠词的用法。解析句意 “我所需要的是一本包含油画基础知识的书”。第一空表泛指, 第二空表特指。08湖南Have you heard _ news？The piece of _ petrol is going up again!A. the, the B. 不填, the C. the, 不填 D. 不填, 不填答案C考点考查冠词的用法。解析句意为：你听说这消息了吗？油价又上涨了！第一空特指下文的消息, 应用定冠词the；第二空后的petrol为泛指, 且是不可数名词, 故不用冠词。08江苏We went right round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across _ continent.A. the; theB.不填；theC. the; 不填D. 不填；不填答案B考点考查冠词的用法。解析by sea经海路, by the sea在海边；表示大陆、大洋等的名词前通常加定冠词the。08山东Students should be encouraged to use _ Internet as _ resource. A. 不填；a B. 不填; theC. the; theD. the; a答案D考点考查冠词的用法。解析the Internet因特网, 为固定搭配；as a resource “作为一种资源”, 此处用a表示泛指。08江西- I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting.- It is not your fault. With _ rush-hour traffic and _ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late.A. a; a B. the; the C. /; / D. /; a答案B考点考查冠词的用法。解析句意为：开会来晚了我非常抱歉。这不是你的错, 这正是上下班的高峰期而且又下了大雨, 难怪你来晚了。第一个空特指高峰时间拥挤的交通；第二个空特指双方所指的大雨。08辽宁My neighbor asked me to go for _ walk, but I dont think Ive got _ energy. A. a; 不填B. the; theC. 不填；theD. a; the答案D考点考查冠词的用法。解析句意为：我的邻居叫我去散步, 但我认为我没有（那样的）力气。第一个空go for a walk为固定短语；第二个空特指散步用的力气。08全国IIIts not _ good idea to drive for four hours without _ break.A. a ; a B. the ; a C. the ; the D. a ; the答案考点本题考查冠词。解析句意为：开车四个小时而不休息不是一个好主意。第一空 “一个好主意”是泛指；without a break是习惯用法, break也是泛指。08陕西I ate _ sandwich while I was waiting for _ 20:08 train.A. the, a B. the, the C. a, the D. a, a答案A考点考查冠词的用法。解析sandwich是可数名词, 且在句中首次出现, 表示泛指, 其前须加不定冠词；而 “二十点零八分的火车”是特指的惟一的概念, 故其前须加定冠词the。08四川In the United States, there is always _ flow of people to areas of _ country where more jobs can be found. A. a; the B. the ; a C. the; the D. a; a答案A考点考查冠词的用法。解析句意为：在美国, 总有人不断地涌入乡村地区, 在那里可以找到更多的工作。a flow of表示 “大量涌入（某地）”；the country/countryside表示 “乡村”, 与定冠词the连用。08浙江_ apple fell from the tree and hit him on _ head.A. An; the B. The; the C. An; 不填 D. The; 不填答案A考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一个空指一个苹果, 是泛指；第二个空考查hit sb. in/on the+部位, 表示 “击打某人的某个部位”。08重庆In many places in China, _ bicycle is still _ popular means of transportation.A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the;the答案C考点考查冠词的用法。解析the+名词表一类, 后面用a修饰, 指一种的方式。07 全国IICould you tell me the way to _ Johnsons, please?Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village. A. the; theB. the; a C. /; the D. the; /答案B考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空：姓氏复数前加the表示一家人, 第二句中a Johnson指 “一个叫Johnson的人”。07 山东_ walk is expected to last all day, so bring- packed lunch. A. A;a B. The; 不填 C. The ; a D. A ; 不填 答案C考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空指双方都知道的事；第二空表泛指。07 福建How about Christmas evening party? I should say it was success.A.a; a B.The; aC.a;不填D.the; 不填答案B考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空指双方都知道圣诞晚会；第二空表泛指。07 北京I looked under _bed and found _bokkd I lost last week. A.the; a B. the: the C. 不填；the D. the:;不填答案B考点考查冠词的用法。解析两空都表示特指。07 湖南Polar bears live mostly on_sea ice, which they use as _platform for hunting seals. A. a; a B. a; the C. 不填; a D. the; 不填答案C 考点考查冠词的用法。解析sea ice是物质名词, 是不可数名词, 因此不用冠词；第二空表泛指。07 江苏We have every reason to believe that_ 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be_ success. A. / aB. the / C. the a D. a a答案C考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空表特指；第二空表泛指, success在指某一事物或人时, 为可数名词。07江西Many people have come to realize that they ahould go on _balanced diet and make _ room in their day for exercise. A.a;/ B.the; a C.the;the D./;a答案A考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空表泛指；第二空room意为 “空间”, 表抽象概念, 是不可数名词。07陕西In film Cast Away.Tom Hanks plays man named Chuck Noland.A.a; the B.the; a C.the; the D.a; a答案B考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空表特指；第二空表泛指。07 四川How about taking _ short break? I want to make _ call. A. the；a B. a；the C. the；the D. a；a答案D考点考查冠词的用法。解析take a break是固定词组；第二空表泛指。07 天津I wanted to catch _early train, but couldnt get _ ride to the station. A. an, the B. /, the C. an, / D. the, a答案D考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空表特指；第二空表泛指。07 浙江I like _ color of your skirt. It is _ good match for your blouse. A. a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the答案C考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空特指 “你衣服的颜色”；第二空表泛指。07 重庆Gorge couldnt remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was _ Sunday because everybody was at _ church.A. /; the B. the; / C. a; / D. /; a答案C考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空泛指 “是在一个星期天”；at church是固定词组。07 辽宁Chrismas is _ special holiday when _ whole family are supposed to get together.A. the, the B. a, a C. the, a D. a, the答案D考点考查冠词的用法。解析第一空表泛指；第二空表特指。06 全国- Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? - Sorry, wrong number. There isnt_ Mr. Smith here.A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one答案B考点考查冠词的用法。解析这人的姓名前加不定冠词表示某一个 “叫的人”。因为叫同一人的名字的现象非常普遍, 所以用不定冠词表示某一个叫什么名字的人。06 全国I know you dont like music very much. But what do you think ofmusic in the film we saw yesterday? A. 不填；不填 B. the; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填;the答案D考点考查冠词的用法。解析music意为 “音乐”, 前不用冠词。第二个music指电影中的音乐, 表示特指, 要用定冠词the。06 北京I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over _ keyboard. Y