欧洲文化入门课件（王）.ppt

AnIntroductiontoEuropeanCulture 王昺教授辽宁师范大学外国语学院Email wang bing Purposesofthecourse ImproveEnglishlearningUpgradepersonalqualityPrepareforgraduateprogramPromoteinterculturalcompetenceBroadenyourvisionforfuture CharacteristicsoftheCourse WideCoverageofmanyfields astronomy geography literature history religion philosophy politicalthoughts art paining music architecture sculpture science etc Knowingsomethingofeverything noteverythingofsomething Onlyataste FocusofStudy HistoricalbackgroundofeveryperiodMajorevents wars invasions reforms revolutions socialchanges etc Ideologies mainassumptions Prominenthistoricalfigures political literary religious scientific artistic Literaryandartisticstyles maincharacteristics Notoriginalwritings Miscellany Scope chapter1 chapter8AttendanceEvaluation paperorexam Focusforprominentfigures names time contributions masterpieces heroesintheirwritings LanguageofdeliveryRequirementsforpropernames English simpleforeign complexforeign Mypersonalqualificationsforthecourse Abilitiesneededandtobedeveloped Memorization names times etc Comprehension ideasandideologies Compareandcontrast eastandwest Criticalthinking whyEuropeleadstheworldinmanyways Personalanalysisandsynthesis Howcanyoulearnthecoursewell Establishachronologicalframeworkofworldhistory 1200 146B C AncientGreece700B C 27B C 395A D 476 1054 1453 AncientRomanEmpire476A D 14thcentury MedievalAge14thC Dante mid 17thC Shakespeare EnglishRevolution 17thC prodigiousdevelopmentofsci Tech18thC enlightenment19thC Marxism Darwinism realism20thC modernism postmodernismSince1970s informationage globalization economicintegration multiculturalism AncientGreekCulture Historicalcontext 1200BC TrojanWar 700BC Homer 800 500BC formativeperiod citystates 500 336BC classicalperiod heydaywinningGreco PersianWay democracyinAthens flourishofsciandart civilwar Athensvs Sparta伯罗奔尼撒战争 432 404BC declined 336 146BC Hellenizationperiod希腊化时期AlexanderIII 356 336 323BC center AlexandriainEgypt Romanconquestin146BC ContendingSchools 诡辩学派Sophists500B C 代表人物 ProtagorasManismeasureofallthings ForerunnerofSocraticdialecticEmphasisonabilitytoargueforanycaseregardlessofitstruth Cynics 犬儒学派300B C Diogenes主张 simplicitybrotherhoodrejectingconventions Sceptics不可知派PyrrhonNotallknowledgeisattainable Wisemenshouldnotjudge butshouldaimatbalancedimperburbability Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁学派EpicurusPleasureisthehighestgoodoflife achievedthroughpracticedvirtue Differentfromhedonism 享乐主义 throughsensualindulgence Stoics斯多葛派 禁欲主义学派ZenoantithesisofEpicureansvirtue notpleasure isthehighestgood DutyHardship AncientRome PeriodofKings 753 510B C CityofRomesetupPeriodofRepublic 510 27B C 1 OccupationofwholeItaly2 expansion PunicWars 264 133B C defeatingCarthage 迦太基 3 Slaveuprisings 133 27BC 斯巴达克斯 PeriodofEmpire 27B C 476A D 145327BC 193AD PaxRomana前三头 克拉苏 庞培 凯撒 JuliusCaeser 后三头 雷必达 安东尼 屋大维 AugustusOctavius after193 weakened barbarianinvasions Huns Goths Visigoths Vandals 475 split WREandByzantium1453 conqueredbyOttomanEmpire ModernItaly 1871 Romans Greeks Similarities Democracy citizenassembly hostiletomonarchyReligionandmythology Languages GreekandLatin Indo Europeanfamily Differences Romansbuiltanempire Greeksnot Greeks artandintellectRomans Military RomanlegionsLaw RomanLawConstructions aqueducts roadsGovernmentsystem effectivebureaucracy TheBible Itisnotasinglebook butacollectionof66books differentinstyle content subjectofmatter andpointofview Notwrittenbyoneperson butbymanyanonymously somesectionshadexistedorallybefore Notwrittenwithinasingleperiodoftime OldTestament 1 000 15B C N T 50 150A D Notwritteninonelanguage O T inHebrew N T inGreek partlyinAramaic阿拉米语 Booksinitarenotsystematicallyclassifiedorchronologicallyarranged ItcontainswordsofGod aninspiredandinspiringbookanencyclopedia poem history tale moralteachings etc Itisabookthatwasorderedtobeburned butsurvivedeverytime Itisabooktranslatedintoover1 000Lsanddialects NumberOneintermsofpublicationvolume greatlyinfluencingEuculture Classificationof66books OldTestament HebrewHistory 1 Lawandhistory2 Prophecies3 Poetry drama tales moralteachingsNewTestament LifeofJesusChrist 1 Gospels2 Letters3 RevelationsThecentralthemebindingallbooks Hebrewtraditionwrittenby meantforandaboutHebrews GenealogyAdam Eve Noah诺亚 Ark Abraham toCanaan迦南 Moses摩西 Exodus Joshua 约书亚 backtoCanaan split 犹太国 以色列国 Saul扫罗 unification David大卫 builtJerusalem Solomon所罗门 LifeofGesus BornonDec 25th 4B C InBethlehem伯利恒Fromacarpenter sfamilyJoseph VirginMaryDisappearedasachildLifebefore30 unknownAt30 baptizedbyJohnFrom30 33 preachingAt33 cruxifixationonGoodFriday2dayslater Sunday resurrectiontoheaven Easter SpreadofChristianity Inearlytime suppressedbyRomangov Later developedquickly305A D stoppedpersecution313 EmperorConstantinegrantedreligiousfreedom EdictofMilan米兰敕令 becamelegal Constantinebaptizedatdeathbed392 EmperorTheodosius塞奥多西乌斯madeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheEmpireandoutlawallotherreligions 6thcentury Nestorianism景教reachedChina TranslationofBible Original Hebrew 旧 modelforversionsinotherLs After16thCentury intomanynationallanguages EnglishVersions 1382 JohnWycliff威克里夫16thCentury WilliamTyndale literaryquality1611 KingJames Bible 詹姆斯一世钦定本 plainlanguageandmostinfluential1885 revisededition1901 Americanedition ChineseVersions 7thC 景教本 敦煌 17thC 明清本 bymissionaries 1919 和合本 financedbychurches 1979 联合本 inH K FamoussayingfromtheBible thelaststrawthatfallsgentlyonthecamel sback引起巨大后果的最后因素Cantheleopardchangeitsspots 本性难移 Tosowthewindandreapthewhirlwind自食其果 Alivingdogisbetterthanadeadlion Itismoredifficultfortherichtogivethanforthecameltogothroughtheeyeofaneedle TheMiddleAges theMedievalTimes Time 476A D 14thC 人文主义出现 FeudalizationinEU Nopoliticalunity nocentralgov Warsandinvasions 1066 Crusades Onlyorganization CatholicchurchChurchgainedpowerandinfluenceSuppressscientists heretic Inquization theDarkAge Everyonewasabeliever AgeofFaithBirthofmanynations England France Spain Crusaders Cause JerusalemfelltopaganskillingChristianpilgrimsTimes 12crusades 200yearsEffect East Westcontactriseofmonarchymaterialisminternationaltradedevelopmentlearningrevived Renaissance Time 14thC mid 17thC Eng Revo Origin Italy spreadtoallEu Means revivalofinterestinR G cultureIdeology humanismBourgeoisinnatureProdigiousdevelopmentinsci andtech NationallanguagesAbsoluteauthorityofCatholic shakenGiantsappeared Differentemphasis Italy artFrance literatureEngland philosophy dramaGermany religion Characteristics SpreadofHumanismReturntoclassicalvaluesBeginningofobjectivesci inquiryFlourishofliteratureandartGeographicdiscoveries Humanism Aphilosophytoassertgreatnessofman physicalbeauty powerofreasonAmovementtorestorehumanvalueofancientclassicsasopposedtoscholasticism经院哲学oftheM Ages Bourgeoisinnature againstfeudalism pavingthewayfortherisingcapitalism ReligiousRevolution A16thC religious social politicalmovementAim toopposeabsoluteauthorityofRomanCatholicchurchandreplaceitwiththeauthorityoftheBibleDisputes 1 whoisthesupremeauthority theChurchorBible 2 CanindividualscommunicatedirectlywithGod indulgences Beginning M Luther s95theses Wittengerg威登堡church Result splitofchurch Reformers practice TranslateBibleintovernacularsSimplifychurchritualsAbolishingindulgences赎罪券ReformchurchOpposechurchinterferencewithnaitonaleco AndpoliticsPeasantwar MartinLuther FounderofProtestantChurch95thesesAgainstindulgencesStartedreligiousreformwhichextendedtoecoandpoli liberationfromchurchcontrolTranslateBibleintoGermanvernacularFighterfordemocracyandnationalismIdealofequality SplitofChristianity 395A D RomanEmpire WestandEast476 W REended1054 Catholic R Catholic Orthodox1453 endofE RE Byzantium 1520s R Catholic Catholic Protestant Calvinism瑞 Huguenot法 Presbyterianism苏 Anglican英 etc After1620 Quacker Methodism美 etc ReformationinEngland Focus Popevs King Germany churchvs Bible J KnoxestablishedPresbyterianchurchWycliffetranslatedEnglishBibleHerryVIIIbrokewithPope onmarriage Actofsupremacyof1534Closingmonasteriesandseizingland CounterReformation Spainbecamethebaseofchurchreform establishmentofInquizationCouncilofTrent stressingCatholicorthodoxyJesuits conservativeCatholicadvocateswhohelpedtowinmuchofGermany Poland Hungary etc stillalivetoday ProtestantismandCapitalism RomanCatholicchurchweakenedDenominationsflourished ProtestantismLiberationofideas imagination creationFormationofmanynation statesNationallanguages popularSci trade commerceInventionsanddiscoveriesObediencegavewaytoquest challengeandfreedom GeographicDiscoveries By1600 surfaceoftheknownearthdoubledColumbus 热那亚人 西班牙 N World Oct 12 1492 比较 郑和 1405 1433年7次下西洋 Diaz 葡萄牙 CapeofGoodHope 1487 DaGama 葡萄牙 RoutetoIndiaviaGoodHope 1497 Amerigo 意大利 亚美利哥 维斯普契 亚美利加洲Magellan Firdinand 麦哲伦 葡萄牙 sailingaroundtheglobe 1522 Sciencein17thC Ptolemy托勒密 2ndC AD 地心说Copernicus heliocentrichypothesis日心说Kepler 3Kepler slaws lendsupporttoCopernicusHypothesisGalileo inventedastronomicaltelescope provedheliocentrictheorybyobservation thelawofinertia theprincipleoflever thelawoffallingbodies SirIsaacNewton thelawofuniversalgravitation Natureisgovernedbylaws AlexanderPope 蒲伯 wrote NatureandNature slawshidinnight Godsaid LetNewtonbe andallwaslight 宇宙法则 冥冥之中 主曰 顿来 万物皆明 社会契约论 民约论 Hobbes Naturalstateofwar 狼多肉少LawsofNature theruleofreasonpassion warandanarchyreason cooperationandpeace3 Socialcontract Everypersongivesuphisorherrightstooneman sovereign by anagreement Powersofsovereignisabsolute Rebellioniswrong Peaceisachieved 实质 supportofmonarchy意义 against divinerightofkings 君权神授 J Locke AgainstdivinerightofkingsAllmenarenaturallyfreeandequalinthestateofnature naturalrights survival self defense privateproperties Naturallawmeansuniversallyobligatorymorallaw governedbyreason Socialcontract Willofthemojority Therulerofgovernmentisonepartneroftheagreement Rebellionisjustified Supportofdemocracy 意义 theoryforAm Revolution EnglishRevolution causes growthofcapitalism Breakdownofserfdom PuritanmovementTime 1642 1649 CharlesIbeheaded Stuartended Leader OliverCromwell克伦威尔CharlesII Restoration 16581688 GloriousRevolution William Mary GloriousRevolutionof1688 1689 BillofRights establishedsupremacyofParliament constitutionalmonarchy legislature parliamentTaxation parliamentMilitary nostandingarmyforkingReligion noRomanCatholiccanbeaking Enlightenment AnintellectualmovementoriginatinginFranceinthe2ndhalfofthe18thC 特点 usingcriticalreasontofreemindfromprejudice unexaminedauthority andoppressionofchurchorstate AgeofReason先驱 1 J Locke materialisttheory 知识来源于经验 人脑可以认识世界 2 I Newton lawofuniversalgravitation 自然是由法则支配的 法则可以被人认识 Beliefin naturallaw universalorder humanreasonProminentfigures 伏尔泰 孟德斯鸠 狄德罗 卢梭FrenchEncyclopedia popularizednewkn andideas InfluencesinVariousAspects Politics rationalizationofgov andlaw separationofpowers Socialcontactvs divinerightofkingsIdeology freedom equalityandfraternityvs feudalprivileges kn sci vsprejudice ignorancePhilosophy materialismvs scholasticismReligion Deismvs ChristianityArt L decorum 规范 Economy laissezfairevs stateinterference feudalbondage HistoricalContext 1700 1750 peacefulAfter1750 fullofideological political socialandeconomicrevolutions1776 AmericanRev DeclarationofIndependence1789 FrenchRev DeclarationofRightsofMan1760 1840 EnglishIndustrialRev Result growthofmoderncapitalism Romanticism 18 19thC Individualfreedomandaspirations Shiftfromconformisttocreativeandadventurous Givingimpetustonationalmovement DirectcontactwithNatureforinspiration Puresentiment idealbeautyInsearchforsubjective spontaneous supernatural Eulogizingidylliclife Escapefromcorrupt pollutedurbancivilization Returntonatureandchildlikeinnocence Youthandlove Beginning Rousseau StormandStress 德国狂飚突进运动 CorruptionofcapitalistsocietyPollutionofnatureafterIndustrialRevolutionCriticismofclassicism failingtoexpressman se