翻译理论与非文学文本（英文）.ppt

TranslationTheoryandtheNONLiterarytext BelindaMaiaUniversidadedoPorto Acknowledgements Thislectureisbasedtoalargeextenton MUNDAY Jeremy 2001 IntroducingTranslationStudies TheoriesandApplications LondonandNewYork RoutledgeVENUTI Lawrence Ed 2000 TheTranslationStudiesReader LondonandNewYork Routledge BUTtheimplicationsfortheNONliterarytextaremyownresponsibility Afewgeneraldistinctions Translatingv interpretingSourcelanguage text SL STTargetlanguage text TL TTIntralingualv interlingualv intersemiotictranslationTranslationaslanguagelearningContrastivelinguisticsComparativeliterature TranslationStudies self perception ManypeopletodaythinkthatTranslationStudiesismainly LiterarytheoryCulturalstudiesAnd possibly CommunicationstudiesStylistics Genreanalysis TranslationTheory TT perspectivefromPhilosophy Linguisticphilosophy attemptstodiscoverWHATlanguagemeans theideallanguage s oflogicetc ordinarylanguage philosophyPhilosophyoflanguage attemptstofindoutHOWlanguagemeans certaingeneralfeaturesoflanguagesuchasmeaning reference truth verification speechactsandlogicalnecessityPhilosophyoflinguistics thestudyoflanguagethroughlinguistics TT perspectivefromPhilosophyofLinguistics Structuralism languagereflectsstructureofthought cultureandsocietyTransformational Generativegrammar underlyinguniversallanguageFunctionalism LanguageanditssocialfunctionsCognitivism Languageasitreflectsourcognitiveappraisaloftheworld categorizationofexperienceanduseofmetaphor TT perspectivefromLinguistics Linguistsperceiveitasrelatedto ContrastivelinguisticsPragmaticsDiscourseAnalysisStylisticsOncedismissedasuselesstoTT alloftheseareashavebeenre animatedbycorporalinguistics TT perspectivefromInformationTechnoclogy ITspecialistsareincreasinglyfascinatedbyhumanlanguageand MachineassistedtranslationMachineTranslationKnowledgeEngineeringInformationRetrievalArtificialIntelligence TT theprofessionalperspective TranslatortrainingInterpretertrainingTranslationaidsTranslationcriticismTranslationqualityTranslationpolicyProfessionaltranslationstandards TranslationTheories Theobjectivesofthisseminarare TogiveageneraloutlineoftranslationtheoriesinthiscenturyToshowhowthesetheoriesapplytononliterarytextsTodemonstratethattranslationpracticecanbenefitfromtheory Translationtheories MostTTis Product orientated focusesthetranslationFunction orientated examinesthecontextandpurposeofthetranslationProcess orientated analysesthepsychologyoftranslationandprocessButusuallyhaselementsofallthree Partialtheoriesoftranslation Mediumrestricted manormachine Arearestricted specificlanguages culturesRank restricted word sentence textText typerestricted differentgenresTime restricted historicalviewProblem restricted specificproblems e gequivalence Problems PositionofTranslationStudiesinacademiaSplitbetweentheoryandpracticeTranslationteachers fearoftheoryResearchersstillencouragedtofocusonliteratureThereforeteacher researcherfacedwithdilemma Earlydistinctions Peoplehavebeenarguingforcenturiesaboutliteralv freev faithfultranslationword for wordv sense for senseForexample Cicero StJerome StAugustine MartinLuther tienneDolet AlexanderTytler JohannWolfgangvonGoethe FriedrichSchleiermacher WilhelmvonHumboldt ArthurSchopenhauerSeeRobinson 1997 2002 Bibletranslation Bassnett 1991 45 50 ThehistoryofBibletranslationisaccordinglyahistoryofwesterncultureinmicrocosm St Jerome stranslationintoLatinin384A D JohnWycliffe 1330 84 andthe Lollards WilliamTyndale 1494 1536 burntatstakeMartinLuther NewTestament1522 OldTestament1534TryBiblegateway TheQur an SeeUniversityofSouthernCalifornia http www usc edu dept MSA quran Warning NotethatanytranslationoftheQur animmediatelyceasestobetheliteralwordofAllah andhencecannotbeequatedwiththeQur aninitsoriginalArabicform Infact eachofthetranslationsonthissiteisactuallyaninterpretationwhichhasbeentranslated ScienceinTranslationahistoricalview ScottL Montgomery 2000 ScienceinTranslation MovementsofKnowledgethroughCulturesandTime UniversityofChicagoPress Describeshowscientifictextshavebeentranslated adapted revised andaddedtodownthecenturiese g WesternAstronomyGreekandArabicScienceJapaneseScience Furtherreading HERMANS Theo UbaldoStecconi 2002 TranslatorsasHostagestoHistory FromtheEuropeanCommission s TheorymeetsPractice Seminars at http europa eu int comm translation theory lectures 2001 01 18 history pdf Linguistic theoriesoftranslation LanguageUniversalsv LinguisticRelativismScienceoftranslationEquivalenceSemanticandcommunicativetranslationKorrespondenzand quivalenzTranslation shifts Discourseandregisteranalysis LanguageUniversalsv LinguisticRelativism LanguageUniversals presupposethatlanguagesand orourcapacityforlanguageareuniversaland orinnatelonghistoryleadingtoChomskyandbeyondLanguageRelativism differentlanguagesshowusdifferentwaysofviewingtheworldSapir Whorftheoryandmosttranslationtheory Scienceoftranslation Nida 1964 LinguisticmeaningReferentialordenotativemeaningEmotiveorconnotativemeaningHierarchicalstructuringComponentialanalysisSemanticstructureanalysisFormalanddynamicequivalenceApplicationstoBibletranslation ChomskyandTTFromNida Taber 1969 33 FromNida 1964 185 7 FromMunday 2001 50 Equivalence RomanJacobson 1959 2000 Equivalenceindifferenceisthecardinalproblemoflanguageandthepivotalconcernoflinguistics Discussesequivalenceatlevelofobligatorygrammarandlexicon forexample genderaspectsemanticfields EquivalenceatwordlevelBaker 1992 Chapter2 Morphology lexicalandsyntacticLexicalMeaningPropositionalv ExpressivemeaningPresupposedmeaningEvokedmeaningdialect geographical temporal socialRegister field tenor modeofdiscourseSemanticfieldsandlexicalsets EquivalenceabovewordlevelBaker 1992 Chapter3 CollocationCollocationalrangeandmarkednessCollocationandregisterCollocationalmeaningIdiomsandFixedExpressions GrammaticalequivalenceBaker 1992 Chapter4 Grammaticalvs LexicalcategoriesTheDiversityofGrammaticalCategories NumberGenderPersonTenseandAspectVoiceWordOrder Newmark 1981 Semantic communicativetranslationatlevelof Transmitter addresseefocusCultureTimeandoriginRelationtoSTUseofformofSLFormofTLAppropriatenessCriterionforevaluation Koller 1976 89 Korrespondenzand quivalenz DenotativeequivalenceConnotativeequivalenceText normativeequivalencePragmaticequivalenceFormalequivalence Vinay Darbelnet 1977 2000 Translation shifts Directtranslation BorrowingCalqueLiteraltranslationObliquetranslationTranspositionModulationEquivalenceAdaptationFunctionatthelevelofthelexicon syntaxandmessage Translation shifts Catford 1965 2000 levelshiftscategoryshifts structuralclassunitorrankintra systemVanLeuven Zwart 1989 90 8categoriesand37sub categories Linguistictheoriesandtranslation Mostofthesetheoriesareconsidered linguistic andareusefulforteachingtranslationMosttranslationoccursatthelinguisticlevelatsomestageoftheprocessHowever toomuchstressonlinguisticlevelscanhavenegativeeffectatthetextlevel HallidayFunctional Systemiclinguistics TextualequivalenceBaker 1992 Chapter5 ThematicandInformationStructuresThemeandRhemeSentenceanalysis SOdOiCsCoCpAdjConjDisjInformationStructure GivenandNewWordOrderandCommunicativeFunction TextualequivalenceBaker 1992 Chapter6 CohesionReferenceSubstitutionandEllipsisConjunctionLexicalCohesion TranslationQualityAssessmentHouse 1997 Focusonthefunctionofthetext Baker 1992 Chapter7 PragmaticequivalenceReiss 1970s FunctionalapproachHolz M ntarri 1984 TranslationalactionVermeer 1970s andReiss Vermeer 1984 Skopos theoryNord 1988 91 TextAnalysisinTranslation PragmaticequivalenceBaker 1992 Chapter7 CoherencePresuppositionImplicatureGrice smaximsofQuantityQualityRelevanceMannerPoliteness Reiss 1970s Functionalapproach Classificationoftextsas informative expressive operative audiomedial Reiss 1971 Texttypes Reiss Chesterman 1989 Texttypesandvarieties Holz M ntarri 1984 Translationalaction Acommunicativeprocessinvolving TheinitiatorThecommissionerTheSTproducerTheTTproducerTheTTuserTheTTreceiver Reiss Vermeer 1984 Skopos theory FocusespurposeorskoposoftranslationRulesATTisdeterminedbyitsskoposATTismessageinatargetculture TLconcerningamessageinasourceculture SLATTisnotclearlyreversibleATTmustbeinternallycoherentATTmustbecoherentwiththeST Nord 1988 91 TextAnalysis FunctionalapproachTheimportanceofthetranslationcommissionTheroleofSTanalysisThefunctionalhierarchyoftranslationproblems PolysystemTheoryFocus socialandculturalnorms Even Zohar 1978 2000 Toury 1995 Chesterman 1997 Lambert VanGorp HermansandtheManipulationschool 1985 1999 Even Zohar 1978 2000 Even Zoharconsiderstranslatedliteraturetoinclude children sliteraturethrillersotherpopularworksoffiction auto biographyCONSIDER informativewritingofallkinds e g travel artandsport journalism universitytextbooks Toury 1995 DescriptiveTranslationStudies ImportantpointinTranslationStudiesItencouragedthedescriptionofallkindsoftranslationandprovidedawidebasisonwhichtoconductresearch Thetertiumcomparationis attempttopostulate neutraltranslation v culturallyandsocially loaded realtranslationsBUTprovedunsatisfactoryandabandoned Toury snorms initialnormSTnorms adequatetranslationTTnorms acceptabletranslationpreliminarynormstranslationpolicy selectionoftextsdirectnessoftranslation isSTanoriginal operationalnormsmatricialnormsorcompletenessoftheTTtextual linguisticnorms Toury s laws Thelawofgrowingstandardization suggeststhattheTTstandardsoverridethoseoftheoriginaltext ThiswillhappenwhentheTLcultureismorepowerful Thelawofinterference suggeststhattheSTinterferesintheTTbydefault ThiswillhappenwhentheSLcultureismorepowerful Chesterman snorms 1997 Expectancynorms expectationsofreadersAllowevaluativejudgementsValidatedbyanorm authorityProfessionalnormsAccountabilitynorm ethicalnormCommunicationnorm socialnorm Relation norm linguisticnorm betweenSLandTL PolysystemtheoryandtheNONLiterarytext Even Zohar Toury Chesteman andothersseeSTandTTaspartofamuchwidersocialandculturalcontextAlthoughtheymayconsiderliterarytextprimary theirtheoriesandsuggestionsareapplicabletoalltexts CulturalStudies Bassnett Lefevere 1991 dismissed linguistictheories ashaving movedfromwordtotextasaunit butnotbeyond andtalkedof painstakingcomparisonsbetweenorginalsandtranslations whichdonotconsiderthetextinitsculturalenvironment Munday 2001 127 Lefevere 1992 Powerandpatronage ProfessionalswithintheliterarysystemPatronageoutsidetheliterarysystemTheideologicalcomponentTheeconomiccomponentThestatuscomponentThedominantpoeticsLiterarydevicesTheconceptoftheroleofliterature Examples EdwardFitzgerald s improvement ofworkbyOmarKhayyamAn18thcenturytranslator s improvement ofCam es OsLusiadasLewisCarroll sAliceinWonderland softened forchildrenCensorshipof bad languageCanyouthinkofexamples Simon 1996 TranslationandGender MasculinelanguageoftranslationtheoristsOvertattemptstopromoteafeministstancethroughtranslationpracticeContributionwomenhavemadebytranslatingworksofliteratureoverthecenturiesRelationshipofwomenandcultureasseenthroughtranslationthetranslatoris self effacing createsa new workwithafemininepointofviewLinkbetweenfeministandpostcolonialstudies PostcolonialTranslationTheory Spivak 1993 2000 andNiranjana 1992 Culturalimplications translatingbetween ColonizedandcolonizingPoliticallypowerfulandweakerlanguagesandculturesPowerrelationsTranslationalandtransnationalfactors Example Spivak 2000 translatesoutofBengaliintoEnglishTrytoimaginehowaneducatedbi lingual English Bengali womanwithinternationalfeministconnectionsmighttrytotranslatepoetrybyMahaswetaDevi apoetinanIndianvillage http www emory edu ENGLISH Bahri Contents html Authors OtherSituations Braziliancannibalism 1960 1999 ColonizeddevourscolonizerandisenrichedCronin 1996 TheIrishlanguageandEnglishimperialismoverthecenturies CulturalStudiesETC Mysuggestion surftheInternetwith culturalstudiescommunicationstudiescomparativeliteratureliterarystudiestranslationstudies CulturalStudiesandtheNONLiterarytext CulturalStudiestheorists RarelyrefertoNONLiterarytextThentendtoclaimany interesting textas literary YETCulturalStudiesshould byitsverynature gobeyondliterature oratleastLiterature ReactionagainstTLorientatedtexts Whatcanbedonetoavoidtoomuchstandardization Howcanoneavoidsocialorculturalbias Howcanonetrulyrepresenttheoriginal AntoineBerman 1984 theExperienceoftheForeign Berman s negativeanalytic oftranslationfocusesthefollowing RationalizationClarificationExpansionEnnoblementQualitativeimpoverishmentQuantitativeimpoverishment AntoineBerman 1984 theExperienceoftheForeign ThedestructionofrhythmsThedestructionofunderlyingnetworksofsignificationThedestructionoflinguisticpatterningsThedestructionofvernacularnetworksortheirexoticizationThedestructionofexpressionsandidiomsTheeffacementofthesuperimpositionoflanguages Venuti 1995 TheTranslator sInvisibility Criticizesthose likeToury whoaimtoproducevalue freenormsandlawsoftranslation InterpretesLefevere snotionsofpatronageanditsinfluenceinthecontextofAnglo AmericanpublishingUses Invisibility todescribethetranslator ssituationandactivityincontemporaryAnglo Americanculture QUESTIONS CantheTranslatorbe Invisible ShouldtheTranslatorbe Invisible If so when GiveexamplesCantheTranslatorbe invisible andcreative If so when Giveexamples Pride Prejudice andPower Consider Howliterarytranslators describetheirwork PrideHowreviewersandthepublicreceivetranslations PrejudiceThepublishingindustryandtheeffectofglobalization Power Philosophyandtranslation Philosophersoftenfindtranslationfascinating afewexamples WalterBenjamin 1923 2000 EzraPound 1929 2000 Steiner 1975 92 98 Derrida Deconstruction 1960 WalterBenjamin 1923 2000 Benjamin smetaphor liberationoftheoriginaltextthroughtranslation Believedininterlineartranslation revealstheoriginalinallitscomplexityTLis powerfullyaffectedbytheforeigntongue AnextremeexampleofforeignizationBelievedthiswouldallow purelanguage toemergefromtheharmonizationofthetwolanguages EzraPound 1929 2000 andhisfollowers EzraPoundinfluencedmuchliterarytranslationIdeathatonedoesnotneedtoknowtheSLwell itisenoughtofeelthe spirit BeliefinarchaizingandforeignizingtoeffectLedto literarytranslationworkshops inspirationLeadstoverygoodtranslation ORpretentiousandimpenetrabletexts Steiner 1975 92 98 BeyondBabel HermeneuticmotionInitiativetrustAggressionIncorporationCompensationImbalancebetweenSTandTTResistantdifferenceofthetextElectiveaffinityofthetranslator Derrida Deconstruction 1960 ObjectiveofDerrida andDeconstruction todemonstratetheinstabilityoflanguageingeneralandtherelationshipbetweensignifiedandsignifierinparticular Deconstruction canandhasbeenusedto deconstruct muchmorethan traditionalliterature E g PoliticaldiscoursePhilosophyPsychology SociologyScience PhilosophyandtheNONLiterarytext Atfirstsight thesetheorieswouldseemtobefurthestfromtheNONLiterarytextBUT considerimplicationsfor KnowledgeengineeringOntologiesSemanticframeworksDescriptiveterminology InterdisciplinaryTranslationStudies Inpractice LiterarytranslationisconfinedtoModernLanguagesdepartmentsNONLiterarytranslationisessentiallyinterdisciplinaryin UseoflanguageUseoftextUseoftechnologySnellHornby 1995 Texttypes TechnologyandTranslation DesktopPublishingTranslationmemoriesTerminologydatabasesTranslator sWorkbenchMachinetranslationInformationresources Otheraspects BertEsselink LocalizatonYvesGambier MultMediaTranslation ConferenceInterpreting TranslationinContextDanielGouadec TerminologyandTranslatorTrainingDonKiraly ASocialConstructivistApproachtoTranslatorEducation EmpowermentfromTheorytoPractice AnthonyPym Perhapsoneofthebestexamplesofmulti disciplinaryworkandinterestsHavealookathishomepagehttp www fut es apym Bibliography BAKER M ed 1977 TheRoutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies PartII HistoryandTraditions LondonandNewYork Routledge BAKER M ed 1977 TheRoutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslation BASSNETT Susan 1991 TranslationStudies RevisedEdition LondonandNewYork Routledge TR BASSNETT SW 1923 2000ThetaskoftheTranslator translatedbzH Zohn 1969 inL Venuti ed 2000 pp 15 25 BERMAN A 1985 2000 TranslationandtheTrialsoftheforeign inL Venuti ed 2000 pp 284 97 CAMPOS H de 1992 Metalinguagemeoutrasmetas Ensaiosdeteoriaecr ticaliter ria S Paulo Perspectiva CATFORD J C 1965 ALinguisticTheoryofTranslation London AcademicPress CHESTERMAN Andrew 1997 MemesofTranslation Amsterdam Philadelphia JohnBenjaminsPub Co CHESTERMAN A 1989 ReadingsinTranslationTheory Helsinki FinnLectura CRONIN M 1996 TranslatingIreland Translation LanguagesandCulture Cork CorkUniversityPress DERRIDA J 1985 DestoursdeBabel inJ F Graham ed pp 209 48 ESSELINK B 2000 APracticalGuidetoLocalization Amsterdam Philadelphia JohnBenjaminsPub Co EVEN ZOHAR I 1978 2000 Thepositionoftranslatedliteraturewithintheliterarypolysystem ininL Venuti ed 2000 pp 192 7 FAWCETT P1995 TranslationandLanguage LinguisticsApproachesExplained Manchester St Jerome GENTZLER Edwin 2001 ContemporaryTranslationTheories 2ndEdition Clevedon MultilingualMattersLtd GRAHAM J F ed 1985 DifferenceinTranslation Ithaca NY CornellUniversityPress HALLIDAY M A K 1978 LanguageasSocialSemiotic LondonandNewYork Arnold HATIM Basil 1997 CommunicationacrossCultures TranslationTheoryandContrastiveTextLinguistics Exeter UniversityofExeterPress HATIM BasilJ 1984 TranslatorischesHandeln theoretschefundierteBerufsprofile inM Snell Hornby ed bersertzungwissenschaft Eineneuorienterung T bingen Franke pp348 74 HOUSE J 1997 TranslationQuality AModelRevisited Tubingen GunterNarr JAKOBSON R 1959 2000 Onlinguisticaspectsoftranslation inL Venuti ed 2000 pp 113 18 KIRALY Don 2000 ASocialConstructivistApproachtoTranslatorEducation EmpowermentfromTheorytoPractice Manchester Northampton St JeromePublishing KOLLER W 1979 equivalenceintranslationtheory inA Chesterman ed pp 99 104 LAMBERT J R T 1992 SitingTranslation History Post Structuralism andtheColonialContext Berkeley CA UniversityofCaliforniaPress NORD Christiane 1997 TranslatingasaPurposefulActivity Manchester St JeromePub Co PYM A 1998 MethodinTranslationHistory Manchester St JeromePub Co REISS Kat