阅读“七选五”浅析.doc

新课标高考英语阅读“七选五”新题型浅析河南省济源一中 闫璐摘要：本文针对河南学生在学习活动中遇到的高考英语中的新题型“七选五”时所产生的问题，从题型变化、考试说明解读、应试策略等方面对新题型进行分析，通过分析解读逐步解决学生学习活动中的问题，并在解决问题的过程中提高学生的阅读能力。关键词：题型变化，考试说明解读，应试策略，典题分析，强化训练一、2011河南高考英语阅读题型变化2011年河南省高考英语确定采用琼、宁模式,增加阅读七选五类型试题。题型要求考生根据文章结构内容从选项中所给出的七个句子中挑选出合适的五个句子，并按照正确的顺序填在文章中的空白处。由于是给出了选项，个别选项间区分度不大，所以试题难度较常规阅读试题有所增加，而且会出现一处误选而导致多处出错的后果。这样的命题形式体现了新课程标准“用英语获取、处理和运用信息的能力；逐步获取用英语思维的能力”的阅读学习和教学理念”。二、解读“七选五”新题型从考试说明对该题型命题题目的表述“主要考查学生对文章的整体内容和结构及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握”可以得出以下判断：该题备选项可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容或段落大意）、过渡性句子（文章结构）和注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三个方面进行设置，例如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构 ，注释性句子与上文脱节等。“七选五”阅读理解题所涉及的文体中，以议论文、说明文和夹叙夹议的记叙文这三类文章最为突出。三、“七选五”阅读题的应试策略策略1. 把握试题特点，在实际做题过程中，同学们不妨采用“先看选项定位含义再看正文仔细分析最后把选项与正文对应确定答案”的方法。策略2.（1）、速读全文，把握文体、结构和主旨大意；（2）、研读选项，找出各句的核心词（组）并注意与文章相匹配的信息；（3）、再读文章，综合各方面因素确定正确选项。不管我们使用哪一种策略，我们都要注意以下几个做题技巧：技巧1. 段首主题句，段尾结论句。主题句(top sentence)是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其它文字都围绕它展开，通常出现在段首。结论句（conluding sentence）也可以说成是段落主题句，它通常放在句末，起概括全段的作用。例如:Shopping is not as simple as you may think! There are all sorts of tricks at play each time we reach out for that particular brand of product on the shelf._71_. Health foods are packaged in greens, yellows or browns because we think of these as healthy colors. Ice cream packers are often blue and expensive goods, like chocolates, are gold or silver._72_. Recently, some kind of pain killer was brought out, but researchers found it didnt sell well, because the color made the product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it came on the market in a dark blue and white package_ because we think of blue as safe, and white as calm._73_. But quite often a bottle doesnt contain as much as it appears too.It is believed that the better-known companies spend, on average, 70 percent of the total cost of the product itself on packaging!The most successful producers know the truth:_74_. The founder of pears soup, who for 25 yeas has used pretty little girls to promote their goods, came to the conclusion:”75_.”A. Its not enough to have a good product.B. Coloring, for example, varies according to what the producers are trying to sell.C. Any fool can make soup, but it takes a genius to sell it. D. The size of a product can attract a shopper.E. A good product is an advantage.F. The colors turned the customers off.分析：文章第一段给出了全文中心：购物没那么简单，其中有很多技巧（同时也说明产品的生产商在促销商品的时候也会用到很多技巧）。接下来的71、72、73放在各自段首，应该是各段的主题句。71题的正确选项是B。这一段讲的是不同的商品由不同的颜色来包装，所以，B项应为本段的主题句。72题的正确选项是G。这一段用“pain killer”包装的例子来说明不合适的颜色影响了产品的销售，所以G项应为本段主题句。73题的正确选项是E。 “But quite often a bottle doesnt contain as much as it appears too.”的意思是“但是很多瓶子的实际容量并没有它看起来的那么多”，说明主题句应该跟“size”有关，所以E项是本段主题句。74题的正确选项是A。由“the most successful producers know the truth”可知此处要总结全文，同时又要照应主旨，所以A项为正确选项。75题的正确选项是C。用“pear soup”公司的促销手段进一步点明中心思想，同时做题的时候要注意匹配信息“soup”一词的复现。技巧2. 要敏感的发现语法关系。例如上下文中代词的指代，不同时态的应用、形容词和副词的比较级、反义词等。例如： Dont Allow Your Weaknesses to Limit You! I attended a school prize-giving ceremony not long ago and the guest speaker was Andrew Becroft , who had a severe stutter(口吃)as a child._ He is now the Principal Youth Court Judge for New Zealand.E. Instead of allowing this to limit him, he chose to work hard to overcome it.分析：首先从文章的标题可以看出文章的主旨大意，其次选项中的this 指代前面的“a severe stutter”,两者结合得出E项为正确选项。（2）As a matter of fact, the frequency of the physical activity is a big deal._. If you want to avoid a cold this season, youre going to have to work for it.D. You shouldnt expect these effects when you just do exercise occasionally.分析：frequency 和occasionally是一对反义词。两句话表达了同样的意思：经常锻炼身体对健康很重要，只是偶尔锻炼一下身体对抵御疾病作用不大。技巧3. 留意空白段前后的句子，利用语言特点和句子间的逻辑关系发现线索。文章的语句之间的组合，除了从语句间的意义关系分析之外，还可借助句式关系（如问答句式等）和句子间的逻辑关系来判断，如并列关系、转折关系、递进关系、因果关系、对比关系、列举关系和选择关系等。例如： _, the sea will swallow up millions of homes and the world will be flooded with “climate refugees” looking for somewhere to liveB. Should this come trueF. The sea level could rise by one meter this century 分析：干扰项为F，但将它还原到原文中后，逗号决定了它的句子结构是错的。B 项是省略了if 的虚拟语气，句子构成主从复合句，所以B项正确。 Recently some American scientists have given a useful piece of advice to people in industrialized countries. They say people should eat more of the same kind of food eaten by humans living more than 10,000 years ago._.C. In that case, they would live a much healthier life.D. People today probably dont want to live like our ancestors.分析：正确选项是C。前面科学家提出“a useful piece of advice”, 所以后面用承上启下的过渡词“ in that case”自然得出“a much healthier life”的结论。（3）In the United States, friends often share secrets or details of their lives and problems. _1_ A new study by an American researcher living in Japan finds that this may be because of the different social systems in the two countries.A. However, it is much less common in Japan.分析：段首提到在美国，朋友间经常分享秘密和生活中的一些细节，段末用一个在日本的研究来解释可能是由于两国不同的社会体系造成的，所以段落中间最有可能出现两个关键词：however,和Japan,自然而然A是最佳选项。（4）But it isnt. It just requires you to work harder and more diligently than you ever have before._If, like me, you answered yes, then youve taken the first step to becoming your best self.B. Would you like to be your own definition of the perfect person?分析：从“If you answered yes”中的yes可以断定它的上一句一定是个一般疑问句，所以B项毫无争议地成为正确选项。技巧4. 捕捉文章和选项中匹配的信息的复现。尤其是当学生遇到不知所云的文章时， 必须沉住气，牢记“文难找对应”的做题原则。通常大部分题目在原文中均有明确的对应。 Dont Allow Your Weaknesses to Limit You!Lots of people face far more significant limitations than you do. They may be missing arms or legs or are born into extreme poverty._.C. But no matter what the limitation is, you will find people who have overcome it.G. He rises above his weaknesses and does not allow them to limit his possibilities.分析：干扰项G排除的原因是前后代词（they, he）不一致。选择C项的原因是题干和选项中有一个重复词“limitation”,同时C项又复合文意。技巧5. 特别注意选项中设置的陷阱。前面提到“信息词的重复”这一做题技巧，但如果我们不细心的话，它有可能成为很严重的干扰项。例如： Speaking in public is most peoples least favorite thing. The reason is that we are all afraid of ourselves. In fact, public speaking isnt a “gift” like musical talent. Anybody who can talk can speak in public. Here are some of the lessons I have learned. _1_. If you cant express what you intend to get across in a sentence or two, then your speech is not focused well enough. Besides, if you dont have a clear idea of what you want to say, your audience will make no sense. After all, what you can impress your audience in your speech is one or two of your main ideas. No matter how long or short your speech is, youve got to organize it well-how you are going to open, what major points you want to make and how youre going to close. A strong close is critical: the last thing you say is what your audience will most likely remember. When I do a radio or TV piece, I often write the last sentence first. _2_.A. You should focus your speech well enough.B. Try to make your idea clear and brief.C. When you know where youre headed, you can choose any route to get there.D. So the opening, body and ending of the speech are on the tip of your tongue分析：1.B. 如果不信心，没有看透“You should focus your speech well enough”和“If you cant express what you intend to get across in a sentence or two, then your speech is not focused well enough”两句话所表达的意思，只凭重复的信息词“focus well enough”来判断的话，易误选A. “You should focus your speech well enough”的意思是“你应该特别关注你的演讲”, “If you cant express what you intend to get across in a sentence or two, then your speech is not focused well enough”的意思是“如果你不能用一两句话表达你想要表达的意思，那么你的演讲就不能吸引人”，结合后面两句话表达的意思，本段的中心句应该是E.2.C. 跟上面一题一样，如果只考虑信息词的重复（the opening ,body and ending of the speech），不关注语言本身的意思易误选D。选项“So the opening, body and ending of the speech are on the tip of your tongue”中，关键词 “on the tip of your tongue”的意思是“话到嘴边，却说不出来”，它跟本段的中心风马牛不相及，而根据本段前几句话的意思判断，F项才是本段的中心句，是正确答案。四、典题分析（2011年高考新课标河南卷）Money mattersParents should help their children understand money._71_ so you may start talking about money when you child shows an interest in buying things, candy or toys, for example.1. The basic function of moneyBegin explaining the basic function of money by showing how people trade money for goods or services. It is important to show your child how money is traded for the things he wants to have. If he wants to have a toy, give him the money and let him hand the money to the cashier(收银员)._72_.When your child grows a bit older and understand the basic function of money, you can start explaining more complex ways of using money.2.Money lessonsApproach money lessons with openness and honesty._73_. If you must say no to a childs request to spend money, explain，“You have enough toy trucks for now.” Or, if the request is for many different things, say,“You have to make a choice between this toy and that toy.”3._74_.Begin at the grocery store. Pick out two similar brands of a producta name-brand butter and a generie (无商标产品)， for example. You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product so that you can save money._75_. If he chooses the cheaper brand, allow him to make another purchase with the money saved. Later you may explain how the more expensive choice leaves less money for other purchasesA. Wise decisionsB. The value of moneyC. Permit the child to choose between them.D. Tell your child why he can-or cannt have certain things.E. Ask yourself what things that cost money are most important to you.F. Talk about how the money brought the thing after you leave the toy store.G. The best time to teach a child anything about money is when he shows an interest.答案及分析：71.G.由71空后的so可知，前后有因果关系，同时可采用信息词“show an interest”的复现来确定正确答案。72.F.本段段落大意为：父母通过“用钱去交换以得到想要的东西”向孩子解释钱的基本作用。孩子把钱交给收银员之后得到了自己想要的玩具后，接下来父母肯定要向孩子解释钱的作用，所以F是最佳选项。73.D.本段中心是“money lessons”，空白处后面的句子讲述了父母亲如何回应孩子买东西的要求，两者结合，D项符合句子间的逻辑意义。74.A.此题考查如何提炼主题句。主题句应该是该段的中心句，有统领整个段落中心的作用。本段讲了父母亲如何教孩子在不同的产品间作出明智的选择，所以。A项为正确答案。75.C.此题可以采用词汇的复现来确定正确答案。空白处后面多次出现“choose”一词，再结合上下文的意思，由此可断定C项最符合上下文语境。五：强化训练（一） _1_. After all , who wants t be stuck in a gym on a beautiful summer day? Before you head out for exercise, however, youll need to take a few tips to keep your exercise safe and comfortable in higher temperatures. Watch for heat stress._2_. When its hot outside , your heart pumps faster . For every degree that your temperature rises , your heart beats 10 beats faster per minutes. Wear a heart rate monitor to make sure youre working within a safe and effective zone. Avoid every heated conditions. If youre going from indoors to outdoors, plan on doing shorter and less intense exercise for two weeks. _3_. Soon youll be able to pick up the pace. Dont exercise outdoors when both the temperature and humidity(湿度) are very high. Under these conditions , your body cant cool itself effectively and heat stroke is a real danger.Increase your fluid intake. Take soft drinks before you go out and then drink six to ten ounces for every 30 minutes of exercise._4_ . Water works just fine unless youre going to be exercising intensely for more than an hour. If thats the case, have a sports drink. Dress properly. _5_ . While exercising outdoors youll feel far more comfortable in high-tech exercise material than you wear a cotton T-shirt or nylon running shorts.A. Exercise can raise your body shorts and a shirt.B. Wear a hat and loose shorts and a shirt.C. Dont wait until youre thirsty.D. Exercise is good for your health.E. This lets your body begin to adapt to the heat.F. Now that warm weather is here, youre probably taking your exercise outside.G. Keep your exercise safe in hot weather.(二)East Ways to Keep Your Brain Sharp (2011 辽宁卷) Everyone is forgetful, but as we age, we start to feel like our brains are slowing down a bit and that can be a very annoying thing. _71_Read on for some techniques worth trying.1. _72_People who regularly made plans and looked forward to upcoming events had a 50 percent reduced chance of Alzheimers disease(早老性痴呆症), according to a recent study. _73_ . Something as simple as setting a goal to have a