2%2B2作文策略(1).doc

CET-4/6作文题评分原则及标准一、评分原则l、 CET是检查大家是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和2+2教学要求，对作文的评判 应以此要求为准则，2、CET作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分 (Reward Scores)，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。3、从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想， 也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解 上的障碍。4、避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分给低分,包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。二、评分标准l、本题满分为15分2、阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。3、阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分)；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。4、评分标准2分一条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分一基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分一基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯：语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分一切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分一切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分5、字数不足应酌情扣分：累计字数CET-4110-119100-10990-9980-8970-7960-6950-5949CET-6140-149130-139120-129110-119100-10990-9980-8979扣 分12345679 注： 1、如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数。 2、规定的内容未写全者，按比例扣分。 3、如果扣为0分，要慎重处理。My View on University Ranking1.目前高校排名相当盛行2.对于这种做法人们看法不一3.在我看来14分Nowadays, university ranking is very popular in China. Every time a new edition of university ranking is released, it will attract considerable public attention, and a heated debate will arise on whether the ranking fairly reflects the strength of each college.Proponents of the ranking claim that it has lots of positive effects. First, it is a kind of stimulus for universities to improve their research and teaching quality. Good research and teaching will lead to higher ranking, meaning that they can attract more excellent students and professors. In addition, university ranking helps high-school students to choose which university to attend since they lack related information.Opponents argue that university ranking brings far more negative than positive effects. It is reported that some universities bribe the ranking organization to improve their ranking, instead of enhancing their own strength in teaching and research. Besides, many people question the method of evaluation and the accuracy of the information the ranking is based on.From my prospective, while university ranking may have its defects, it does serve good purposes. What we need to do is to make it fairer and more transparent. Only in this way, could this practice provide incentives to universities and win trust from the public.11分Nowadays people pay more attention to education, which makes university ranking more and more popular. There are many heated discussions on whether that is necessary.Opinions are divided on this issue. On one hand, some people hold the opinion that university ranking has more advantages thandisadvantages. For the measures of the ranking depend on many different facts and figures, it can make a fair comment on the universities. On the other hand, some people think that the ranking may mislead students. Influenced by the university ranking, many students may have a wrong view of the universities they are longing for or they are already in.As far as I can see, everything has its advantages and disadvantages. If the ranking is used in a good way, it can stimulate our education system. The universities ranked high can attract more excellent students, and the universities ranked comparatively low can pay more attention to improve themselves. But if it is not used in a good way, the ranking may do harm to the universities as well as students.8分The popularity of university Ranking is rising, which has drawn great attentions and debates. Many famous websites, such as Sina, have the university Ranking, especially during the time of University Entrance Test. Whats more, the high schools and family members always emphasize the Ranking, which bring a great pressure to students.The views to the university Ranking are varied. Some approve it. They hold the opinion that we can choose the university which fits us best. The Ranking is valueable information about universities. However, others are in the opposite. Their reasons are as follows. Firstly, we cant make sure the truth of the Ranking. If its not true, it will mislead students. Secondly, the Ranking may encourage some universities do something to enhance the rank, such as give benefit to the Ranking makers, which is called Buy Ranking. So, in this way, how can a university focus its attention on Teaching, and how can they foster students well? Last but not least, there are so many Rankings now. How we know which is true.In my opinion, both sides have merits and drawbacks. We should judge a university by more than a university Ranking.5分In the latest few years, people may find kinds of university ranking reading newspaper, surfering the internet and even watching the news reports. As we all know, one thing may be evaluated quiet different by groups with distinct opinions. Things go the same in such a phonomenion. Supporters may think that university ranking can help senior high school students to make an aproprWt choice of which university to go, while some institutions are in need of graduates can rank the applicants by checking their schools. However, people with the opposite view may say: Evaluating a university asks for many elements such as culture, faculties, avarange level of students and so on. Then we can hardly come to a quant result.In my opinion, views mentioned above can be complements to each other. General speaking, we should try to develop a better method which covers as many as possible facets of a certain university. The result may be high-dimention, so it doesnt have to be ordered. As a result, people can judge a university in personalized view. It may be better.2分As the level of peoples life proving, people take more attention on education. Now days, university ranking is pouple in China. And there are differet companies produce so many differet rankings .Its no denying that university ranking help people to choice. But some people do not agree so. Because differet ranks offen be linked with such as money, power and so on. Some universites had a good poision in rankings maybe give money to the company produced the rank.On my opinions, university ranking is useful. By university ranking, and by compair differet rankings, we can no which university maybe better. Besides the leavl of differet mayer, more important about university is the culture. A good university conclude a lot of great students and teachers. Theres a better envirement for students to study. University ranking tell us good university to go.Apart from ablove, I think that we couldnt only take attention on university ranking. We also should think about the mayer. A good mayer is more important for us. We should choice a good mayer which we like.写作流程一、审题审题是命题作文写作过程中必不可少的第一步，建议大家用2分钟来完成这个重要的步骤。一般作文给出的都是中文提示，在理解上不会存在问题，但大家一定要仔细研究题目，若审题不慎，则会满盘皆输。一般来说，我们应当从以下三个方面入手：1.确定文章的类型。读完作文的题目和提纲后，首先要弄清楚这篇作文属于哪一类，是比较对照型、现象/观点阐释型、问题分析型、应用书信型还是图表作文型？确定了作文类型后，才能紧扣题目中心，按照各类型作文的写作规范进行写作。2.确定文章的体裁。确定了文章的类型后，就要弄清楚试题对大家的要求，分清是记叙文、说明文，还是议论文。3.明确题目给定的题材及写作考查的重点。通过审题，明确作文谈论的主要话题是什么，是校园热点话题，如关于学生应该住在校内还是校外、关于学生评教、关于学生社会实践的重要性、关于大学教育的目的等，还是社会热点问题，如关于旅游、关于健康、关于公交车票价等。然后从题目及提示中找出关键词， 得出写作的侧重点。例如：Should Parents Send Their Kids to Art Classes?(2009 年 12月2+2真题作文）侧重点应该放在should or not和send kids to art classes 上面，重点对比分析不同看法，然后总结“我”的观点。二、构思列提纲2+2考试中，作文一般都给出了中文提示，也就相当于给出了一个粗略的中文提纲。因此，在这一步中，我们只需要在题目给出的中文提纲的基础上，用3分钟左右的时间对提纲材料进行加工、补充和扩展，以利于我们在行文的时候能紧扣提纲确定的重点进行扩充，使抽象而简单的内容变得具体，将观点阐述得透彻明了。下面以2008年12月2+2真题作文How to Improve Students Mental Health为例，具体分析该提纲内容是怎样发展和深化的。Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How to Improve Students，Mental Health. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.大学生的心理健康十分重要2.为此，学校可以 3. 我们自己应当 根据提纲要求，可以进行如下构思：第一段：说明对于大学生来说，保持心理健康的重要性，并提出大学生心理不健康可能带来的问题，引出讨论。第二段：提出学校应对大学生心理健康问题采取哪些措施。 第三段：指出我们自己应该怎么做，并给出适当的例子，如在压力大的时候如何缓解压力，在迷茫的时候该怎么做，等等。 根据上面的构思，可以列出如下提纲： Topic ： How to Improve Students Mental Health Outline ：I.Students mental health is very important.1.Students mental health is playing an increasingly important role in our daily life.2.There are more and more discussions about mental disorder.II.It is necessary to take some measures to prevent the problems. Authorities in universities play a critical role in the situation.1. Provide chances for the young men to ease their mood.2. Find potential psychological problems.3. Specialists are required.III.We should.由于考试时间有限，建议大家构思列提纲时，直接用英语列出细致的提纲。这样既可以节约不少宝贵的时间，又可以提高写作速度。三、正式写作拟好了提纲之后，就可以开始最重要的写作阶段了。此步骤建议用时20分 钟。这是一个遣词造句，连句成篇，将不同信息组合排列的过程。写作过程中一定要注意以所拟定的提纲为指导，将词语和句子通过一些过渡手段连接成完整的文章。注意句子和段落之间的衔接与连贯，以及语言表达的正确性和流畅性。此外，还要注意每一段句子的数量配比，使整体结构保持平衡；尽量使用一两句格言警句；保持卷面的整洁。四、复査修改写出来的初稿往往在语法、用词乃至文章的结构上会存在这样那样的问题，因此我们需要做一些复査修改工作，此步骤建议用5分钟时间完成，主要从以下三个方面进行：1.检查语篇结构。这一步主要是检查文章的主题是否明确，篇章层次是否明显， 段落衔接是否连贯，内容是否切题等。2.具体检查每个段落。这一步主要检查段落是否完善，中心是否突出，段内各句是否衔接紧凑，句式变化是否多样，词汇运用是否地道丰富等。3.检查语法及拼写。这一步主要检査用词是否恰当，标点是否正确，句子结构是否完整，是否有逻辑错误，语句是否通顺以及是否有拼写错误等。以上的写作流程我们可以归纳为下图：快速写作流程图一、审题（2分钟）1.确定文章的类型。2.确定文章的体裁。3.明确题目给定的题材及写作考查的重点。二、构思列提纲（3分钟）1.根据中文提纲要求进行构思。2.对提纲材料进行加工、补充和扩展，列出相对详细具体的英文提纲。三、1. 以提纲为指导进行写作。2.句子的使用多样化，长短句交替使用，使作文有层次感。写作（20分钟）3.注意开篇和结尾要有特色。4.注意每段句子的数量，使文章整体结构平衡。5.注意使用一两句格言谚语。6. 保持卷面整洁。四、1.语篇结构：主题是否明确，层次是否清晰，段落是否衔接，内容是否切题。2.段落结构：段落是否完整，中心是否突出，句式变化是否多样，词汇运用是否丰富。3.拼写及语法：单词拼写、标点符号、时态、主谓、人称以及各种词性的使用是否正确， 词组和短语的搭配是否恰当等。 复查修改（5分钟）如何遣词一、用词三原则从学生的应试作文来看，学生对词汇的掌握存在词汇量小、褒贬不分、搭配不当和对词义欠缺理解等问题。一篇优秀的作文，其用词应是丰富贴切、恰当得体的。词语的选用直接关系到句子的优劣，也势必关系到段落的主题思想，进而关系到整篇文章的质量，所以“把恰当的词用到恰当的地方”成了写作的至理名言。在写作中选择准确的词汇，使用地道的语言，不仅可以使文章的表达更加到位，更重要的是能起到 “点睛”的作用，成为作文获得高分的亮点。首先，作文用词做到准确很重要，这也是准确地表达自己思想的需要。而且，准确用词关系到表达的准确性和地道性，是获得高分作文的关键。如：Recently, another online activity has become very “in”, That is online education.此句中用到了 in 词，表示“目前流行的”，既地道又准确，为句子增色不少。我们再来看一个例子：Learning is a process which requires both intelligence and zest.此句中用到了 “zest” 一词，表示“热情，强烈的兴趣”，非常到位。第二，作文的用词要遵循简洁的原则。所谓简洁，是指在用词的时候要找到最合适、最贴切的词，以便简洁而准确地表达出作者的思想，切忌啰里啰嗦却又不知所 云。如：The increasing filthy water in some areas through pollution has troubled and upset environmental scientists for a period of one and a half decades.句中用到”filthy water in some areas through pollution， “troubled and upset， a period of one and a half decades,致使句子显得啰嗦冗长，不简洁，可更改为：The increasing water pollution in some areas has upset environmental scientists for 15 years.我们再来看一个例子：All students in college are required to take different tests. These tests are for the purpose of determining what courses the students are suitable to take.此例句同样是用词不简洁，显得冗长拖沓，可更改为：All college students are required to take different tests to determine what courses suit them. 第三，在遣词的时候要注意搭配的合理性，要符合英语的语言习惯和规则。如：Nevertheless, it is difficult to weigh the merits and demerits of mass media since they are often closely related to each other.此句中的 be related to (与息息相关），weigh the merits and demerits (权衡利弊)搭配都是非常合理到位的。在用词的时候如果能注意到以上所提到的三点，做到准确、简洁、搭配合理，一定能为我们的作文加分。又如：Some people say that some numbers will bring them good luck. Take 8 for example. The Chinese pronunciation of the number “ 8 ”，has almost the same sound as that of the Chinese character “发”，which means making a fortune. Therefore, many Chinese people spare no money to get their telephone number or car number to include this number “ 8 ”. They believe without any doubt that the number will bring them money.该段落选自1998年6月2+2考试真题作文范文的第一段，此段所用词句简洁明了， 但能够紧扣话题，做到用词准确地道。如第四句中spare (吝惜，节约）一词就用得很 准确，与money词搭配也很合理，spare no money这个短语形象地刻画出这类人的心态。紧接着第五句中的without any doubt (不假思索地）的使用也非常恰当。再如：As far as I am concerned，I agree with the latter. Obviously，such belief is only a kind of superstition. Perhaps it holds true for some cases，but often it does not. Numbers can never bring good luck to a person at all and our fortune is in our own hands. Therefore, everyone can have good fortune only if he tries his best. Lets always remember “Opportunities are only for the prepared mind ” and “No pains, no gains.”此段中的superstition 词意为“迷信”，用在这里很准确；such belief短语用得比较简洁；As far as I am concerned, hold true是典型的英语表达方式，搭配非常合理。连接词及副词的运用1.连接词连接词在保持文章的连贯性方面发挥着重要作用，下面简单地列举一些常见的连接词，以供大家构建文章框架时使用。表示举例的连接词:for example, for instance, such as, take . for example, a case inpoint, take . as an illustration, to illustrate, namely, in other words, that is, especially, in particular表示列举的连接词first(ly) , second(ly)，third(ly)，to begin with, for one thing, for another, on the one hand, on the other hand, in the first place, in the second place表示递进关系的连接词moreover, furthermore, whats more， in addition, besides, also, next表示因果关系的连接词so, consequently, as a result, since, therefore, accordingly, because (of)，thanks to, due to, owing to, for this reason, hence, thus, on account of, on that account, on the grounds of, therefore表示总结和结论的连接词in general, generally speaking, in fact, in effect, at last, finally, in a word, in conclusion, in short, in brief, on the whole, all in all, in summary, as a general whole, to sum up, to conclude, in my opinion, as far as 1 am concerned, in my view, in my viewpoint, as for me, to some extent, in a way表示条件的连接词if, providing, provided that, granted that, unless, of course, to be sure表示让步的连接词although, even though, even if, however, nevertheless, yet, in spite of, despite, admittedly, after all, still表示对比转折关系的连接词but, however, otherwise, in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, similarly, likewise, like, conversely, rather than, instead, on the other hand, equally ( important) , nevertheless, yet, unlike, still, in the same way, compared with, compared to表示时间顺序的连接词at the present time, at the same time, presently, soon, beforehand, in due time, at this point, until now, later, meanwhile, once, afterwards, at times, sooner or later, up to the present time, then, during, eventually, at last, finally, currently表示空间顺序的连接词nearby, opposite to, to the left /right, in the middle, adjacent to, next to, across, alongside, in front of, at this point表示强调的连接词anyway, especially, even worse, particularly, obviously, above all, no doubt, indeed, needless to say, to be sure，surely, more often than not, unquestionably, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, most important of all, after all2. 程度副词和评论性副词 1)程度副词程度副词如果运用得当，可使作文增色不少。1.If I am fully prepared, Ill apply for the test without hesitation.2.This is an extremely difficult task.3.Some elder people enjoy Beijing opera immensely.4.Although hes over eighty, his mind is still remarkably alert.5.Your composition has improved tremendously.6.Virtually all the members were in agreement with the proposal.7.She has not been sufficiently stretched at school this term.8.We utterly failed to convince them.9.He immersed himself totally in his work.10.His attitudes were shaped partly by early experiences.11.Most people thoroughly disapprove of that opinion.12.Life can be absolutely phenomenal, and it should be.13.Market value is a completely different concept.14.This is entirely normal.15.Budget will have to be drastically pruned.16.His death was awfully sudden.17.Life will change dramatically and move you in the right direction.18.Tobacco is significantly becoming a greater cause of death and disability than any other single cause.19.These two components are profoundly interrelated, and both are essential.20.He spent considerably more time on translating the novel. 2)评论性副词评论性副词如果运用得当，也可使作文增色不少。1.Above all, do not be proud to ask for advice.2.They unfortunately turned out to be the victims of the event.3.Undoubtedly, more hasty, less speed.4.Without exception, everything needs a procession.5.There is no denying that diligence will lead to success.6.At present, piracy is becoming unprecedentedly visible in China.7.The youngsters optimistically believe they will have a promising future.8.Obviously, he is against our plan.9.Fortunately, I am in time for the interview.10.Hopefully, I can visit your hometown one day.11.They will surely meet with due punishment.12.Possibly this will relieve me of concern regarding that place.13.Exactly, you got ninty-nine point five marks.14.Honestly, I dont agree with you.15.Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization.应用文及图表作文中的功能词汇1.应用文中的功能词汇下面分类列出了一些常见的应用文功能词汇。感谢信Id like to extend my sincere thanks to. I am sincerely/extremely grateful to you for. It is generous/nice/kind/good of you to.道歉信Id like to express my deepest apology to.I would like to apologize for the inconvenience I have caused you. I hope you will accept my sincere apologies. I must apologize for.申请信Id like to apply for. I am particularly interested in.I am writing to you in the hope that I may obtain an opportunity to.咨询信We would appreciate some information from you about. Id like to know if./have some information about. I wonder/am wondering if you could/would let me know.祝贺信It was delightful news for me to learn of. Warm/Sincere/Hearty congratulations. I was delighted to learn of your success/achievement in. Congratulations and all best wishes for an even more prosperous future ！投诉信I am writing to complain about. I must protest against./complain about. I was extremely disappointed with.求职信I am applying for/writing to apply for the vacancy/job/post/position of.I would like to apply for/be considered as a candidate for the job/post/position advertisedin.推荐信It is my pleasure/privilege to recommend to you. I have no hesitation in recommending sb. to you. I recommend sb. without reservation.演讲Im very gl