定语从句中关系代词的用法.doc

定语从句中关系代词的用法 在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词(定语从句所修饰的词)之后。定语从句由关系词来引导，关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose，as等；关系副词有when，where，why等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用：1)引导定语从句；2)代替先行词；3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。如：The car which my unele had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake句中which my uncle had just bought是定语从句，修饰先行词the car；which是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the car，在定语从句中作宾语。表一：关系代词的用法关系代词指代对象及在从句中所作的成分使用要点例句that即指人又指物；作主语或宾语（作宾语时可省略）只用于限制性定语从句中，介词后面不能跟that。当代替物时，可以与which通用。Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress thatI gave her昨天艾米丽穿了我送给她的新衣服。I have a friend that likes listening to classical music我有个朋友喜欢听古典音乐。 which指物；作主语或宾语（作宾语时可省略）在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which,不能用that.在限定性定语从句中，可用在介词之后。My parents live in a house which is more than 100 years old 我的父母住在一座具有100多年历史的房子里 who,whom指人；作主语或宾语（whom常可省略）先行词必须为人。Who可代替在从句中担任宾语的whom,若前有介词，须用whomA couch potato is a person who spends a lot oftime watching TV“A couch potato”指那种成天沉湎于电视中的人。The student(whom)I taught two years ago hasjoined the army我两年前教的那个学生已经参军了。whose既指人又指物；作定语是代词的所有格，代物时，相当于ofwhich。The room whose window faces south is mine那个窗户朝南的房间是我的。注意：whose指物时，常用of which结构来代替。如：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired=The classroom the door of which is broken willsoon be repaired表二：用which不用that的情况which可以引导非限制性定语从句，that不能。He had failed in the maths exam，which made hisfather very angry他数学考试没及格，这使他父亲很生气。which可以用在介词后，that不可。That is the house in which Mark Twain used to live那是马克吐温过去住的房子。一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用that引导。另一个不能再用that，而用which。He bought an American magazine that could give himso much English knowledge and which could help himto kill the time他买了一本既可以丰富他的英语知识又可以消磨时间的美国杂志。表三：只用that不用which的情况(先行词是物)当先行词是不定代词如：all，little，few，much，none，anything，nothing，everything等时。I have said all that I want to say我想说的都说了。当先行词被最高级、序数词以及thevery，the only修饰时。This is the very book that I want to buy .这正是我想要买的书当先行词被all，little，much，some，any,no,every等不定代词修饰时。There is little work that you can do几乎没有你能做的工作。当先行词由人、物等表示并列的词构成时。They talked about the men and the things that they saw 他们谈到了所见的人和事。当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night?他昨晚住的是哪家旅馆?当关系词在从句中作表语时，用that，而且常省略。如：China isnt the country(that)it used to be中国不再是以前的中国了。当主句是以there ishere isit is开头时用that不用whichThere is a table in the corner that is folded away有一张桌子被折叠放在角落里。表四：关于as引导的定语从句as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the sameas，suchas 结构中。This is the same knife as I lost yesterday这把刀子和我昨天丢的那把是一样的。Dont talk about such things as you dont understand不要谈论你不懂的事情。which和as都可以引导非限制性定语从句，as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后甚至可以分割主句。which引导的非限性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as常有“正如”“正像”的含义。China is a developing country，as is known to all众所周知，中国是发展中国家。Johnas you know，is a writer正如你所知，约翰是个作家。He was very rude to the customs officer，which of course made things even worse他对海关官员非常无礼，这当然使事情更糟糕了。such后可接as引导的定语从句，也可接that引导的结果状语从句。We hope to get such a tool as he is using(as在从句作宾语)我们希望得到一件正像他在使用的工具。(定语从句)We hope to get such a tool that we can doour work better with it(that在从句中不作成分)我们希望得到这样一件工具以至于我们能更好地工作。(结果状语从句)the sameas与the samethat引导的定语从句的区别：前者修饰的是与原物相似的东西；而后者修饰的就是先行词所指的东西。This is the same watch as I lost这和我丢的那只手表一样。(不是同一只)This is the same watch that I lost这就是我丢失的那只手表。(同一只)2有时候当先行词是表示时间、地点的词时，却不用whenwhere而用thatwhich引导。这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就可用that(which)，否则可用where。例如： I will remember the days thatwhich we spent together 我会永远记住我们一起度过的日子。 This is the factory thatwhich you visited yesterday 这就足你昨天参观的工厂。 3way作先行词时，关系代词的使用： I dont like the way(thatin which)he treats his parents 我不喜欢他对待父母的方式。 4. that引导定语从句与名词性从句的不同： The news that he told us is true(定语从句) 他告诉我们的新闻是真的。The news that our team has won is encouraging(同位语从句) 我们队胜利的消息真令人振奋。