语言学考试文献.doc

1linguistics：is generally defined as the sentific study of language 2Language： A system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3phonetic：is a branch of linguistics which comprise the study of the sounds of human speech ,it is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds and their physiological production, auditory perception and neurophysiological states4pjonology：is the study of sound patterns and sound systems of language.5morpheme：is the smallest unit of language is regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning , a unit that can nnot be divided into further smallest units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.6syntax：is the study of rules governing the ways different constituent are combined to form sentences in a language ,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.7semantics：the study of meaning in language is called semantics8pragmantics：is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized or encoded in the structure of a language9morphology:the systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called morphology.10competence：Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.11perfomance：is the actual relational of the knowledge of the rule in linguistics communication.12psycholinguistics：the study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycholinguistics13sociolinguuistics：the study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.14interlanguage:refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a municative competence :refers to the competence incorporating the knowledge of grammarand the pragmatic ability of language use.16componential analysis: is the approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its semantic features ,it shows the semantic features of a word.17compositionality: the idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually knows as the principle of compositionality.18argument:is a term which refers to some entity about which a statement is being made.19free variation: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, the two sounds can be see as free variation.大题What makes language unique to human beings?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication, it is the design features that make in unique to human beings. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the differences between human language and any system of animal communication, they are:Arbitrariness: refer to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning .For example ,a dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of person had used it for a pigDuality :the structural organization of language into two abstract levels :meaningful units and meaningless segments. For example , we have dictionaries of words ,but no dictionary of sentencescreativity :Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In another sense ,that is its potential to create endless sentences.Displacement :Language can be used to refer to context removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. For example, we can ask a friend, “where did you go last night?” “Did you