英语学术论文及留学文书写作.ppt

EnglishWriting ForEnglishMajors FinalScoring RegularAttendance 10 ClassParticipation 30 IncludingGroupDiscussionandAssignments FinalPresentation 60 Whatiswriting Writingisoneofthefourlanguageskills reading writing listeningandspeaking Insomeway itissimilarwithspeakingfortheybothbelongtoproductiveskills That stosaywritingalsoinvolvesproducinglanguageratherthanreceivingit Inoureverydaylife weneedtowritemainlyinordertocommunicateamessage Whatdowewrite Nowthinkaboutyourdailywritingandmakealistofthingsthatcometoyourmind Whenyoufinish shareyourideaswithyourpartner letters E mails journals shoppinglist apostcard abirthdaycard jobapplicationletter message posters address answeringaquestionnaire fillinginaform layouts composition playscripts advertisements summary bankreport socialstudyreports story poem instruction diary notes memos Doyouseeanythingincommonwithinallthesewrittentexttypes Forthecommonfeaturesofallwrittentexttypes twowordscanberatherconclusive 1 Something orbettertosayamessage Everywrittentextistocommunicateaparticularmessage 2 Somebody Peoplewriteinordertocommunicateamessagetosomebody Whatwillthiscoursedealwith Chapter1ApplicationLetters 个人陈述AdmissionsEssay PersonalStatement StatementofPurpose个人简历R sum 研究计划ResearchProposal StudyPlan推荐信Recommendationletter 1 1Whatisadmissionsessay Graduateadmissionsessayismeantforcollegestudents writtentocollegegraduateadmissionscommitteeaboutwhoyouare whathasinfluencedyourcareerpathsofar whatyourprofessionalinterestsareandwhereyouplantogofromthere 1 2Thepurposeofadmissionsessay Youradmissionsessayrevealsagreatdealaboutyourability towritetodeterminethepurposeoftheessaytosticktothetaskathandto sell yourselfandexplainwhyyou reagoodmatchtotheprogram Hello hereIam 1 3Twomaintypesofgraduateadmissionsessayquestions Generalquestion relativelyopentopics leavingtheapplicantfreetoaddressawiderangeofmattersabouthimself e g What sthemostimportantthingtheadmissionscommitteeshouldknowyouabout Specificquestion assignedtopics requiringspecificinformationoftheapplicantintheintendedareaofstudywithinagraduateprogram e g Whataretwoorthreeoftheacademicaccomplishments whichhavewellpreparedyoufortheconcernedgraduatestudy SampleEssayQuestions Lookingatsamplequestionsisagoodwaytogetafeelingforthetypesofquestionsthatgraduateschoolsaskintheirapplications Writinganswerstosomeofthequestionsisonewaytoimproveyouressaywriting Herearesomeessayquestionssimilartothoseusedbyactualschools GeneralQuestionsforMastersandDoctoralPrograms Pleasetellusyourreasonsforapplyingforgraduatestudy yourparticulararea s ofspecializationwithinyourfieldofstudy yourprofessionalcareerplans andanyadditionalinformationthatyouwanttheadmissioncommitteetoknow Youranswershouldnotbelongerthantwopages Pleasetellusyourreasonsforpursuinggraduatestudyandthestrengthsandweaknessesofyourpreparationforgraduatestudyinyourproposedfield Limityouranswertoonepage Pleasesubmitastatementofyouracademicandfuturecareerplansastheyrelatetothefieldwhichyouwishtostudy Yourstatementmaynotexceed1000words SpecificQuestionsforMastersandDoctoralPrograms Whatarethevalueandimportanceofcommunityserviceinoursocietyandtelluswhatitmeanstoyou Whateducationalandpersonalexperienceshaveledyoutowanttoinvestigatethesetopics problems orareasinouruniversity Howwouldyoudescribeyourselfasahumanbeing Whatqualitydoyoulikebestinyourselfandwhatdoyoulikeleast Identifyyourspecificinterestincommunicationandtalkaboutwhyyouareinterestedinourprogram QuestionsforBusinessSchools between500 1000words WhydoyouwantanMBA Whatdoyouexpecttogainfromthisdegree Whatareyourcareerobjectivesforthenextfiveyears fifteenyears Describeanethicaldilemmayouoncehadtofaceandhowhandledit Whathasbeenyoursingle mostimportantachievementtodate Whatareyourmaininterestsoutsideyourjoborschool Whydoyouenjoythem Otherthanbusinessmanagement whataresomeotherjobsorcareersthatyouhaveconsidered Whatdoyouconsideryourstrongestpersonalitytraits Whattraitswouldyoumostliketochange Describeasignificantmanagerialorotherworkexperiencethatyouhavehad 1 4Past present future howtostayfocused Personalbackground justpersonalreasonsforyourinterestintherelatedarea Professionalbackground stateyouridealcareerandlistthereasonsfortakeitaswellassomepreparatoryworkyouhavealreadydone specifyyourfutureplans Educationalbackground importantclassesorspecificprojectwhichhasenhancedyourinterestandstimulatedyourdesireforgraduatestudy Relatedresearches specifywell knownpartners thetitleofproject yourresponsibility Outstandingachievements relevantones 1 5Howtowritegraduateadmissionsessays Aprocessofself exploration1 Workoutthecontrollingideaorthethemeofyouressay 2 Trytoanalyzeandreflectuponyourexperiences theevidenceofyourachievement theeventsshapingyourattitude focus andmostofall yourintellectualvitality 3 Sitdownandcraftthebeginning thebodyandtheconclusionofyouressay Themodelingstructureofatypicaltwo pagegraduateadmissionsessay Anintroductoryparagraphthatpresentsyouressay scontrollingtheme3 4bodyparagraphsthatdevelopyourthemethroughexamplesanddetailedexperiencesandbuilduponeachotherAconclusionthatwidensthelensandwrapsupyouressaywithoutsummarizingorrepeatingwhathasalreadybeenwritten 1 6WhatGraduateSchoolsLookforinApplicationEssays Theyexpectclearlyandlogicallywrittenessaysthatrevealthoughtandcreativity maturityandfocus Theyexpectessaysthatbringtogethertheseparatepartsofanapplication e g transcript testscores workexperiences extracurricularexperiences interests etc andproveanapplicantisqualifiedandmotivatedforgraduatestudy CoverLetter Whenmailingoutyourr sum toaprospectiveuniversity youalwayswanttoincludeanoriginalcoverletter Thecoverletterisusedtotransmityourr sum orotherdocuments suchastranscripts Moreimportantly itgivesyoutheopportunitytointroduceyourselftoaschool expressyourinterestinafield offertheadmissionsofficerinsightintoyourpersonalitythroughyourwritingstyle andimpressthemwithyourcommunicationskills Achecklistofthecoverletter Explainwhyyouarewritingtotheschoolandindicateaprofessionalattitude theamountofpreparationyouhavedoneandadditionaleffortsyouhavemade Wheneverpossible thelettershouldbeaddressed tailoredtoaspecificperson withthefullnameandtitle Makesurethenameofthepersonaddressedisspelledcorrectly Thispersoncouldbethedeanofthedepartmentorthespecificprofessoryouplantostudyafter Thisshowsyouarefamiliarwiththeschoolandthatyouhavecarefullyresearchedthisspecificarea Analyzeyourspecifiedknowledgeandskills andthenmakeeveryefforttomatchyourskillswiththoseemphasizedbythespecialtyyouareapplyingfor Makeeveryefforttoexplorethebackgroundoftheprospectiveschool itsspecifiedareaandcontributiontoitsdevelopment ifpossible somedetailedinformationaboutyourtargetsupervisortopermityoutomatchyouraccomplishmentswiththegoalsandobjectivesoftheorganization Inclosing expressadesiretoarrangeatimeforaninterview mostlytelephoneinterviewswithoverseaschools andstatethatyouwilltelephonetorequestatimeforanappointment R sum Yourr sum isoneofthemostimportantpartofyourapplicationforfurtherstudy Ar sum isasummaryofyoureducation workexperienceandaccomplishments Yourr sum isimportant Admissionsofficersoftenuser sum stodecidewhethertoacceptyouamongthousandsofapplicantsandwhetheryouarequalifiedtobejoininthem Therefore youshouldhighlightyourbestattributes Tipsonwritingar sum Arrivequicklyattheimportantpoints Beclearandconcise Keepverticallistsanduseactionverbs Decidewhatinformationtocountin Makeyourr sum easyontheeyes Doublecheckyourgrammarandspelling Asuggestedformatofr sum HeadingYournameYouraddressYourcontactphonenumber s YouremailaddressSummary Abriefconcisestatementdescribingyou yourstrongestskills experienceandyourstrengthsProfessionalExperience Startwithyourpresent latestemployment internship researchexperience part timejob socialpractice EducationHonorsandawards Listanyawardsordistinctionsyoureceived suchasExcellentLeaderAward HonorStudent andnotifythetimeandplaceofthem SkillsandTraining Chapter2theResearchPaper Broaderdefinition acareful systematicandpatientstudyoraninvestigationinsomefieldofknowledge undertakentodiscoverorestablishfactsorprinciples Narrowerdefinition atypewrittenpaperinwhichstudentspresenttheirviewsandresearchfindingsonachosentopic Whyresearchpaper Familiarizewiththeconventionsofscholarlywriting Familiarizewiththelibrarythroughthe learningbydoing method Reflectastudent sstudyincollege possiblyrealizesasublimationorinnovationuponwhathe shehaslearnedfromtextbooks Learntothinkcriticallyandorganizinglengthymaterial andassembletheinformationuncoveredintoanoriginalandcreativepaperbydoingresearchonacertaintopic Featuresofaresearchpaper Formal standardlanguage formalstyleSubstantial academicallysignificantsubject lengthyWell documented rulesofcitationanddocumentation Typesofresearch 1 Primaryresearchisalsocalled laboratory researchor empirical research Surely thelibraryisstillaveryimportantavenueforthistypeofresearch sinceitisinthelibrarywhereyouwillbeabletodeterminewhathasbeenfoundontheproposedsubject Asidefromthisandthegatheringofgeneralbackgroundinformation theexperimentalpaperfocusesmoreonfirsthandinvestigationorexperimentation suchasdesigningaquestionnaire interviewinglearnersabouttheirpersonalexperienceofusingmulti mediaclassroom settingupanEnglishlanguageteachingexperimentandinterpretingtheresults 2 Secondaryresearch involvesgatheringtogetherandanalyzingtheresearchfindingsfrompreviousstudies Itissometimescalled library research Thisresearchisusuallylimitedtobooksandarticlesthatarereadilyavailableinthelibrary MostgraduationtheseforBAgraduatesaresecondaryorlibraryresearchpaper Studentsareexpectedtodeveloptheirabilitiesthroughplanningandwritingtheirgraduationthesestolearn howtoinvestigate review collectandanalyzedata evaluateideasandviewsofotherresearchers presenttheirparticularthoughts analysisandconclusionspersuasively ComponentPartsOfaResearchPaper ThetitlepageAcknowledgementsAbstractTableofcontentsThepaperproperBibliography FeaturesofEffectiveResearchPaper indicatescareful comprehensivereadingandunderstandingofthetopicestablishes initsintroduction athesistobedevelopedinthecourseofthepaperisclearlyorganizedemploystheprinciplesofgoodcompositionincludesdirectquotations paraphrases orpr cisthatsupportthethesisincludesdocumentationintheformofparentheticalnotes endnotes orfootnotesincludesalistofworkscitedexhibitscareful thoroughdocumentationofsourcesofideasfollowsacarefullyprescribedformatisalwaystypedandprintedonaletter qualityprinter Step1 choosingatopicStep2 ReviewingrelatedliteratureandevaluatingmaterialsStep3 developingathesisstatementStep4 analyzingtheinformation organizingideas andworkingoutanoutlineStep5 writingthefirstdraftStep6 revisingthedraftandfinalizingthepaper Stepsofwritingaresearchpaper Theselectionofatopicisthefirstimportantstepinpreparingaresearchpaper Aninappropriatedecisionaboutaresearchtopicmayleadtofailureofthewholeproject oratleastawasteoftimeandenergy FromgeneraltospecificSelectingageneraltopic Readingandthinking Narrowingdownthescopeofyourtopictoaspecificaspect Formulatingthefinaltopic STEP1SelectingaTopic Atthisinitialstage youshouldfirstchooseatopicthatyouareinterestedinandknowsomethingabout Itwouldbemuchbetterifyoualreadyhavesomeideasaboutthetopicandyoufeelthatyoucandeveloptheseideasintoaresearch paper Nowthinkofageneraltopicinwhichyouareinterestedandonwhichyouthinkyoumaypossiblywriteapaper Nowtalkwithyourpartneraboutthefeasibilityofyourtopic Step1 1Selectingageneraltopic Agoodlibrary withelectroniccatalogue usuallycontainsexcellentsourcesforfindingatopic Whilereading youshouldaskyourselfwhetherthetopicinyourmindhasalreadybeenexploredquitethoroughly andwhetheryoucandevelopitfurtherbyofferingsomethingnew Iftheanswerisnegative youshoulddropthattopic Task Whatsourcesmayyouturntoforideas 1 2 3 4 Step1 2Readingandthinking SourcesYouMayTurntoforIdeas 1 EncyclopediasAdvantage excellent authoritative suggestive Disadvantage broad fundamental basic 2 PeriodicalsMorecurrentinformation opinionsandup to datereportsMorespecificanddetailed betterfacilitatesrelevantresearchAbriefglanceatthetitleandthekeywordswilloftenappealtothestudents interests 3 InternetResourcesHelpfulbothforfindingatopicandsearchingforspecificinformation 4 Books bestsourcestodiscoveratopicforresearch Keepitsimple youdon tneedanenormoustopictoworkwith Makeitspecific It smucheasiertodoresearchonanarrowlyselectedtopicthanamassiveidea Helpyourselfbysharpeningitdown Considerthetargetaudience who whats why Makesureyourideawillwork Doalittlepreliminaryresearchinthelibrarytomakesurethere senoughavailablematerialonyourtopic Step1 3Narrowingdownthescopeofyourtopictoaspecificaspect Let ssayyouareinterestedin1 Chinesepoetry Obviously thistopicistoobigtobedealtwithinyourpaper Youshouldnarrowdownthescopeofthattopictosomethingmorespecific Afteryouhavereadsomebooks youmayfindthat2 ChinesepoetryintheTangDynasty especially3 thepoetrybyLiBai isworthexploring Soyourfinalresearchtopicmaybesomethinglike4 NatureinLiBai sPoems Task Nowtrytonarrowdownthegeneraltopicyouthoughtofatthefirststeptosomethingmorespecificandwriteitdownjustbelowthegeneraltopic Thegeneraltopic Themorespecifictopic Thefollowingpointsmaybeusedasasetofcriteriaforyourfinaltopic Itshouldbeatopicthatismeaningfulandserious Aresearchpapershouldmakepeoplethinkandlearn 2 Itshouldbeatopicwhichyouareabletohandle Youwillnotbeabletowriteanythingsignificantonsubjectsinwhichyoudonothavethenecessarytraining Forexample youareanEnglishmajorandifyouintendtowriteyourBApaperonnuclearphysicsorchemistry veryprobablythepaperyouproducemaynotbeofhighquality Itmaybeabigfailure Step1 4Formulatingthefinaltopic 3 Itshouldbeatopicforwhichsufficientmaterialsareavailable Ifyoucanfindonlyoneortwobooksorarticlesrelatedtoyoursubjectandifyoudrawconclusionsonlyfromthem itishighlyprobableyourconclusionswillnotbewell grounded 4 Itshouldbeatopicthatcanbetreatedobjectively atopicthatdoesnotinvolvepersonallikesordislikes Supposeyouarethinkingofwritingapaperonoureconomicreformandoneormoreofyourfamilymembersorrelativesorfriendshavehadveryunsuccessfulexperiencesinthereform Ifyouaretowriteyourpaperontheeconomicreformanddrawyourconclusiononthebasisoftheexperiencesofyourfamilymembers relativesandfriends youcanhardlywriteapaperofanysignificance 5 Itshouldbeatopicthatisnottootopical Topicaltopicsrefertotheongoinghotissuesintheworld Forinstance itwouldbeverydifficultforastudenttowriteaconclusivepaperontheongoingconflictsintheMiddleEast Ifthetopicyouhavechosencanmeettheabovecriteria youcanmoveforwardtothenextstep Otherwiseyouhavetoworkfurtheronthetopictillyouthinkitdoesmeetthecriteria SampleNowlookatthefollowingexamplewhichshowshowtorestrictthescopeandworkoutasuitabletopicforaresearchpaper TaskforGroupdiscussion Makeacarefulstudyofthefollowing3topics trytonarrowdowntheirscopeandmakethemspecifictopicsonwhichyoucanpossiblywriteapaper 1 General FoodCultureRestricted Morerestricted Thetopicchosen 2 General ELTMethodologyRestricted Morerestricted Thetopicchosen 3 General Shakespeare sPlaysRestricted Morerestricted Thetopicchosen Writingaboutliteraryworks Analysisoftheme Doesthethemereinforceoropposepopularnotionsoflife Doesitfurnishanewinsightorrefreshordeepenanoldone Analysisofplotorstructure Doestheplothaveunity Arealloftheepisodesrelevanttothetotalmeaningoreffectofthestory Doeseachincidentgrowlogicallyoutoftheprecedingincidentandleadnaturallytothenext Analysisofcharacterandcharacterization Whataretheminorcharacterslike Howdotheyinteractwiththemajorcharacter Aretheymerelyfurtheringtheplotoraretheyhelpingtocharacterizethemaincharacter Isanyminorcharacterusedasaparalleltothemaincharacter Analysisofsetting Whatisthegeneralenvironmentofthecharacters thatisreligious moral mental social andemotionalconditionsthroughwhichthepeopleinthenovelmove Analysisoflanguage Isthelanguageappropriatetothenarrator Doeshisdialectandstyledifferentiatehimfromtheauthor Isthespeechofcharactersintheworkdifferentiated Writingabouttranslationstudies Youmayexamineandanalyzetranslationtheorieswithexamples Youmaycompareandcontrastdifferenttheoriesontranslationorcompareandcontrastdifferentversionsoftranslations Youmaydiscussandevaluatedifferenttranslationmethodsortechniquesemployedwhentranslatingdifferentkindsoftextsorgenres Youmaystudyhowsocial culturalvariablesinfluencethestyleoftranslationsorhowtranslationsfromforeignlanguagesinfluenceone sowncultureandlanguage Youmaydiscusstheadvantageanddisadvantageofmachinetranslation WritingaboutTEFL Themethodandstrategyofimprovingcollegestudents listeningcomprehensionCharacteristicsofyoungchildrenandtheirEnglishteachingTheapplicationofthecommunicativeapproachinyounglearnersEnglishteachingThequalityandthetrainingofcollegeEnglishteachersundertheNewcollegeEnglishcourseRequirementsTheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofBilingualteachingintheuniversitySocialconstructivismteachingtheoryandteachingdesignofintensivereadingclassOntheroleoforiginalfilmsinEnglishteachingImprovingtheabilityofEnglishlisteningandspeakingthroughmovie Writingaboutlinguistics OnEnglisheuphemism itsorigin developmentandclassificationOncausesoftheviolationofcooperativeprincipleinconversationExclusivenessandComplementaritiesbetweenNewsLanguageandLiteraryLanguageTheFormationandPredominantFeaturesofAmericanSlangAnanalysisofthedifferentresponsetocomplimentsbetweenChineseandEnglishOndevelopingstudents pragmaticcompetenceinEnglishteachingClassificationonusesandculturalcognitionofmetaphorinEnglishOntheLexicalFeaturesofEnglishAdvertisement Writingaboutculture Foreignization and Domestication incross culturaltransmissionTheDifferencebetweenChineseandWesternValueReflectedbytheMythCulturaldifferencebetweenChinaandtheWestinMythologyAcomparisonofthenationalspiritbetweenChineseandGreekMythsSino USCulturalDifferencesinDietResearchonNetworkCultureandItsInfluencesTheimpactofpostmodernaestheticsonAmericancartoonmoviesTheInfluenceofChristianityonWesternWomen sSocialStatus Moresuggestedtopicsonsocialandculturalissues P35 37 STEP2Reviewingrelatedliteratureandevaluatingmaterials Whyliteraturereview MajorsourcesofliteraturereviewEvaluatingmaterialsRulesfortakingnotesAvoidplagiarismEx