08Chapter_8_pragmatics_语用学_胡壮麟.ppt

ChapterEightLanguageinUse 2 8 1 1DefinitionofPragmatics Thestudyoflanguageinuse Thestudyofmeaningincontext Thestudyofspeakers meaning utterancemeaning contextualmeaning 3 1 A Areyougoingtotheseminar B It sonlinguistics 2 A Wouldyoulikesomecoffee B Coffeewouldkeepmeawake 3 A 我带的钱不够 今天买不了 B 那就下次再买吧 Pragmatics 4 8 1 2SemanticsandPragmatics 1 Semantics Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic andinherent i e apropertyattachedtolanguageitself Therefore meaningsofwords sentenceswereallstudiedinisolationfromlanguageuse 2 Pragmatics Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageuseisleftunconsidered Therefore contextistakenintoconsideration 5 Keyinthedistinction Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudythemeaningofalinguisticform However theyaredifferentinmanyrespects suchastheirresearchmethods theirresearchscope Whatessentiallydistinguishesthemiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered Ifititsnotconsidered thestudyisconfinedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics Ifitisconsidered thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics 6 8 2SpeechActTheory JohnAustin 1911 1960 HowtoDoThingswithWords 1962 Speechacts actionsperformedviautterances 1 Igotupveryearlythismorning 2 Wearehavingaclassonlinguistics 3 I msorryformakingyoubored 4 Let sgoandhaveadrink 1and2 verifiableconstatives 述事话语 3and4 unverifiableperformatives 行事话语 7 Constatives utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact reportthatsomethingisthecase ordescribewhatsomethingis e g IgototheparkeverySunday IteachEnglish 8 2 1Constativesvs Performatives 8 Performatives utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts donotdescribeorreportanythingatall theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse Performativeverbs name bet etc Constativesvs performatives 9 Ido InamethisshipQueenElizabeth Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother Ipromisetofinishitintime Iapologize Ideclarethemeetingopen Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge Performatives 10 Felicityconditions A i Theremustbearelevantconventionalprocedure ii therelevantparticipantsandcircumstancesmustbeappropriate B Theproceduremustbeexecutedcorrectlyandcompletely C Veryoften therelevantpeoplemusthavetherequisitethoughts feelingsandintentions andmustfollowitupwithactionsasspecified Performatives 11 1 第一人称单数为主语 现在时态 陈述语气 主动语态动词为谓语 Ipromise object agree swear Hepromises Ipromised 陈述 2 第二人称为主语 现在时态 陈述语气 被动态动词为谓语 Passengersarerequestedto Grammaticalandlexicalcriteria 12 ProblemswithfelicityconditionsNostrictprocedureforpromising Ipromise Igivemywordforit Ibequeathmywatchtomybrother TorF Performatives Conclusion Thedistinctionbetweenconstatives performativescannotbemaintained Allsentencescanbeusedtodothings 13 8 2 2IllocutionaryActTheory JohnSearle 1932 Speechactscanbeanalyzedon3levels Aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking 1 locutionaryact 言内行为 2 illocutionaryact 言外行为 and 3 perlocutionaryact 言后行为 14 Alocutionaryact theactofsayingsomethinginthefullsenseof say Alocutinaryactistheactofutteringwords phrases clauses Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax lexiconandphonologyThebagisheavy Itiscoldhere Theappleisnice Locutionaryact 15 Illocutionaryact Anillocutionaryact anactperformedinsayingsomething Tosaysthistodosth InsayingX IwasdoingY Insaying Iwillcometomorrow Iwasmakingapromise Illocutionaryforce 16 Aperlocutionaryact theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying theeffectsonthehearer BysayingXanddoingY IdidZ Bysaying Iwillcometomorrow andmakingapromise Ireassuremyfriends Shoother Perlocutionaryact 17 Example WhatarethethreeactsTomperformswhenhesaysthefollowing Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen 1 Thelocutionaryact 2 Theillocutionaryact 3 Theperlocutionaryact 18 8 3ConversationalImplicature Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem HerbertPaulGrice 1913 1988 WilliamJameslecturesatHarvardin1967LogicandConversationin1975 19 8 3 1Originofthetheory Case1 AandBaretalkingabouttheirmutualfriendC A HowisC B Oh Quitewell Ithink helikeshiscolleagues andhehasn tbeentoprisonyet 20 Originofthetheory Case2 Aboysaystoagirl 你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮 Andthegirlimmediatelyresponds 那我戴眼镜的时候一定很丑了 21 Grice stheoryLogicandConversationisanattemptatexplaininghowahearergetsfromwhatissaidtowhatismeant fromthelevelofexpressedmeaningtothelevelofimpliedmeaning TheCooperativePrinciple CP Makeyourcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged Definition 22 MaximofQuality Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence MaximofQuantity Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired 8 3 2Maxims 23 MaximofRelation Berelative MaximofManner Beperspicuous Avoidobscurityofexpression Avoidambiguity Bebrief Beorderly Maxims 24 CPismeanttodescribewhatactuallyhappensinconversation PeopletendtobecooperativeandobeyCPincommunication However CPisoftenviolated SinceCPisregulative CPcanbeviolated ViolationofCPanditsmaximsleadstoconversationalimplicature 8 3 3ViolationofCPanditsmaxims 25 Violationofthemaxims Quantity Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired A 昨天上街买了些什么 B 就买了些东西 Idon twanttotellyouwhatIbought 26 DearSir Mr X scommandofEnglishisexcellent andhisattendanceattutorialshasbeenregular Yours Mr Xisnotsuitableforthejob Violationofthemaxims Quantity 27 2 Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired Aunt HowdidJimmydohishistoryexam Mother Oh notatallwell Teachersaskedhimthingsthathappenedbeforethepoorboywasborn Hersonshouldnotbeblamed Violationofthemaxims Quantity 28 A Yourkidbrokethewindow B Boysareboys Wariswar Violationofthemaxims Quantity 29 Violationofthemaxims Quality 1 Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse Youarethecreaminmycoffee Xrunsasfastasadeer Heismadeofiron 30 2 Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence A BeirutisinPeru isn tit B AndRomeisinRomania Isuppose It sridiculous Violationofthemaxims Quality 31 Violationofthemaxims Relation Berelevant A Prof Wangisanoldbag B Niceweatherforthetimeofyear Idon twanttotalkaboutProf Wang 萍 爸爸 不过四凤同鲁贵在家里都很好 很忠诚的 朴 恩 我很累了 我预备到书房歇一下 你叫他们送一碗浓一点的普洱茶来 32 Violationofthemaxims Manner 1 AvoidobscurityofexpressionA Let sgetthekidssomething B Ok butIvetoC H O C O L A T E Don tgivethemchocolate 2 AvoidambiguityA Nameandtitle please B JohnSmith AssociateEditorandprofessor Cf 买一赠一 33 3 BebriefA Didyougetmyassignment B Ireceivedtwopagesclippedtogetherandcoveredwithrowsofblacksquiggles notsatisfied Violationofthemaxims Manner 34 Exercises Tellwhatmaximisviolatedinthefollowingutterances andwhat stheirconversationalimplicatures 1 SupposeMaryknowsthatTomknowssheisverywell ButwhenTominvitesMarytoapartyfortheweekend Maryanswers Sorry Idon tfeelverywell 35 Exercises 2 A 你打算什么时候结婚 B 我结婚的时候结婚 3 A 我的那盒巧克力呢 B 刚才我饿了 36 Exercises 4 A Canyouanswerthephone B I minthebath 5 A WhatsongsdidMissXsinglastnight B Sheproducedaseriesofsoundsthatcorrespondedcloselywiththescoreof Home SweetHome 37 8 3 4Characteristicsofimplicature Calculability hearersworkoutimplicaturebasedonliteralmeaning CPanditsmaxims context etc Thegirlsaidtotheboy 圣诞节到了 Theboysaid 又快放假了 38 Cancellability defeasibility Ifthelinguisticorsituationalcontextschanges theimplicaturewillalsochange A Doyouwantsomecoffee B Coffeewouldkeepmeawake Idonotlikecoffee B Coffeewouldkeepmeawake Iwanttostayup A You rethecreaminmycoffee B ButI mafraidIdon tquitelikecreaminmycoffee Characteristicsofimplicature 39 Non detachability implicatureisattachedtothesemanticcontentofwhatissaid nottothelinguisticform implicaturesdonotvanishifthewordsofanutterancearechangedforsynonyms A Shallwegothecinematonight B There llbeanexamtomorrow I lltakeanexamtomorrow Isn tthereanexamtomorrow Characteristicsofimplicature 40 Non conventionality implicatureisdifferentfromitsconventionalmeaningofwords Itiscontext dependent Itvarieswithcontext A1 下午踢球去吧 A2 老王住院了 B 上午还在换草皮 A3 足球场安装了一个新门柱 Characteristi