中国海洋大学通识课程西方文明史2.ppt

西方文明史AHistoryofWesternCivilization 第二部分 中世纪 PartTwoMiddleAges I FallofSlaverySystemII RiseofFeudalismIII FallofFeudalism I FallofSlaverySystem CollapseofRomanEmpireCE476RiseofChristianChurchBarbarianInvasions BarbarianInvasions InvasionofGermanictribes Franks Goths Vandals Vikings HunsandtheircharismaticleaderAttila 406 53 AssimilationofRomanlegionsbyGermanicpeoples Mapofthe barbarian invasionsoftheRomanEmpireshowingthemajorincursionsfrom100to500CE HunnicEmpire AttilatheHunortheScourgeofGod M rThan spaintingTheFeastofAttila II RiseofChristianChurch SpiritualCrisisofLateRomanEmpireBeliefinafterlife MithraismandothercultsOriginofChristianity Messiahandthenewmillennium JesusChristPeter allowtheGentilestoconvert andPaul theearlytheology universalsinfulness salvation III RiseofFeudalistSystem LordsandVassalsKings Lords andknightsSerfs FeaturesofFeudalism FeaturesofWesternFeudalismLordsandtheirvassalsFiefandserfsDifferencesbetweenWesternandChineseFeudalSystemsLordvs StateHeredityvs SocialMobility Everymanwasthevassal orservant ofhislord Themansworefealtytohislord andinreturnthelordpromisedtoprotecthimandtoseethathereceivedjustice Feudalismwastheexpressionofasocietyinwhicheverymanwasboundtoeveryotherbymutualtiesofloyaltyandservice Feudalsocietywascharacterizedbymilitarylandholdersandworkingpeasants Thenobilityincludedbishops forthechurchwasoneofthegreatestofmedievallandowners Nearthebottomofthesocialpyramidweretheserfs WesternFeudalism TheEuropeanfeudalismwascomprisedofasetofreciprocallegalandmilitaryobligationsamongthewarriornobility revolvingaroundthethreekeyconceptsoflords vassals andfiefs HowdidtheFeudalSystemwork Thelord sprincipalobligationwastograntafief oritsrevenues tothevassalThevassal sprincipalobligationtothelordwastoprovide aid ormilitaryservice Theserfpaidhisfeesandtaxesintheformofseasonallyappropriatelabor Usuallyaportionoftheweekwasdevotedtoplowinghislord sfields demesne harvestingcrops diggingditches repairingfences andoftenworkinginthemanorhouse Inadditiontoservice aserfwasrequiredtopaycertaintaxesandfees jusprimaenoctis rightofthefirstnight Droitdeseigneur LedroitduSeigneur 1874 Anoldmanbringinghisyoungdaughterstothefeudallord RolandpledgeshisfealtytoCharlemagne fromamanuscriptofachansondegeste Primogeniture Primogenitureisthecommonlawrightofthefirstbornsontoinherittheentireestate totheexclusionofyoungersiblings ItisthetraditionbroughtbytheNormansofNormandytoEnglandin1066 Thefirstbornsoninheritedtheentiretyofaparent swealth estate titleoroffice Intheabsenceofchildren inheritancepassedtothecollateralrelatives inorderofseniorityofthecollateralline KnightlyChivalricCode Protecttheweak defenseless helpless andfightforthegeneralwelfareofallTheCodeofChivalrycontinuedtoinfluencesocialbehaviourlongaftertheactualknighthoodceasedtoexist influencingforexamplethe19thCenturyVictorianperceptionsofhowa gentleman oughttobehave FeudalismandNewTechnologies Military FromChina StirrupIncreaseproductivityHouseholdbecomesthemajorunitofproduction KnightandCastle ThefortifiedtownandabbeyofMontSaint MicheloffthenortherncoastofFrance paintedbytheLimbourgbrothersinthe1430s ByzantineandBarbarianKingdoms ByzantineEmpireFrankishKingdomsandCharlesMartel s 688 741 astheirleader Carolingiandynasty CharlemagneandtheHolyRomanEmpire 800 Europein998CE CarolingianEmpire CarolingianEmpireisahistoriographicaltermsometimesusedtorefertotherealmoftheFranksundertheCarolingiandynasty ThisdynastyisseenasthefoundersofFranceandGermany Dependingonone sperspective thisEmpirecanbeseenasthelaterhistoryoftheFrankishRealmortheearlyhistoryofFranceandoftheHolyRomanEmpire AcoinofCharlemagne TheCarolingianEmpireatitsgreatestextent withthethreemaindivisionsof843 CharlemagneThemap814 840 HolyRomanEmpire962 1802 TheFlagofHolyRomanEmpire Sevenelectors TheCountPalatineoftheRhine theKingofBohemia theDukeofSaxony theMargraveofBrandenburg andtheArchbishopsofCologne Mainz andTrier DuringtheThirtyYears War theDukeofBavariawasgiventherighttovoteastheeighthelector DeclineofFeudalism DepopulationofEuropeWars suchascrusades BlackDeath onethirdtohalfofthepopulationdied Theimpactofdepopulationonthefeudalism Crusade FirstCrusade1095 1099TheSiegeofAntioch fromamedievalminiaturepainting duringtheFirstCrusade SecondCrusade1147 1149ThirdCrusade1187 1192FourthCrusade1202 1204AlbigensianCrusadeChildren sCrusadeFifthCrusade1217 1221SixthCrusade1228 1229SeventhCrusade1248 1254EighthCrusade1270NinthCrusade1271 1272 Forthefirstdecade theCrusaderspursuedapolicyofterroragainstMuslimsandJewsthatincludedmassexecutions thethrowingofseveredheadsoverbesiegedcitieswalls exhibitionandmutilationofnakedcadavers andevencannibalism aswasrecordedaftertheSiegeofMaarat TheBlackDeath1347 1350 Culprit OrientalRatFlea ThePathoftheplague Thetotalnumberofdeathsworldwideisestimatedat75millionpeople approximately25 50millionofwhichoccurredinEurope TheBlackDeathisestimatedtohavekilled30 to60 ofEurope spopulation TheeconomywasprobablyhitthehardestofalltheaspectsofEurope Thebiggestproblemwasthatvaluableartisanskillsdisappearedwhenlargenumbersoftheworkingclassdied Therefore thosewhohadskillsbecameevenmorevaluablethantherichpeople Thesocietystructurebegantochangegivingformallypoorlaborersmoresay Thepeasantsandartisansdemandedhigherwages Serfsseekingliberationfromtillingtheirlord slandweretoldbydecreeandstatuetoreturntotheirmaster sduties Thepoorpeoplesawsomuchdeaththeywantedtoenjoylife Serfsbegantoleavetheirlandandnotengageintheplantingofcrops Unattendedcropsandstrayanimalsdiedofstarvationbecauseofthelackofcare Severaldomesticatedanimalsbegantoroamtheforest Farmingcommunitiesbecamerare Thelackofsufficientlawenforcementpersonnelpromotedlawlessness ThehorroroftheBlackDeathhadtakenonanewvictim theeconomyoftheFeudalSystem Adepictionoftheworld soldestuniversity theUniversityofBologna Italy CE1088 InfluencesfromtheEastGunpowderandCompassSpicesandLuxuriesTheEndofLandRoutestotheEast ThecaptureofConstantinopleandtheByzantineEmpirebyTurks PartThreeEmergenceofCapitalism第三部分 资本主义的兴起 I TheEarlyRenaissanceinItalyII TheriseofnationalstatesIII DiscoveryofNewLandsIV Thereformation I TheItalianRenaissance Backgrounds GeographicalpositionsofItalyCommercialexchangeswiththeOrientAccumulationofWealthCityStates Venice Florence Milan NaplesandPapalStates ItalyInRenaissance WhatistheRenaissance TheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementthatprofoundlyaffectedEuropeanintellectuallifeintheearlymodernperiod BeginninginItaly andspreadingtotherestofEuropebythe16thcentury itsinfluenceaffectedliterature philosophy art politics science religion andotheraspectsofintellectualenquiry Renaissancescholarsemployedthehumanistmethodinstudy andsearchedforrealismandhumanemotioninart Historicalorigin MosthistoriansagreethattheideasthatcharacterizedtheRenaissancehadtheirorigininlate13thcenturyFlorence inparticularwiththewritingsofDanteAlighieri 1265 1321 andFrancescoPetrarch 1304 1374 aswellasthepaintingofGiottodiBondone 1267 1337 TheRenaissancewassocalledbecauseitwasa rebirth ofcertainclassicalideasthathadlongbeenlosttoWesternEurope IthasbeenarguedthatthefuelforthisrebirthwastherediscoveryofancienttextsthathadbeenforgottenbyWesterncivilization butwerepreservedintheByzantineEmpire theIslamicworld andsomemonasticlibraries andthetranslationsofGreekandArabictextsintoLatin FeaturesofRenaissance Humanism EmphasisonIndividualAchievementsEmphasisonthislife notafterlifeEmphasisoncomprehensiveaccomplishmentsinarts literature science politicsandeverything Humanismwasnotaphilosophyperse butratheramethodoflearning Incontrasttothemedievalscholasticmode whichfocusedonresolvingcontradictionsbetweenauthors humanistswouldstudyancienttextsintheoriginal andappraisethemthroughacombinationofreasoningandempiricalevidence Humanisteducationwasbasedonthestudyofpoetry grammar ethicsandrhetoric Aboveall humanistsasserted thegeniusofman theuniqueandextraordinaryabilityofthehumanmind AsassertedbyGianozzoManettiinOntheDignityandExcellenceofMan AchievementsofItalianRenaissance Inarts LeonardodaVinci Michelangelo Raphael LeonardodaVinci SandroBotticelli andMichelangeloBuonarroti InLiterature Dante Petrarch BocaccioInscience DaVinciInpolitics Machiavelli ThePrince Self portraitbyLeonardodaVinci chalkdrawing 1512 inthePalazzoReale Turin Italy TheTributeMoney frescobyMasaccio 1425 MonaLisa oilonwoodpanel left andTheLastSupper frescobyLeonardodaVinci Pieta Left andDavid marblesculpturebyMichelangelo SchoolofAthens frescobyRaphael 1508 11 Assumption oilpaintingbyTitian 1516 18 inSantaMariadeiFrari Venice AdorationoftheMagi detail byNicolaPisano c 1259 60 FacadeofthecathedralofSiena Italy 1285 1377 Science Humanfetus penandinkstudiesbyLeonardodaVinci c 1510 Screw cuttingmachinebyLeonardodaVinci c 1500 intheBiblioth quedel InstitutdeFrance Paris Theinterwoven linearpatternofLeonardodaVinci spanelpaintingVirginandChildwithSt Anne c 1501 12 Boccaccio detailofafrescobyAndreadelCastagno intheCenacolodiSant Apollonia Florence Petrarch engraving Machiavelli detailofanoilpaintingbySantidiTito inthePalazzoVecchio Florence RenaissanceinotherEuropeanCountries TheEnglishRenaissanceTheGermanRenaissanceTheNorthernRenaissanceTheFrenchRenaissanceTheRenaissanceintheNetherlands TheEnglishRenaissancecanonlybesaidtobegin shakily inthe1520s andcontinueduntilperhaps1620 TheEnglishRenaissanceisdifferentfromtheItalianRenaissanceinseveralways First thedominantartformsoftheEnglishRenaissancewereliteratureandmusic andtheVisualartsweremuchlesssignificantthanintheItalianRenaissance MajorEnglishRenaissancefigures FrancisBaconThomasDekkerJohnDonneJohnFletcherJohnFordBenJonsonThomasKydChristopherMarlowePhillipMassingerThomasMiddleton JohnMiltonSirThomasMoreThomasNasheWilliamRowleyWilliamShakespeareJamesShirleySirPhilipSidneyEdmundSpenserJohnWebsterSirThomasWyatt PoetssuchasEdmundSpenserandJohnMiltonproducedworksTheFaerieQueenandtheretellingofmankind sfallfromparadiseinParadiseLost playwrights suchasChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespeare composedtheatricalrepresentationsoftheEnglishtakeonlife death andhistory NearingtheendoftheTudorDynasty philosopherslikeSirThomasMoreandSirFrancisBaconpublishedtheirownideasabouthumanityandtheaspectsofaperfectsociety pushingthelimitsofmetacognitionatthattime EnglandcameclosertoreachingmodernsciencewiththeBaconianMethod aforerunneroftheScientificMethod TheGermanRenaissance partoftheNorthernRenaissance wasaculturalandartisticmovementthatspreadamongGermanthinkersinthe15thand16thcenturies whichoriginatedwiththeItalianRenaissanceinItaly ThiswasaresultofGermanartistswhohadtraveledtoItalytolearnmoreandbecomeinspiredbytheRenaissancemovement Manyareasoftheartsandscienceswereinfluenced notablybythespreadofhumanismtothevariousGermanstatesandprincipalities Thereweremanyadvancesmadeinthedevelopmentofnewtechniquesinthefieldsofarchitecture thearts andthesciences ThisalsomarkedthetimewithinGermanyofariseofpower independentcitystates andspreadofFranciscanhumanism JohannesGutenberg MeisterderSchulevonFontainebleau1550 1560 FrenchRenaissanceisarecenttermusedtodescribeaculturalandartisticmovementinFrancefromthelate15thcenturytotheearly17thcentury Itisassociatedwiththepan EuropeanRenaissancethatmanyculturalhistoriansbelieveoriginatedinnorthernItalyinthefourteenthcentury TheFrenchRenaissancetraditionallyextendsfrom roughly theFrenchinvasionofItalyin1494duringthereignofCharlesVIIIuntilthedeathofHenryIVin1610 NotabledevelopmentsduringtheFrenchRenaissanceincludethebeginningoftheabsolutisminFrance thespreadofhumanism earlyexplorationofthe NewWorld theimporting fromItaly Burgundyandelsewhere anddevelopmentofnewtechniquesandartisticformsinthefieldsofprinting architecture painting sculpture music thesciencesandvernacularliterature andtheelaborationofnewcodesofsociability etiquetteanddiscourse TheCh teaudeChenonceau 1515 1521 II EmergenceofNationStates TradesandexpandingmarketsSenseofNationStatevs ChurchAbsoluteMonarchyanddespotism TheoriesandpracticeTheOrientandEmpires France WarstobuildnationstateHundredYears War 1337 1453 JoanofArc Saintbornc 1412 diedMay30 1431Richelieu 1585 1642 LouisleGrande LouisXIV 1643 JoanofArcridingintobattle miniaturefromthemanuscriptLesViesdesfemmesc l bresbyAntoineDuFour about1505 intheDobr eMuseum Nantes France CardinaldeRichelieu detailofaportraitbyPhilippedeChampaigne intheLouvre Paris ThegrowthoftheFrenchroyaldomain 1180 1328 Francein1453 LouisXIV 1638 1715 PalaceofVersailles England AlfredtheGreatNormanConquest 1066 WaroftheRoses 1455 85 andTheTudorElisabeththefirstandtheArmadaNorthRenaissance NormanConquest 1066 In1002theKingofEnglandAethelredIImarriedEmma thedaughteroftheDukeofNormandy TheirsonEdwardtheConfessor whohadspentmanyyearsinexileinNormandy succeededtotheEnglishthronein1042 ThisledtotheestablishmentofapowerfulNormaninterestinEnglishpolitics WhenKingEdwarddiedatthebeginningof1066 thelackofaclearheirledtoadisputedsuccessioninwhichseveralcontenderslaidclaimtothethroneofEngland HaraldIIIofNorway DukeWilliamofNormandy theBattleofHastings OneofthemostobviouschangeswastheintroductionofAnglo Norman anortherndialectofOldFrench asthelanguageoftherulingclassesinEngland displacingOldEnglish EvenafterthedeclineofNorman Frenchretainedthestatusofaprestigelanguagefornearly300yearsandhashad withNorman asignificantinfluenceonthelanguage whichiseasilyvisibleinModernEnglish WilliamtheConqueror Prussia FrederickWilliamI 1713 1740 FrederickWilliamII FredericktheGreat 1740 1786 FrederickWilliam ElectorofBrandenburg February16 1620 April29 1688BattleofWarsaw 1656 todefeattheSwedes AncestryofPrussia FrederickWilliamI German FriedrichWilhelmI August14 1688 May31 1740 oftheHouseofHohenzollern wastheKinginPrussiaandElectorofBrandenburg asFrederickWilliamII from1713untilhisdeath HouseofHohenzollern ThesonsofFrederickWilliamIandSophiaDorothea 1737 Coatofarms 1701 1918 FrederickWilliamII FredericktheGreat 1740 1786 FrederickWilliamIIsonofPrinceAugustusWilliamofPrussia thesecondsonofKingFrederickWilliamIofPrussia Prussia blue atitspeak Austria HungaryEmpire CharlesVI 1711 1740 MariaTheresa 1740 1780 WaroftheAustrianSuccession 1740 48 TheHolyRomanEmpire OttoIthefirsttitularemperoroftheHolyRomanEmpire TheHouseofHabsburg CharlesVItheWell Beloved MariaTheresaatageelevenin1728 TheWaroftheAustrianSuccession 1 1740 1748 ThewarbeganunderthepretextthatMariaTheresaofAustriawasineligibletosucceedtotheHabsburgthrone becauseSaliclawprecludedroyalinheritancebyawoman thoughinrealitythiswasaconvenientexcuseputforwardbyPrussiaandFrancetochallengeHabsburgpower AustriawassupportedbyGreatBritainandtheDutchRepublic thetraditionalenemiesofFrance EmpressMariaTheresa QueenofHungaryandBohemiaandArchduchessofAustria AustrianEmpire AustrianImperialCrown Europe1806 1808 Russia PetertheGreat 1672 1725 andhisreformsCatherinetheGreat 1762 1796 TerritorialExpansion PartitionofPolandSerfdomandRevoltsPugachev srevolt 1773 75 ExpansionofRussia 1300 1796 PeterTheGreat Peter sReforms UseEuropeancustomstoreplacetraditionalRussianones JulianCalendarWesternEducationMilitaryReformsIndustrialization WarsandExpansion Captureof